HomeMy WebLinkAbout12/10/2012 Ten Elements of a Complete Streets Policy
Adapted from: www.completestreets.org
Sets a Vision: Context Sensitive:
• Unique,inspirational statement • Policy must be context(community)sensitive
• What is the community attempting to promote(i.e. • Policy should have a strong statement regarding
health;physical activity;active transportation;safe application
streets;air quality; multi-modality)?
Performance Measures:
Specifies All Users: • Evaluation should be broader than just Level of
• Applies to EVERYONE traveling the road (pedestrian, Service(LOS)
cyclists, motorists,transit,freight, • Include other criteria (miles of on-street bicycle
motorcyclists...and all ages of people) routes;new linear feet of pedestrian
• Also attempting to improve the driving experience accommodation;changes in public transit ridership;
for private motorists changes in bicycling or walking habits;number of
new street trees;or adjusting the LOS measurement)
All Projects: • The Workbook on this website has a list of possible
• All transportation improvement projects(even the performance measures
smallest of projects)as opportunities to create safer,
more accessible streets for all users...pedestrians, Implementation:
cyclists,and transit users included • "From paper to practice is not easy"
• Success may be achieve by,or through the use of:
Exceptions: • Restructuring procedures to accommodate
• Process must address exceptions for all all users on every project
modes...FHWA recognizes the following exceptions: • Developing(new)or amending design
• Accommodation is not necessary on guidelines and policies
corridors where non-motorized use is • Offering workshops for planners,engineers,
prohibited,such as interstate freeways. and developers
• Cost of accommodation is excessively • Utilizing better performance measures and
disproportionate to the need or probable collecting data on how well streets are
use. serving users
• A documented absence of current or future • Consider establishing a Complete Streets Oversight
need Committee
Creates a Network:
• A complete transportation network that balances
the needs of all users should be the goal
All Agencies and All Roads:
• Federal,state,county, city, and private developers
should follow the policy...or a community may have
network problems
• Consider inclusion in subdivision regulations
Design Criteria: BLUE ZONES PROJECT'
r)(
• Design policies must be reviewed(if they exist)to tiFAlitiwAn
ensure accommodation of all modes Sponsored by
• May require development,amendment, or cross- Wellman(.
1.19 referencing of other design guidelines(i.e.AASHTO,
state standards-SUDAS,ADA,etc.)
Walkability Toolbox
�l Walkable and Livable
Communities Institute
Toolbox Contents
The following tools will aid you in your efforts to
become a more walkable community.
• TOOL:Key Concepts
• TOOL:Build Complete Streets
• TOOL:Street Treatments to Encourage Active Transportation
• TOOL:Active Living Fact Sheet
• TOOL:Working Effectively with Others
• TOOL:Effecting Change-100 Day Challenge
Key Concepts
Active Transportation: Also known as dude sidewalks,street trees and other ameni-
non-motorized transportation, this includes ties that make them feel `complete." (See
walking,bicycling,using a wheelchair or using National Complete Streets Coalition, www.
"small-wheeled transport" such as skates, a comoletestreets.org.) fi::
skateboard or scooter.Active modes of trans-
portation offer a combination of recreation, Head-Out Angled Parking: Also called i
exercise and transportation. (See Victoria "back-in or "reverse" angled parking,this is '
" ,
Transport Policy Institute,www.vtai.orq.) arguably the safest form of on-street parking. 4 !�,
It offers multiple benefits,includingcreatinga
Aging in Place:Also called,"Living in Place." p '""'
The ability to continue to live in one's home sight line between the driver and other road *f
safely, independently and comfortably, re- users when pulling out.Additionally,head-out
gardless of age,income or abilities.Living in a parking allows the driver to load their trunk
familiar environment and being able to partici- from the curb,instead of adjacent to the travel
lane.And for drivers with young children,sen-
pate in family and other community activities. iors or others who need extra help,the open Above.Head-aat angled parking`s'�r far allpeople
(See National Aging in Place Council, www. includingthose driving,bikingand walking.Below:This
aReinplace.org.) car doors direct passengers to the safety of diagram from the City of Northampton,MA illustrates
the sidewalk behind the car, not into traffic. one of the benefits of heed-out angled parking:a driv-
Charrette' The process of parking in a head-out angled er's ability to see oncoming traffic as they pull into the
[pronounced, "shuh-RET") A col- spot is simple-a driver signals their intention, travel lane from their parking spot.
laborative session to solve urban-design prob- slows,pulls past the spot and then backs into
lems that usually involves a group of designers it,which is roughly equivalent to making only
working directly with stakeholders to identify the first maneuver of parallel parking. .2 \
issues and solutions.It is more successful than gam �1
traditional public processes because it focuses v ! - )
on building informed consent. (See Walkable Livability: In the context of community, liv- 4
and Livable Communities Institute,www.walk- ability refers to the factors that add up to x
live.org.) quality of life,including the built and natural \Z ;
environments,economic prosperity,social'sta- — \ `a
Complete Streets:Roads that are designed bility and equity,educational opportunity,and /lii.
y
culture, entertainment and recreation ossi-
for everyone,including people of all ages and bilities.(See Partners for livable Communities,
f
l abilities. Complete Streets are accessible, `
comfortable for walking and biking, and in- www.livable.org.)
Key Concepts
Median Crossing Island:A short island in crash rates. Many rotaries in North America lanes can be removed and converted to bike
the center of the road that calms traffic and and Europe are being removed and replaced lanes, sidewalks, a buffer between the travel
provides pedestrian refuge. They can be six with the preferable roundabout, lanes and sidewalks,on-street parking,a land-
to 12 feet wide and 20 to 80 feet long. They scaped median or some combination thereof.
should be landscaped with low, slow-growth Roundabouts:Also called"modern rounda- A common road diet transforms a four-lane
ground cover,and tall trees without branches bouts," they navigate cars around a circulat- road without bike lanes into a three-lane road
or leaves at ground height that help motorists ing island, usually up to 60 feet in diameter. (one travel lane in each direction with a center
see the islands well in advance but don't ob- Roundabouts can work well on main streets, turn lane or median)with bike lanes and street
struct sight lines. collector and arterial roads, and at freeway
on-off ramps.They eliminate the need for cars 1r
Mini Circles:Also called"mini traffic circles," to make left turns,which are particularly dan- '
these are intersections that navigate vehicles gerous for pedestrians and bicyclists.Properly
around a small island about eight to 15 feet in designed, single-lane roundabouts hold vehi- •
�
diameter that is either lightly domed or raised. Iles speeds to 15 to 20 mph.They can reduce _".'
When raised,a mini traffic circle should be vis- injury crashes by 76 percent and reduce fatal
ible from hundreds of feet away,creating the crashes by 90 percent. (See the Insurance In-
feeling of a small park in the neighborhood. stitute for Highway Safety's website at htto://
The circles should be designed to reduce www.iihs.org/research/tonics/roundabouts.html) a
speeds to 15 to 18 mph at each intersection. Roundabouts also can increase capacity by Above,a mini circle calms neighborhood traffic in San
A proper number of them will reduce vehicle 30 percent by keeping vehicles moving.When Diego,CA.Below,a series of roundabouts calms traffic
speeds to 22 to 25 mph along the corridor installing roundabouts in a community for along an entire corridor in University Place,WA.
while helping traffic flow more smoothly due the first time, care should be taken to make
to the decreased number of complete stops. roadway users comfortable with the new traf-
fic pattern and to educate them about how to
Rotaries: Also sometimes called traffic cir- navigate roundabouts properly and to yield
Iles,rotaries are a form of an intersection that as appropriate. For more information about
navigates cars around very large circulating roundabouts,see the Federal Highway Admin- __— :.. I
islands.An entire traffic circle can be as big as istration's educational video about rounda-
a football field.And can include stop signs and bouts,at htto://bit.Iv/fhwasafetvvideo
signals.They are not the same as roundabouts
or mini circles. Rotaries are cumbersome and Road Diet: On an overly wide road that
complicated and can induce higher speeds and has too many vehicle travel lanes to be safe,
Key Concepts
trees.(See Walkable and Livable Communities ing, they should be fixed on a priority basis, Traffic Calming: Using traffic engineering
Institute,www.walklive.org.) working out block-by-block from schools, and other tools designed to control traffic
medical facilities, town centers, main streets speeds and encourage driving behavior appro-
Safe Routes to School: A national pro- and other areas where people should be sup- priate to the environment. Examples include
gram to improve safety and encourage more ported in walking and biking. Sidewalks in street trees, bulb outs, medians,curb exten-
children, including children with disabilities, people-rich areas should be at least eight feet sions, signage, road diets and roundabouts.
to walk, bike and roll to school.The program wide and separated from the curb by a"fur- Traffic calming should encourage mobility for
focuses on improvements through the five E's: niture zone" that can accommodate planter all modes.
engineering,education,enforcement,encour- strips,tree wells,hydrants,benches,etc.
agement and evaluation.(See National Center Walking Audit: Also called a "walking
for Safe Routes to School,www.saferoutesinfo. Smart Growth: Growing in a way that ex- workshop,"this is a review of walking condi-
or ) lions along specified streets conducted with a
pands economic opportunity, protects public
health and the environment and creates and diverse group of community members.Partici
Sharrows: A "shared roadway marking"— enhances places that people love. (See U.S. pants experience firsthand the conditions that
usually paint—placed in the center of a travel EPA,http://www.eoa.Rov/smartgrowth/.) either support or create barriers to walking
lane to alert motorists and bicyclists alike to and biking. (See more about walking audits:
the shared use of the lane.They help position Walkable and Livable Communities Institute,
Street Trees: Street trees not only provide wwwwalklive.or
bicyclists away from the opening doors of cars shade and a nice environment, but also help c )
parked on the street, encourage safety when ,,,,,, :I''''
protect students walking and bicycling.When
vehicles pass bicyclists and reduce the loci- placed within four to six feet of the street, k ,4-
dence of wrong-way bicycling. create a vertical wall that helps lower vehicles • - t
speeds and absorb vehicle emissions. Ttt ,
s -'d l
12,, also provide a physical buffer between cars p T 1
- +t— and children. On streets with a narrow space 1 a"th N" f• III 'f'"
between the sidewalk and curb(also known as .t -. i i' I
the"furniture zone"),trees can be planted in II �`
individual tree wells placed between parking 4
A sparrow in Seatt e,WA. stalls,which further reduces travel speeds.De- t ,
pending on the species,they should be spaced ,
Sidewalks: All sidewalks, trails, walkways 15 to 25 feet apart.
and ramps should be on both sides of streets. i ,,V
Where sidewalk gaps exist or ramps are miss- Street trees create a buffer between people and cars,
and provide shade and beauty.
uiid Complete Streets
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Median Widths Vary Bike lane: At least six Wide stripes Mark spe- High Visibility Cross- Connectivity Access to Street Furniture Bike
Medians typically are six feet To function well,bike cial-use lanes, such as ing Markings Crossings public transit is important. parking, garbage cans,
to eight feet wide, but lanes should beat least six bike lanes,with low main- should be located where Transit location, seating, outdoor seating and tree
can vary to allow for land- feet wide. This also this tenancy or thermoplas- there is a strong desire to shelter,signage and light- wells enforce the sense of
scraping,maintenance and provides adequate space tic stripes 8 to 12 inches cross, sight distances are ing should be noted. place.
adequate"refuge"for Pe- for cars to pull over to let wide.This conveys that the good,and speeds are low
destrlons in crossings. emergency vehicles pass. lane has a special use and
helps drivers stay cautious.
TOOL: Street Treatments to Encourage Active Transportation
. ' s� ' ; ;<� k Crossing Raised Crossi�.. ._ "� ersectio c
iRaised midblock crossings ?`,';,--•' •,:. :. ' Raised interse I:. - .. . .,'`intersections
ntersections, typically when blocks are long TM y� where roundabouts or mini-circles are not
d1n locations where vehicle speeds are high, or ,' �� functional or practical,and where speeds need
to be brought under control. They are different
*here sight distances are poor. Raised mid- from raised intersection crossings, since they
block crossings keep speeds at I5-20 mph 24 " cover the entire intersection. This raises their
hours a day. Raised crossings can be used in value and cost considerably. Raised intersec-
JI climates,including snow country. The grade bons are best constructed as new schools are
change is generally 1:16 to 1:20 when snow and —1.1 _ built,but they can be applied to existing street
e are involved,but 1:12 in non-snow country. .. ;
- � sections. Raised intersections can be expen
olor is often used. Trees and other landscap
sive, due to their potential to interrupt drain-
gare important for detection,and for added age. Meanwhile, they have many advantages
neighborhood acceptance. to maintain speeds 24 hours a day. Raised in-
�<,�.,--t . 4, tersections can be used in snow country.
',e.lse of color and texture informs both drivers and pe-
an;t,ooni c ,i e<,,..,,.e,
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1 Raised crossings also can be used at intersec- :'" _.: ,"' ` ,
I ,. '- tions.Theycanbeusedatrightturnchannetizediii�" -" g a P e ' , ' }
p' island, or at regular intersections. Crossings ;- - L a' !f,. i i i
are designed to restrict all through speeds to - �*.rer 00' _ 1-.i
a 4..Z, 15-20 ph. Raised crossings at intersections i
' ; can be used in snow country. The grade change ‘y,;;, .:- ---re - ' ;
'' - ';x is generally 1:16 to 1:20 when snow and ice are
—— involved,but 1:12 in non-snow country. Color
11
- _. is often used. Features such as bollards,paver -- , '
stones,colorized concrete or colorized asphalt a
are often specified. Raised crossings at inter-
sections are used widely in snow cities such as li, _
Stamford,CT and Cambridge,MA. sm .
A raised mid-block crossing in Gnnir,.;rtae,MA helps e
torists see pedestrians in do '
TOOL: Street Treatments to Encourage Active Transportation
r
1Crossings should be located where there is a Pedestrian refuge islands are one of the best
;strong desire to cross,sight distances are good, : - toolsfor simplifying thecrossing of widestreets.
;and speeds are low. The use of materials to Used with curb extensions, they get pedestri
create attractive streetscape features can add I ans out beyond parked cars and other visual
beauty, function and a sense of place. Each b R . obstructions. Crossing islands are used on all
functional part of a street-parking,crossings, :='ategories of streets,and they have their high-
curb extensions,lane narrowing and plantings .! st return on investment when they encourage
-should be designed to add to the aesthetics, ielding behaviors by motorists. Well designed
;character and integrity of the street. Cities iiii 5 rossing islands achieve yielding rates above
`must maintain crossings and note when they ." .D percent. Many other tools,like Rapid Flash
become faded. Volunteers can help in this sur a -eacons, or raised crossings,are used when it
veying effort,
necessary to increase yieldtn• behavior.
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�> e:T on[irlpn 'nne�nntber ,
�.- 'i liailita
u As a general rule, the higher the volume an
' speed of traffic,the more essential it is to us. , --
brighter,wider, more visible and durable sig +'O .;, =-
. •, L.A. ing. The most recent version of the Manual of .,----- '
Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), an= % {
`-1f - other aids, should be consulted as a startin-z iAar ✓,
- point. When possible, "double sign" scho. -Al,. t
- 3* signs on all approaches. This can be done whe= X, i
' medians are used, and on narrower streets,' 2=-
by signing both sides of the street. Sign loca-
e lions are important. Place signs(and lighting) '•+
' together,and place signs where they are highly pedestrian refuge islands buffer pedestrians from treat
C.ds,iej,mu i o c.-d ,note there is a strong des,, visible and where you anticipate crossings. O'low crossings In stages and oeg's pedestrians corr.,,..:
rcross and,ViVre sryht d,s . s o,-e rood
TOOL: Street Treatments to Encourage Active Transportation
Ro. * ` oundabout
A road diet involves eliminating travel lanes to 'f i Mini circles are one of the most popular and
,''improve safety for pedestrians, bicyclists and { t„t t4 iM r effective tools for calming traffic in neighbor-
gmotorists. High end speeds, especially, are re ‘4,1 ti , - hoods. Seattle has 1,200 Mini circles and this
educed post road diet.While there can be more e ,,,
has led to a reduction in intersection crashes.
'than four travel lanes before treatment, Road '-�' R` They are the best neighborhood safety feature
tfiets are generally conversions of four-lane, el't of any treatment type.These inexpensive fea-
iundivided roads into two through-lanes plus a I. tures do not interrupt drainage. Mini circles
enter turn lane or median island. The right-of rf work outward from intersections on all three or
way left by the fourth lane may be converted '''';, all- four legs of approaching traffic. Mini circles
onto bicycle lanes, sidewalks, planter strips for ' ' tying speeds down to levels where motorists
street trees,a bus stop, a separated multi-use 1 `"` are more courteous to pedestrians,they allow
trail,a wider outside lane or for on-street park- r .--- - all types of turns, including U-turns,which can
irg. iii:. R f A. assist with school area traffic management. A
".,- common engineering mistake is to put in four
+2�Of2�POGdCS(2 = way stops around a mini circle. Mini circles re-
IL.. quire yield signs instead.
t Roundabouts facilitate through-traffic and
turning movements without requiring a signal t '!; 1 .`,t ,7 '
p control. Roundabouts allow vehicles to cir- , . _. r'
culate around an island that is often used for ,;pit" :{" !"'
landscaping,a gateway or for other decorative -fr.. 'r
nt features,like artwork. The circulating roadway r t-4
" `"i.,,' is typically wider than the approach roadways -x4 ,,
and features an additional 'apron' against the --- ,`
ill edges of the island; both of these features al- w . ,
low for fire trucks,ambulances and other large <. .. a 's-' i~
vehicles. Roundabouts increase intersection
carrying capacity by up to 30 percent. Single-
_, \ lane roundabouts reduce vehicle speeds to 15-
' ;;y 4' ' `.- 20 mph and reduce fatal crashes by 90 percent
compared to signalized intersections.
TOOL: Street Treatments to Encourage Active Transportation
Intersection chicanes involve curb extensions Curb extensions are a nearly universal tool .
on one side of the intersection,and a median for school areas. In transforming overly wide
'on the opposite side. This combination of treat- streets, curb extensions (also known as bulb
kments brings the motorist toward the center, outs,elephant ears and nibs)bring down right
:then brings them back toward the side.This de- '_', turningspeeds, identify
s p important crossings,
fiection path bring speeds down to the desired 5f 1. r " ', ,11. and make it much easier for motorists to see
:,level.All raised areas become gardens for the y • children and for children to see motorists.
+neighborhood. Both sides of the intersection E : s- _mrnfl If ! � When used in a series,curb extensions can sig-
are narrowed, minimizing crossing distance ,_ _ . nificantly bring motorist speeds to acceptable
„and time.Chicanes can be used on streets with w levels. Curb extensions can be used at intersec-
xyolumes as high as 12,000 daily trips. Emer- - tions, mid-block, inside of parking strips (tree
gency responders and transit providers prefer _ wells)and other locations.Although many curb
chicanes to more intrusive four-way stops and . keptplain in extensions are
_ ��M appearance,at the
raised crossings. entry to a neighborhood, they can be land-
.a short median in Loma Linda, CA announces the en
once to a residential neighborhood 'Soaped to serve as attractive gateways.
t.
sar �' �,rY,3 Short medians help bring down speeds neat
-1---"--"--' --r-41v-2,-,f`,*itik schools and other places where people shout:,
0 �. ems * x_- be expected. Short medians are placed awa',
'" ( from intersections, but they can be locate i ...,r. _ _Ill p 4
- .- near driveways. These inexpensive feature; _
do not interrupt drainage and they have man �
1. cssi--i -' ii = other advantages.They bring speeds down to `. a
. � - -�_
levels where motorists are more courteous to
pedestrians and they allow U-turns,which ca `S ;'
__�•-- assist with area traffic management.Short m •
dians also serve as gateways, where they an- `
i •- pounce arrival at an important location, such e u r#
i as a school. They help put motorists on greater s°
miy
A large vehicle being deflected througr; atbortr,r alert.They work well in snow cities,as well as A carb extension In B/me,npno,1 AL shorten.thr , .(s),_r
Intersection Chicane,',ar,ta Barbara,CA temperate climates. distance for pedestrians
TOOL: Street Treatments to Encourage Active Transportation
-Sized Bike Lane ��.
Intersection control devices are critical if walk- "f Transforming a street,sidewalk, plaza, square,
ing,bicycling and motoring are to work togeth- , __ - paseo, open lot, waterfront or other space
er. People who cross at intersections, when _, into a community source of distinction, brings
they are signaled to do so,are most predictable.
fenhanced quality of life. Good places make
I 'Drivers appreciate predictable and compliant �- "
y�,..... pod experiences possible and they have con-
' l3behavior. When intersections become so corn-
fplex and challenging that signals are added It' quences in our lives. People want to be in
(a ttr active, well designed and cared for public
there is often ample justification to go beyond i places. Investment in streets and other public
Conventional standards to address the needs y, spaces brings added value to all buildings and
people walking and bicycling. Signal timing 3
T homes in an area. A compelling sense of place
hould be automated for inclusion of walking _; allows the time spent there to be rewarding
Ilaf
cycles. Signal timing should be adjusted so that O ' and memorable. Converting alleys, sidewalks
signals recall to WALK during the cycle, minus _ and streets into pocket parks, plazas and pa-
the clearance interval.
,_ seos creates lively places for people to gather,
Sol.striping and mar-ings remin.drivers that bicyclists
, elong on the road celebrate,eat and enjoy being together
i, One of the most cost effective ways to reduceii, ° , r,Ita '
.lg. speed while improving overall vehicular flow » , ' �'"
r�, ' `
1i and creating improved conditions for bicycling ""r * ti`�
and walking, is the conversion of overly wide t s ��
�� u roads to bike lanes. Generally, vehicle lanes - '�
P� can be reduced to 10 feet.Narrower travel and € ,+0 1 I 'i
ii 4 . . .
! ` storage lanes are proving to be slightly safer. w e# .xp .
Motorists appear to become more attentive f,-. , `,A
when lanes are narrowed from 11-12 feet to 10 c � i. 1 ''• xT
foot travel lanes. Bike lanes should be at least -F/ `_ a w I`4I,.
5 feet wide and seamless. Thick striping and .a
r regular markings remind drivers to anticipate
bicyclists. Bike lanes have an added benefit to
ignals should recall to WALK during the cycle ^nd -- pedestrians in that they provide a buffer from Madison; WI provides lovely outdoor eating o
struct pedesrrinns on crossing imp. moving traffic. on its busiest streets around the Capitol
TOOL: Street Treatments to Encourage Active Transportation
Sidewalks require high levels of design and Or i-•. 1 Sometimes a building to building right-of-way is
care. It is within the protected spaces of a side- ° ;',. 3 _ too tight to plant trees in sidewalk areas. Use
walk where people move freely,but also spend of in-street tree wells can allow the street to be
time engaging others and enjoying their public h. wqr ' ..,_ "greened"and often without removal of park-
pspace. Sidewalks work best when they are fully k i- _. ng. Tree wells can either be installed to allow
?buffered from moving traffic. Color, texture, . • - water to flow naturally in existing channels,or
Street furniture and other materials can distin
- ,,, if a complete reconstruction is needed,to in-
+guish functional areas of sidewalks. Using saw y.4. ha � x g patternsupports trees.
;;^� ,„,; � _ t sert drainage in a that
tuts rather than trowel cuts provides a better
.. , P I Tree wells are used on many local streets but
surface for wheelchairs and wheeled devices. . can also be used,along with curb extensions,
Sidewalks have three parts:the shy zone,furni- 1 `R n main streets. Use of tree wells and curb
ture zone and the walk/talk zone. If driveways ' _ ! xtensions,in combination,helps bring speeds
must interrupt, keep these to minimal widths - o more appropriate urban levels.There are 22
fffik
(14 feet for one way and 26 feet for two way). enefits to street trees:htto://tcstreetsforneo
iudden downpour can create flash flood conditions. Va
Use contrasting colors and materials and keep ile.org/node/116
sidewalks f v gutters and rain gardens help channel water awa
3` 9 iT+ st ,.
k ••r 1 When water must be dealt with quickly, val" .
.m.,, „• ! . . ♦ i j ley gutter are often a great design treatment .
'' Placed behind parking or in the center of the ` j f _ ,, . , , sA -,
street, valley gutters can channel water to " r" r '
4 -,j: ,, - drains or rain gardens. This keeps debris fro r• ,
t, i,V ,� pedestrian walkways and bikelanes,and and a ,, il ?_• .
pedestriansnavigateppin;4.
i.
lows to without ste
,,se - in puddles. -L
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idewalks trove three ports:the shy zone ❑, -r,i tine Tree wells in the Town of Tioga,FL,provide shade and
'zone and the walk/talk zone inset parking
TOOL: Street Treatments to Encourage Active Transportation
On-Street Parking Head-Out Angle...,
�- Parkin* '
�� - tfiea.-out angled �` `g parking maximizes use of 'for additional treatments to encourage
� adjacent land,since off-street parking takes up 'active transportation,visit:
three times more space than on-street parkin;t,
��_ xi "" ', It also takes up less road space since adtace http://www.walklive.org/resources/
- -he r- lanes can be 10 to 11 feet wide. When hear'
; � II e €eeEC i
. out angled parking is used, lane widths ca.
It
II ' be much narrower, since back out discove
h time is not needed. Also, the back end .1.
1. 4 vehicles have more overhang, so less space
i= used for the parking bay. Parking bay depth:,
- " should be 15 feet. An added two foot of spa :.
--f — -- i is picked up when valley gutters are used.Lea "
N; the benefits of head out angled parking her
ran-street parking can be head-in,head-out or parallel oY http://vimeo.com/35268340
-takes less space then off-street parklny.
On-street and inset parking visually narrows " _ -
streets and brings down vehicle speeds,while
providing the most sustainable and affordable ,�
parking. Speeds are brought down even more t
when tree wells are used to provide a canopy
to the street. On-street parking takes up only t_. . r a >
one-third of the land of off-street parking. But _L..,k=`;
the primary reason for maximizing parking on
street is to help calm streets that were overbuilt
for vehicle speed. On-street parking belongs on
center city streets,serving as a buffer between -
pedestrians and moving cars as a natural traffic
calming tool.
TOOL: Active Living Fact Sheet
Obesity and Disease Air Quality
• The costs of obesity account for • Childhood obesity has more than tripled
approximately nine percent of total U.S. in the past 30 years. • Asthma is a major public health problem
health care spending. in the United States with 22 million people
• In 2010,10.9 million or nearly 27 percent currently diagnosed with asthma-12
• The total economic cost of obesity is$270 of U.S.residents age 65 or older had million of whom have had an asthma attack
billion per year. diabetes. in the past year.
• Two out of three American adults 20 years • About 1.9 million people age 20 years or • Seven percent of adults and nearly nine
and older are overweight or obese. older were newly diagnosed with diabetes percent of all children have asthma. In
in 2010.Diabetes is the seventh leading poor and minority communities,the rates
• It is estimated that 75 percent of cause of death in the United States. are higher.
American adults will be overweight or
obese by 2015. • People living within 300 meters of major
highways are more likely to have asthma,
2010 State Obesity Rates leukemia and cardiovascular disease.
State mg State IllE State El State % • The health costs associated with poor air
Alabama 32.2 Missouri 30.5 - - quality from the U.S.transportation sector
` is estimated at$50-$80 billion per year.
Alaska 24 5 Illinois R. 28.2 Montana 23.0 Rhode Island 25.53
Arizona 24.3 Indiana 29.6 Nebraska 26.9 South Carolina 31.5
Arkansas 30.1 Iowa 28.4 Nevada 22.4 South Dakota 27.3 Research shows that when properly designed,
California 24.0 Kansas Itt29.4 New Hampshire 25.0 Tennessee 30.8 transportation systems can provide exercise
Colorado 21.0 Kentucky /G1.3 New Jersey 23.8 Texas 31.0 opportunities, improve safety, lower emotion-
Connecticut 22.5 Louisiana 1.31.0 New Mexico 25.1 Utah 22.5 al stress,link poor people to opportunity,con-
Delaware 28.0 Maine ''. 26.8 New York 23.9 Vermont 23.2 nect isolated older adults and people with dis-
District of 22.2 Maryland 27.1 North Carolina 27.8 Virginia 26.0 abilities to crucial services and social supports,
Columbia Massachusetts 23.0 North Dakota 27.2 Washington 25.5 and stimulate economic development.
Florida 26.6 Michigan 30.9 Ohio 29.2 West Virginia 32.5
Georgia 29.6 Minnesota 24.8 Oklahoma 30.4 Wisconsin 26.3 -The Convergence Partnership
http://www.convergencepartnership.org
Hawaii 22.7 Mississippi 34.0 Oregon 26.8 Wyoming 25.1
TOOL: Active Living Fact Sheet
Safety Social Equity
• In 2009,33,963 people were killed in traffic-related incidents in
the U.S. • Traffic-related crashes are the leading cause of death for children,
and poor children die at higher rates.
• Between 2000 and 2009,47,700 pedestrians were killed by
automobiles. • National data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)indicate that Native Americans are 1.5 times mace likely to
• Although people age 65 and older made up less than 13 percent die from traffic crashes than other Americans.
of the total U.S.population between 2000 and 2007,they
• African Americans make up approximately 12 percent of the U.S.represented nearly 22 percent of pedestrian deaths during that
period.(Source:http:Ut4america.org/docs/dbd2011/Dangerous-bv- population,but they account for 20 percent of pedestrian deaths.
Design-2011.0df) • Although less than one-quarter of all drivingtakes g q place in a rural
• The oldest pedestrians(75 years and older)suffered from setting,more than half of all fatal motor vehicle crashes occur
pedestrian fatality rates of 3.61 per 100,000 people,a rate well there.
more than twice that for people under 65 years of age. •
• t_
•
•
Mental Health
• Americans spend an average of 100 hours per year commuting.
• Higher rates of physical activity are associated with reduced risk -
of depression,while physical inactivity is a known risk factor for ` •
depression. • •
• Since 2000,antidepressants have become the most prescribed •1
medication in the United States.
• Every 10 minutes spent commuting is associated with a 10 percent A morning commute in Maui
drop in the time spent traveling for social purposes.
TOOL: Active Living Fact Sheet
Social Equity Percentage of pedestrian deaths compared to
share of population
• Older populations are over-represented
in intersection fatalities by a factor of
more than two-to-one.
• Half of all non-drivers age 65 and 5 ,D 15 20 25 30 35 45 45 55 55 69 65
over—four million Americans—stay at I I r I I I I I 1 I
home on a given day because they lack
transportation. Non-Hispanic white
• By 2015,more than 15.5 million
Americans age 65 and older will Black 17.9%
live in communities where public 12.5%
transportation options are minimal or
nonexistent.
HispanicPereentage.of overall population
• Transportation is the second largest 13.9%
expense for American households, Blue bar longer than grey bar=group is
costing more than food,clothing Asian I3.8% overrepresented in pedestrian fatalities
and health care.Americans spend an 4.4970
average of 18 cents of every dollar on
transportation,with the poorest one- 2t 7
fifth of families spending more than 65 and older
double that figure. 12.4%
13.1%
75 and older
r-: 12.494,
Source:http://t4omerico.org/dots/dbd2011/Dangerous-by-Design-2011.pdf
TOOL: Working Effectively With Others
Dealing with Challenges a
We work best with others when we feel as if we belong and that our contributions are valua- • 4:
ble.Disruptive behaviors fall into two main categories:progress-blocking and group-thwarting. ! e "
Progress-blocking actions interrupt processes and discourage next steps.Group-thwarting
actions undermine the confidence and ability of the group to act cohesively.Successful groups . '
watch for indicators of disruptive behaviors. fit'
While the motives for disruptive behaviors are complex,unclear objectives are the biggest ..: :.�.
barrier to effective team performance.If disruptive behaviors are interrupting progress or un-
dermining the confidence of the group,it is time to discuss this as a group. All discussions and __ —
deeds should be examined for how they lead to the group's stated goals.When a disagreeable +s,. dm „
comment is made,the group should ask,"What is the desired outcome of that statement?"or '
Engage the community
"How does this conversation lead us to our goal?"
Behaviors that Block Progress
• Confrontational instead of cooperative approaches • Arguing
• Attacking a person rather than a problem • Presenting only one side of a topic
• Engaging in gossip, clique-forming or other power-seek- • Departing from the topic regularly
ing activities • Introducing unnecessary, anecdotal or tangential infor-
• Excessive talking, loud voices or otherwise dominating a mation
conversation • Revisiting tasks that the group agrees are complete
• Speeches rather than discussions • Showing an inability to transition from task to task or set
• Allowing ultimatums to be made next steps
• Constantly joking, clowning or making sexually-charged • Advocating ideas without actions
remarks • Failing to complete assignments on time
• Silence or failing to engage others • Not communicating successes or failures
• Attention-or sympathy-seeking behaviors • Not tying actions to goals or next steps
• Failure to disclose interests or conflicts • Being unkind,unsupportive or mean-spirited
• Dismissive or denial-seeking behaviors
TOOL: Effecting Change - The 100 Day Challenge
Setting goals to show early results
How Does Change Happen? The Significance of 100
Days
A project is more likely to succeed if motivated • You recognize that what you are doing is
individuals set a course to accomplish their not working
goals immediately.Early successes provide the Focusing on a 100-day action
hand-and toe-holds needed to pull the group • You form a group to generate ideas,build plan allows you to accomplish
from one achievement to the next. support and learn the following:
The 100-Day Challenge sets goals that can be • The group sets a vision and the mission,
accomplished within 100 days to show a genu- goals and tasks to support this vision • Identify critical concerns and
Me commitment to active living. All change prioritize them
begins by asking one question: What can I ' You share this vision with others,along
do? Each of us shapes the built environment with the specific goals and tasks that • Motivate others with reasonable
we find ourselves in, either through active guide activities goals and tasks
participation in decision making,or by leaving • You do somethingand encourage
decisions up to others. you g Ensure that milestones are met
others to do something
• Keep the group motivated
Quality of life is directly affected by the qual- • You share your successes with others and
ity of the built environment, especially the this motivates them • Build confidence with early wins
completeness of our transportation systems.
Streets are attractive and safe for all users, • Encouraged that change is possible,others • Confirm that you are working with
or they are not. Streets encourage a variety join the group in moving the movement the right people
of transportation options, including walking
and bicycling,or they limit choices.And your • You refine your mission,goals and tasks to • Build on successes
community either encourages aging in place keep them current
or contributes to social isolation. • Schedule review and refinement
In his book Leading Change, Professor John of mission, goals and tasks
Kotter identifies eight steps for effecting
change,provided on the following page.
TOOL: Effecting Change - The 100-Day Challenge
The following conditions help Eight-Step Process for Leading Change
determine an active living pro- Establishing a Sense of Urgency
ject's success: Step 1: Identify and discuss crises,potential crises or major opportunities
Creating the Guiding Coalition
• Leadership: Leaders who Step 2: Assemble a group with enough power to lead the change effort
Encourage the group to work as a team
inspire collaboration to iden-
tify and accomplish goals. Developing a Change direr
Step 3: Create a vision to help direct the change effort
Motivated Teammates: Indi- Develop strategies for achieving that vision
• viduals with a can-do spirit Communicating the Vision
Who are eager to work to- Step 4: Use every vehicle possible to communicate the new vision and strategies
Teach new behaviors by the example of the Guiding Coalition
gether. Empowering Broad-based Action
Remove obstacles to change
• Actionable Strategies: !den- Step 7Change systems or structures that seriously undermine the vision
tification of the tasks in sup- Encourage the risk-taking and nontraditional ideas,activities,and actions
port of a goal, with individu- Generating Short-term Wins
als to take on specific tasks Plan for visible performance improvements
and a time frame for corn- Step , create those improvements
pletion; Recognize and reward[those]involved in the improvements
Never Letting Up
• Early Successes: Projects Use increased credibility to change systems,structures and policies that
that allow for immediate Step ,4 don't fit the vision
Hire,promote,and develop[those]who can implement the vision Successes to keep the group
motivated and to build con- Reinvigorate the process with new projects,themes,and change agents
fidence. Incorporating Changes into the Culture
Step 8: Articulate the connections between the new behaviors and organizational
success
Develop the means to ensure leadership development and succession
Source:Leading Change by John Kotter,Harvard University Business School,w,'w,katterinternotionajcarn
Walkability Toolbox
Additional Resources
The following resources speak to the economic value of Walkability:
The Economic Benefits of Walkable Communities
Local Government Commission
http://www.lgc.org/freepub/docs/community design/focus/walk to
money.pdf
The Economic Value of Active Transportation
Ryan Snyder Associates
http://www.rsa.cc/images/Econom icVal ueOfActiveTra nsportation.pdf
Walking the Walk:How Walkability Raises Home Values in U.S.Cities
CEOs for Cities
www.ceosforcities.org/files/WalkingTheWalk CEOsforCitiesl.pdf.
Active Transportation for America: A Case for Increased Federal In-
vestment in Bicycling and Walking
Rail-To-Trails Conservancy
www.railstotrails.org/ATFA
Transportation Rx:Healthy,Equitable Transportation Policy
PolicyLink and the Prevention Institute Convergence Partnership
www.convergencepartnership.org/transportationheaIthandeauity
Economic Value of Walkability
Victoria Transport Policy Institute
www.vtoi.org/walkability.ndf
II
Walkable and Livable Communities Institute
1215 Lawrence Street, Unit 001
Port Townsend, WA 98368
(360) 385-3421
www.walklive.org
1
12/10/2012
Why Develop a Complete Streets Policy?
Developing a Complete Streets
Policy Blue Zones Community Policy Pledge Action:
Presented by Pass a city resolution or ordinance to adopt Complete Stree
Waterloo Blue Zones Community Policy Committee principles. Resolution or ordinance must include all 1S
elements of a comprehensive Complete Streets Policy a•
defined by the National Complete Streets Coalition.
Waterloo City Council Work Session
December 10,2012
Must be Approved by May,2014
�-� a�� z.„.•P.m (6kwr zone.r.n
war—x gyp .
Also... Ten Elements of a Complete Streets
Policy
• Improved safety for all modes of transportation
• Sets a Vision
• Health benefits
• Specifies All Users
• Economic benefits
• All Projects
• for each$1 million invested in FHWA-approved paved bicycle or multi-use trails,the local
economy gains 65 jobs and between$50 and$100 million in local economic benefits • Exceptions
• Cycling and walking Investments return up to$11.80 for every$1 invested • Creates a Network
• Patrons of retail businesses that arrive by foot or bicycle in a neighborhood shopping area visit • All Agencies and All Roads
the most often and spend the most money per month
• A 5-to 10-mph reduction in vehicle speeds increased the value of nearby residential property • Design Criteria
by about 20%.Reduced traffic volumes on residential streets increased home values by an
avenge of IP% • Context Sensitive
- Homes in walkable urban neighborhoods have experienced less than half the average decline • Performance Measures
In prices horn the housing peak in the mid-2000s
• Implementation
• A 10-percent increase in a'Walk score•increases commercial property values by 5%to 8% � 1u�1/.•..rs l'r�n:
. <rla co PIek3V5Fnnr8 NbFeax 41V
w.rm.a ti+n
1
• 12/10/2012
Vision: Getting from here... ...To Here!
-4011011, 1"'i- 11P-71,
-
- • •
Touttruan.-1
e ~mart
Specifies All Users Specifies All Users
2
12/10/2012
All Projects All Projects
- 4
vew.n 01)
Exceptions Creates a Network
• Process must address exceptions for all modes...FHWA recognizes
the following exceptions: - ,�•
• Accommodation is not necessary on corridors where non-
motorized use is prohibited,such as interstate freeways ` -s
• Cost of accommodation is excessively disproportionateto the !_
need or probable use
• A documented absence of current or future need
t a;
III I , I � - It„}(nwr z n
3
•
12/10/2012
All Agencies and All Roads Design Criteria
UnWerslty Avenue 1 IA Highway 934)
•Iowa Department of •Waterloo Q••
Transportation •Cedar Falls
•Black Hawk
Metropolitan Area •�
Transportation Policy •• "` —" `
Board(MPo)
s
•ik' A".
x• ) _t
Roundabouts Versus Conventional Context Sensitive
Intersections
• Design Speeds
y • Narrower Lanes
..,..,.n».:., .a•...........
••• ...s. • Bicycle Lanes
7TTD . oa..n— - re .wia • Pedestrian Accommodations
o,..•w..e.e.m
. *,..• •'•'n� - _a� _ • Enhanced Crosswalks
�...
• Improved Connectivity
• Roundabouts and Mini Circles
i•
• wu• • • On Street Parking
"` vy . • • One Way Street to Two Way Street Conversion
a,„ • Buildings Facing the Street
y per
��...// .ti • k/:' • Shade/Aesthetic Treatments
1�?(o�u.n., n.. 71?�Y our a,�uv.
.weR •OFT ware* s{j
4
• 12/10/2012
Performance Measures Implementation
• Evaluation should be broader than just Level of Service(LOS) • From paper to practice is not easy
• Include other criteria(miles of on-street bicycle routes;new • Success may be achieve by,or through the use of:
linear feet of pedestrian accommodation;changes in public • Restructuring procedures to accommodate all users on every
transit ridership;changes in bicycling or walking habits;number project
of new street trees;or adjusting the LOS measurement) • Developing(new)or amending design guidelines and policies
• The Workbook on this website has a list of possible performance • Offering workshops for planners,engineers,and developers
measures • Utilizing better performance measures and collecting data on how
well streets are serving users
• Consider establishing a Complete Streets Oversight
Committee
LL 3 BLUE zC.LES nw,K CI)BLUE mN..r•oit�,
Next Steps Thank you!
• Walking audit in January of 2013
• Begin development of Complete Streets Policy
• Present draft Complete Streets Policy to City Council by Questions?
February/March of 2013
• Adoption of Complete Streets Policy by Summer of
2013
5