HomeMy WebLinkAbout2566-08.16.1971 y- 6,33
ORDINANCE NO. G? -V.7 ? f '_. ,w.,.•.
AN ORDINANCE REPEALING SECTION 14-2 OF THE
CODE OF ORDINANCES RELATIVE TO THE FIRE
PREVENTION CODE AND ENACTING IN LIEU THEREOF
A NEW FIRE PREVENTION CODE.
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF WATERLOO, IOWA:
That Section 14-2 of Chapter 14 of the Code of Ordinances, City of
Waterloo, Iowa, is hereby repealed and the following enacted in lieu thereof:
Sec. 14-2. Fire Prevention Code.
There is hereby adopted by the City for the purpose of
prescribing regulations governing conditions hazardous to
life and property from fire or explosion, that certain code
known as the Fire Prevention Code, 1970 Edition, recommended
by the American Insurance Association, copies of which are
hereby on file in the Office of the City Clerk.
Passed and adopted this 16th day of August ,1971.
(2747.7
~G� Mayor
ATTEST:eaVid
--�-�,
Acting City Clerk
Str_-31.
STATE OF IOWA, j :Robert J .
NeCny
SS ,
Black Hawk County, Publisher of the Wa#crloo , IIatlp Courier
a daily newspaper printed in the English
language and published in Waterloo, Black Hawk County, Iowa do solemnly swear that
the annexed copy of `Hance Nc 2566
notice was published in the English language only alit
once a for consecutive
commencing on the day of 19
ORDINANCE NO.2566
TANON AAING
REPE LOF OR 1- in the issues of U USt 19, lQ'j]
NANCES RELATIVE TO THE FIRE
PREVENTION CODE AND ENACTING of said newspaper, and
IN LIEU TCODEOti IRE PRE
that the annexed rate of advertising is the regular legal rate of
VENTION CODE. `
i COUNCIL OF BE IT THEORDAINED ITY OF W BY THE ATER said newspaper, and that the following is a correct bill for pub-
1 LOG. IOWA: lishing said notice.
That Section 14-2 of Chapter 14 of the
(Code of Ordinances, City of Waterloo,
Iowa, Is hereby repealed and the fol-
lowing enacted in lieu thereof: •
Sec. 14-2. Fire Prevention Code the City
i There is hereby adopted by
Ifar the purpose of prescribing rousg t-
tions governing conditions hazardous to
life and property from fire or explosion.
that certain code known as the Fire Pre-
vention Code. 197o Edition, recommend• Subscribed and sworn to before me this
ed by the American Insurance Associa- day
tion, copies of which are hereby on Of
file in the Office of the City AUgu 4 A. D,r 19
passed and adapted this lbth day of 71
--
August, 1571. LLOYD L. TURNER
I ��/��{ (� ���'
Mayor t AD s�L ��
ATTEST: ' ^ /Notary Public
Arnold S. Zellrnan
Acting city Clerk Received of
the sum of Dollars
in full for publication of the above notice.
Publishers
FIRE PREVENTION
CODE
1970 EDITION
Recommended by the
AMERICAN INSURANCE ASSOCIATION
FIRE PREVENTION
CODE
A code prescribing regulations governing
conditions hazardous to life
and property from fire,
also
A suggested ordinance adopting the Fire
Prevention Code and establishing a
Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Edition of 1970
Superseding the Edition of 1965 with
Amendments of 1966.
Recommended by the
AMERICAN INSURANCE ASSOCIATION
Engineering and Safety Department
85 John Street, New York, N. Y. 10038
120 South La S.,_'e Street, Chicago, Ill. 60603
465 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94104
•
The Fire Prevention Code does not cover such features of life safety in
buildings as are normally considered proper for inclusion in a building
code. For example, requirements as to number, type and width of exits
from buildings are normally covered in building codes and therefore are
not included in the Fire Prevention Code. If a suitable building code is
not in effect, it is recommended that consideration be given to adopting
the National Building Code recommended by the American Insurance
Association as a companion document to the Fire Prevention Code.
In the absence of building laws covering exits, the Fire Prevention
Bureau may find it helpful to use the National Building Code as a guide
to good practice.
The information contained in this publication was obtained from
sources believed to be reliable. The American Insurance Association,
its companies and employees make no guarantee of results and assume
no liability in connection with either the information herein contained,
or the suggestions herein made. Moreover, it cannot be assumed that
every pertinent precaution or procedure is contained herein; or that ab-
normal or unusual circumstances may not warrant or require further or _
additional precautions or procedures.
CONTENTS
Article Page
1. General Provisions
1
2. Automobile Tire Rebuilding Plants 11
3. Automobile Wrecking Yards, Junk Yards and Waste
Material Handling Plants 12
4. Bowling Establishments 13
5. Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film 15
6. Cellulose Nitrate Plastics (Pyroxylin) 16
7. Combustible Fibers 19
8. Compressed Gases 21
9. Dry Cleaning Plants 24
10. Dust Explosions,Prevention of 34
11. Exit Ways, Maintenance of 36
12. Explosives, Ammunition, and Blasting Agents 38
13. Fireworks 57
14. Fire Protection Equipment 60
15. Flammable Finishes, Application of
Division
I General Provisions 63
II Spray Finishing 64
III Dip Tanks 72
IV Electrostatic Equipment 76
V Automobile Undercoating 77
:, VI Powder Coating 77
VII Organic Peroxides and Dual Component
Coatings 78
16. Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Division
I General Provisions 80
II Tank Storage 84
III Piping, Valves and Fittings 104
IV Container and Portable Tank Storage 106
V Industrial Plants and Processing Plants 115
VI Bulk Plants 124
VII Service Stations 133
VIII Refineries, Chemical Plants and Distilleries 142
IX Tank Vehicles for Flammable and
Combustible Liquids 144
CONTENTS—Continued
Article Page
17. Fruit Ripening Processes 149
18. Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 151
19. Garages 154
20. Hazardous Chemicals 155
21. Liquefied Petroleum Gases 166
22. Lumber Yards and Woodworking Plants 174
23. Magnesium 176
24. Oil Burning Equipment 179
25. Organic Coatings, Manufacture of 189
26. Ovens and Furnaces 197
27. Places of Assembly 201
28. Precautions Against Fire, General 204
29. Tents 210
30. Welding or Cutting, Acetylene Generators, and Calcium
Carbide 211
31. List of Standards and Publications 224
Appendix A—Protection of Tanks Containing Flammable
or Combustible Liquids in Locations that may
be Flooded 235
Appendix B—Abandonment or Removal of Underground
Tanks 239
Appendix C—Publications of Interest but not listed in
Article 31 241
Appendix D—A Suggested Ordinance Adopting a Fire
Prevention Code Prescribing Regulations
Governing Conditions Hazardous to Life and
Property From Fire or Explosion, and
Establishing a Bureau of Fire Prevention
and Providing Officers therefor and Defining
their Powers and Duties 244
Index 251
FIRE PREVENTION CODE
ARTICLE 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.1. Intent of Code.
It is the intent of this code to prescribe regulations consistent with
nationally recognized good practice for the safeguarding to a rea-
sonable degree of life and property from the hazards of fire and
explosion arising from the storage, handling and use of hazardous
substances, materials and devices, and from conditions hazardous
to life or property in the use or occupancy of buildings or premises.
Compliance with standards of the American Insurance Association
or the National Fire Protection Association or other approved
nationally recognized safety standards shall be deemed to be prima
facie evidence of compliance with this intent.
Section 1.2. Application of Code.
a. The provisions of this code shall apply equally to new and
existing conditions except that existing conditions not in strict
compliance with the terms of this code shall be permitted to con-
tinue where the exceptions do not constitute a distinct hazard to
life or property in the opinion of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention.
b. Nothing contained in this code shall be construed as apply-
- ing to the transportation of any article or thing shipped under
the jurisdiction of and in compliance with the regulations pre-
scribed by the Department of Transportation (DOT), nor as
applying to the military forces of the United States.
Section 1.3. Authority to Enter Premises.
a. The Chief of the Fire Department, Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention or any inspector thereof may, at all reasonable
hours, enter any building or premises for the purpose of making
any inspection, or investigation which, under the provisions of this
code, he or they may deem necessary to be made.
b. The Chief of the Fire Department, Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention or any inspector thereof shall be permitted by
the owner, lessee, manager, or operator of any building or premise
1
SEC. 1.4 GENERAL PROVISIONS
to enter and inspect their building or premise at the time and for
the purpose stated in this section.
Section 1.4. Inspection of Buildings and Premises.
a. It shall be the duty of the Chief of the Fire Department to
inspect, or cause to be inspected by the Bureau of Fire Prevention,
or by the Fire Department officers or members, all buildings and
premises except the interiors of dwellings, as often as may be
necessary for the purpose of ascertaining and causing to be cor-
•
rected any conditions liable to cause fire, endanger life from fire,
or any violations of the provisions or intent of this code and of any
other ordinance affecting the fire hazard.
b. The Chief of the Fire Department, Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention or an inspector upon the complaint of any person
or whenever he or they shall deem it necessary, shall inspect any
buildings and premises within their jurisdiction.
Section 1.5. Orders to Eliminate Dangerous or Hazardous
Conditions.
Whenever any of the officers, members or inspectors of the
Fire Department or Bureau of Fire Prevention as mentioned in
section 1.4 shall find in any building or upon any premises dan-
gerous or hazardous conditions or materials as follows, he or they
•
shall order such dangerous conditions or materials to be removed
or remedied in such manner as may be specified by the Chief of
the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
a. Dangerous or unlawful amounts of combustible or explo-
sive or otherwise hazardous materials;
b. Hazardous conditions arising from defective or improperly
installed equipment for handling or using combustible or explosive
or otherwise hazardous materials;
c. Dangerous accumulations of rubbish, waste paper, boxes,
shavings or other highly combustible materials;
d. Accumulations of dust or waste material in air condition-
ing or ventilating systems or of grease in kitchen or other exhaust
ducts or inadequate clearances to unprotected combustible mate-
rial from hoods,grease extractors, and ducts;
e. Obstructions to or on fire escapes, designated access open-
ings in exterior walls for fire department use, stairs, passageways,
doors or windows, liable to interfere with the operations of the
Fire Department or egress of occupants in case of fire;
f. Any building or other structure which, for want of repairs,
lack of adequate exit facilities, automatic or other fire alarm appa-
2
GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 1.7
ratus or fire extinguishing equipment, or by reason of age or dilapi-
dated condition, or from any other cause, creates a hazardous con-
dition.
Section 1.6. Service of Orders.
a. The service of orders for the correction of violations of this
code shall be made upon the owner, occupant or other person
responsible for the conditions, either by delivering a copy of same
to such person or by delivering the same to and leaving it with
any person in charge of the premises, or in case no such person is
found upon the premises, by affixing a copy thereof in a con-
spicuous place on the door to the entrance of the said premises.
Whenever it may be necessary to serve such an order upon the
owner of premises such order may be served either by delivering
to and leaving with the said person a copy of the said order, or,
if such owner is absent from the jurisdiction of the officer making
the order, by sending such copy by certified or registered mail to
the owner's last known post office address.
b. If buildings or other premises are owned by one person and
occupied by another under lease or otherwise, the orders issued in
connection with the enforcing of this code shall apply to the occu-
pant thereof, except where the rules or orders require the making
of additions to or changes in the premises themselves, such as
would immediately become real estate and be the property of the
owner of the premises;in such cases the rules or orders shall affect
the owner and not the occupant unless it is otherwise agreed be-
tween the owner and the occupant.
Section 1.7. Investigation of Fires.
a. The Bureau of Fire Prevention shall investigate the cause,
origin and circumstances of every fire occurring in the municipality
which is of suspicious nature or which involves loss of life or in-
jury to persons or by which property has been destroyed or sub-
stantially damaged. Such investigations shall be begun immedi-
ately upon the occurrence of such a fire and, if it appears that such
fire is of suspicious origin, the Chief of the Fire Department shall
be immediately notified of the facts; he shall take charge imme-
diately of the physical evidence, shall notify the proper authori-
ties designated by law to pursue the investigation of such matters,
and shall further cooperate with the authorities in the collection
of evidence and in the prosecution of the case.
b. Every fire shall be reported in writing to the Bureau of
Fire Prevention within two days after the occurrence of the same,
3
SEC. 1.8 GENERAL PROVISIONS
by the officer in whose jurisdiction such a fire has occurred. Such
report shall be in such form as shall be prescribed by the Chief of
the Fire Department, and shall contain a statement of facts relat-
ing to the cause, origin and circumstances of such fire, factors con-
tributing to the spread of the fire, injury to persons, and extent of
the damage thereof, and the insurance upon such property, and
such other information as may be required.
c. The Corporation Counsel and the Police Department, upon
request of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, shall assist the inspec-
tors in the investigation of any fire which, in their opinion, is of
suspicious origin.
Section 1.8. Fire Records.
The Chief of the Fire Department shall keep, in the office of
the Bureau of Fire Prevention, a record of all fires and of all the
facts concerning the same, including statistics as to the extent of
such fires and the damage caused thereby, and whether such losses
were covered by insurance and if so, in what amount. Such rec-
ord shall be made daily from the reports made by the fire depart-
ment officers and inspectors. All such records shall be public.
Section 1.9. Permits.
a. A permit shall constitute permission to maintain, store or
handle materials, or to conduct processes, which produce condi-
tions hazardous to life or property, or to install equipment used in
connection with such activities. Such permit does not take the
place of any license required by law. It shall not be transferable,
and any change in use or occupancy of premises shall require a
new permit.
b. Before a permit may be issued, the Chief of the Bureau
of Fire Prevention, or his assistants, shall inspect and approve
the receptacles, vehicles, buildings or storage places to be used.
In cases where laws or regulations enforceable by departments
other than the Bureau of Fire Prevention are applicable, joint
approval shall be obtained from all departments concerned.
c. All applications for a permit required by this code shall be
made to the Bureau of Fire Prevention in such form and detail as
it shall prescribe. Applications for permits shall be accompanied
by such plans as required by the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
d. Permits shall at all times be kept on the premises desig-
nated therein, and shall at all times be subject to inspection by
any officer of the fire or police departments.
e. One permit only shall be required by establishments deal-
4
GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 1.12
ing in, or using, two or more flammable, combustible or explosive
materials to be kept in the establishment at any one time, but
each of the materials shall be listed in the permit.
Section 1.10. Revocation of Permit.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may revoke a permit
or approval issued if any violation of this code is found upon
inspection or in case there has been any false statement or mis-
representation as to a material fact in the application or plans
on which the permit or approval was based.
Section 1.11. Fire Drills in Educational and Institutional Occu-
pancies.
a. Fire drills shall be held at least once a month in educational
occupancies where such occupancies constitute the major occu-
pancy of a building and at least once every two months in institu-
tional occupancies where such occupancies constitute the major
occupancy of a building. During severe weather, fire drills may
be postponed. A record of all fire drills shall be kept and persons
in charge of such occupancies shall file written reports at least
quarterly with the Bureau of Fire Prevention giving the time and
date of each drill held.
b. In educational occupancies fire drills shall include complete
evacuation of all persons from the building. In institutional occu-
pancies fire drills shall be conducted to familiarize operating per-
sonnel with their assigned positions of emergency duty; com-
plete evacuation of occupants from the building at the time of the
fire drill shall be required only where it is practicable and does
not involve moving or disturbing persons under medical care.
Section 1.12. Definitions.
Unless otherwise expressly stated, the following terms shall,
for the purpose of this code, have the meanings indicated in this
section.
Acetylene, low pressure—see section 30.2a.
Acetylene, medium pressure—see section 30.2b.
Approved, as applied to a material, device or mode of con-
struction, means approved by the Chief of the Fire Department or
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention in accordance with the
provisions of this Code, or by other authority designated by law
to give approval in the matter in question.
Assembly occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof by a gathering of persons
5
•
SEC. 1.12 GENERAL PROVISIONS
for civic, political, travel, religious, social, or recreational purposes.
Automatic fire alarm system means a system which automati-
cally detects a fire condition and actuates a fire alarm signal device.
Automotive service station (garage)—see section 16.12a.
Barrel—see section 16.12b.
Basement means a story of a building or structure having one-
half or more of its clear height below grade.
Blasting agent—see section 12.2a.
Boil-over—see section 16.12d.
Boiling point—see section 16.12c.
Bonded or grounded as protection against static electricity
means either that a bond or ground has been deliberately applied,
or that an electrically conductive path having a resistance adequate
for the intended purpose, usually one million ohms or less, is in-
herently present by the nature of the installation.
Bulk oxygen system—see section 8.2a.
Bulk plant—see section 16.12e.
Business occupancy means the occupancy or use of a building
or structure or any portion thereof for the transaction of business,
or the rendering or receiving of professional services; including
offices.
Cargo tank—see section 16.92a.
Carrier—see section 12.2b.
Catalytic combustion system—see section 26.2.
Cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin)—see section 6.1.
Chemical operations—see section 16.5 lb.
Chemical plant—see section 16.12f.
Closed container—see section 16.12g.
Combustible fiber—see section 7.1.
Combustible liquid—see section 16.12m.
Compressed gas—see section 8.2b.
Container—see section 16.12h.
Conversion range oil burner—see section 24.2a.
Corrosive liquid—see section 20.2a.
Crude petroleum—see section 16.12i.
Decorative material—see section 27.1a.
Dip tank—see section 15.31a.
Distillery—see section 16.12j.
DOT container means any container approved by the Depart-
ment of Transportation for shipping any liquid, gaseous or solid
material of a flammable, toxic or other hazardous nature.
Dry cleaning—see section 9.1a.
Dust—see section 10.1.
6
GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 1.12
Dwelling means a building occupied exclusively for residence
purposes and having:
(1) One dwelling unit; or
(2) Two dwelling units; or
(3) One or two dwelling units with a total of not more than
fifteen boarders or roomers in these units served with meals or
sleeping accommodations or both.
Dwelling unit means one or more rooms arranged for the use
of one or more individuals living together as a single housekeep-
ing unit, with cooking, living, sanitary and sleeping facilities.
Educational occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof by persons assembled for
the purpose of learning or of receiving educational instruction.
Explosive—see section 12.2c.
Explosive-actuated power device—see section 12.2d.
Explosive material—see section 12.2e.
Fire resistance rating means the time in hours that the material
or construction will withstand the standard fire exposure as deter-
mined by a fire test made in conformity with the "Standard
Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,"
ASTM E119, UL Inc. 263, or NFPA No. 251.
Fire retardant ceiling means the ceiling portion of a floor and
ceiling or a roof and ceiling assembly having a fire resistance rating
of one hour or more that is used to protect a floor or roof assembly
other than that with which it was tested.
Fireworks—see section 13.2.
Flammable anesthetic—see section 8.2c.
Flammable aerosol—see section 16.121.
Flammable liquid—see section 16.12m.
Flammable solid—see section 20.2b.
Flash point—see section 16.12k.
Fuel gas—see section 30.2c.
Fuel oil—see section 24.2b.
Fumigant—see section 18.2a.
Fumigation—see section 1 8.2b.
Gaseous hydrogen system—see section 8.2d.
Hazardous chemical—see section 20.1.
Heating and cooking appliance—see section 24.2c.
High hazard occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof that involves highly com-
bustible, highly flammable, hazardous chemical or explosive mate-
rial, or which has inherent characteristics that constitute a special
fire hazard.
7
SEC. 1.12 GENERAL PROVISIONS
Highly toxic material—see section 20.2c.
Highway—see section 12.2f.
Hydraulic back pressure valve—see section 30.2d.
Industrial plant—see section 16.51a.
Industrial occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof for assembling,fabricating,
finishing, manufacturing, packaging or processing operations; ex-
cept when classed as a high hazard occupancy.
Inhabited building—see section 12.2g.
Institutional occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof by persons harbored or
detained to receive medical, charitable or other care or treatment,
or by persons involuntarily detained.
Liquefied petroleum gas—see section 21.2a.
Liquefied petroleum gas equipment—see section 21.2b.
Liquid—see section 16.12m.
LP-Gas means liquefied petroleum gas.
Machine—see section 30.2e.
Magazine—see section 12.2h.
Magnesium—see section 23.2.
Manifold—see section 30.2f.
Marine service station—see section 16.12n.
Methylacetylene-propadiene, Stabilized—see section 30.2g.
Mercantile occupancy means the occupancy or use of a building
or structure or any portion thereof for the displaying, selling or
buying of goods, wares or merchandise; except when classed as a
high hazard occupancy.
Multifamily house means a building or portion thereof con-
taining three or more dwelling units; including tenement house,
apartment house, flat.
Nonflammable medical gas—see section 8.2e.
Oil burner—see section 24.2d.
Oil burning equipment—see section 24.2e.
Oil fired unit—see section 24.2f.
Organic coating—see section 25.2.
Owner includes his duly authorized agent or attorney, a pur-
chaser, devisee, fiduciary, and a person having a vested or con-
tingent interest in the property in question.
Oxidizing material—see section 20.2d.
Oxygen manifold,high pressure—see section 30.2h.
Oxygen manifold, low pressure—see section 30.2i.
Person includes corporation and copartnership as well as in-
dividual.
8
GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 1.12
Pipe—see section 30.2j.
Piped distribution system—see section 8.2f.
Piping—see section 30.2j.
Place of assembly—see section 27.lb.
Poisonous gas—see section 20.2e.
Portable outlet header—see section 30.2k.
Pressure vessel—see Tank, pressure vessel
Processing plant—see section 16.51b.
Propellant-actuated power device—see section 12.2i.
Public conveyance—see section 12.2j.
Pyrotechnic—see section 12.2k.
Radioactive material—see section 20.2f.
Railway—see section 12.21.
Refinery—see section 16.12o.
Residential occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof by persons for whom sleep-
ing accommodations are provided, including hotels, but who are
not harbored or detained to receive medical, charitable or other
care or treatment, or are not involuntarily detained.
Safety can—see section 16.12p.
Sealed source—see section 20.2g.
Small arms ammunition—see section 12.2m.
Small arms ammunition primer—see section 12.2n.
Smokeless propellant—see section 12.2o.
Solvent classification—see section 9.lb.
Spraying area—see section 15.21.
' Special industrial explosive device—see section 12.2p.
ber Special industrial explosive material—see section 12.2q.
Station outlet—see section 30.21.
.r Storage, isolated—see section 20.2h.
Storage, segregated—see section 20.2i.
Storage, separated—see section 20.2j.
Storage occupancy means the occupancy or use of a building
or structure or any portion thereof for the storage of goods, wares,
merchandise, raw materials, agricultural or manufactured prod-
ucts, including parking garages, or the sheltering of live stock and
other animals; except when classed as a high hazard occupancy.
System classification—see section 9.1c.
Tank, atmospheric—see section 16.12q.
Tank, low pressure—see section 16.12r.
Tank, pressure vessel--See section 16.12s.
Tank vehicle—see section 16.92b.
Terminal—see section 12.2r.
9
SEC. 1.13 GENERAL PROVISIONS
Test blasting cap No.8—see section 12.2s.
Thermal insecticidal fogging—see section 18.2d.
Thermal insecticidal fogging liquid—see section 18.2c.
Total water capacity—see section 21.2c, 30.2m.
Tubing—see section 30.2j.
Unit physical operations—see section 16.53.
Unstable (reactive) chemical—see section 20.2k.
Unstable (reactive) liquid—see section 16.12m.
Vapor area—see section 15.31b.
Vapor pressure—see section 16.12t.
Vehicle—see section 12.2t.
Ventilation—see section 16.12u.
Wharves—see section 16.65.
Section 1.13. Liability for Damages.
This code shall not be construed to hold the municipality re-
sponsible for any damage to persons or property by reason of the
inspection or re-inspection authorized herein or failure to inspect
or reinspect or the permit issued as herein provided or by reason
of the approval or disapproval of any equipment authorized
herein.
10
AUTOMOBILE TIRE REBUILDING PLANTS SEC. 2.5
ARTICLE 2
AUTOMOBILE TIRE REBUILDING PLANTS
Section 2.1. General.
Automobile tire rebuilding plants shall conform to all other
applicable requirements of this code as well as to the following
provisions.
Section 2.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required to conduct or maintain any tire
recapping or rebuilding plant.
Section 2.3. Construction and Protection.
a. Tire rebuilding plants shall have all floor openings, such as
for stairs and elevators, enclosed in an approved manner.
b. Tire rebuilding plants in buildings of wood frame construc-
tion or in buildings used in part for residence occupancy shall be
separated from other portions of the building by noncombustible
construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than two
hours, and shall be equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler
system.
Section 2.4. Dust Collecting System.
Buffing machines shall be located in a room separated from the
remainder of the plant by construction having a fire resistance rat-
ing of not less than one hour, with each door opening protected by
an approved self-closing fire door. Each machine shall be con-
nected to an ample dust collecting system discharging to a suitable
container which shall be cleaned at frequent intervals.
Section 2.5. Ventilation.
Each room where rubber cement is used or mixed, or flam-
mable or combustible solvents are applied, shall be equipped with
effective mechanical or natural ventilation.
11
SEC. 3.1 AUTO WRECKING YARDS & WASTE MATERIAL
ARTICLE 3
AUTOMOBILE WRECKING YARDS, JUNK YARDS AND
WASTE MATERIAL HANDLING PLANTS
Section 3.1. General.
Automobile wrecking yards, junk yards and waste material
handling plants shall conform to all other applicable requirements
of this code as well as the following provisions.
Section 3.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be obtained to conduct or maintain any auto-
mobile wrecking yard, junk yard or waste material handling plant.
Section 3.3. Location.
No automobile wrecking yard, junk yard or waste material
handling plant shall be located as to seriously expose adjoining
or adjacent properties.
Section 3.4. Burning Operations.
The burning of wrecked or discarded automobiles or any parts
thereof or junk or any waste materials shall be done only in desig-
nated open spaces or incinerator enclosures approved for burning
purposes by the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 3.5. Construction and Protection.
a. Handling and storage of large quantities of waste paper,
rags or other combustible materials shall not be in a building of
wood frame or ordinary construction unless the building is sprin-
klered. Vertical openings shall be enclosed in an approved manner.
b. Picking rooms shall be separated from storage rooms by
construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than one
hour, with each door opening provided with an approved fire door.
Picking rooms shall be provided with exhaust systems of sufficient
capacity to adequately remove dust and lint.
12
BOWLING ESTABLISHMENTS SEC. 4.4
ARTICLE 4
BOWLING ESTABLISHMENTS
Section 4.1. General.
Bowling establishments shall conform to all other applicable
requirements of this code, as well as the following provisions.
Section 4.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for bowling pin refinishing and
bowling lane resurfacing operations involving the use and ap-
plication of flammable or combustible liquids or materials.
Section 4.3. Lane Resurfacing Operations.
Resurfacing operations shall not be carried on while the estab-
lishment is open for business. The Bureau of Fire Prevention shall
be notified when bowling lanes are to be resurfaced. Proper ventila-
tion shall be provided. Heating, ventilating, or cooling systems
employing recirculation of air shall not be operated during resur-
facing operations or within one hour following the application of
flammable finishes. All electric motors or other equipment in the
area which might be a source of ignition shall be shut down, and
all smoking and use of open flames prohibited during the applica-
tion of flammable finishes and for one hour thereafter.
Section 4.4. Pin Refinishing.
a. Pin refinishing involving the application of flammable fin-
ishes shall be done only in a special room meeting the provisions
of section 16.44; such room shall not be located below grade nor
shall it have communication with any pits, wells, pockets or base-
ments.
b. All power tools in such special rooms shall be effectively
grounded. A substantial metal box or other receptacle approved
by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall be provided
for lathes and sanding or buffing machines for catching dust
thrown off during operations. Contents shall be removed daily
and disposed of safely.
c. Storage of flammable or combustible liquids in such special
rooms shall not exceed a combined aggregate of 60 gallons in
original metal containers or in approved safety containers not
exceeding 5 gallons individual capacity. A metal waste can with
13
SEC. 4.4 BOWLING ESTABLISHMENTS
self-closing cover shall be provided for all waste materials and 1,11
rags; contents shall be removed daily. Smoking shall be prohibited
at all times in refinishing rooms.
t
I
14
CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION PICTURE FILM SEC. 5.4
ARTICLE 5
CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION PICTURE FILM
Section 5.1. Scope.
This article applies to the storage and handling of cellulose
nitrate motion picture film, hereafter referred to as "nitrate film".
Film having a cellulose acetate or other approved slow-burning
base, marked safety film, is exempt from these provisions.
Section 5.2. Permit Required.
a. No person shall store, keep or have on hand more than 25
pounds (for 35 mm. film about 5,000 feet) of nitrate motion
picture film without a permit.
b. No person shall sell, lease or otherwise dispose of any ni-
trate motion picture film to any person not having a permit to
handle, use or display such film.
Section 5.3.•Storage and Handling of Film.
Nitrate film shall be stored and handled so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Evidence that nitrate film is stored
and handled in accordance with the applicable standard specified
for this section 5.3 in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence
that such film is stored and handled so as to be reasonably safe
to persons and property.
Section 5.4. Enclosures for Motion Picture Projectors.
Motion picture projectors shall not be operated with cellulose
N. nitrate motion picture film except when located in enclosures
constructed, equipped and maintained so as to be reasonably safe
to persons and property. Evidence that motion picture projectors
have been located in enclosures constructed, equipped and main-
tained in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this
section 5.4 in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such
motion picture projectors are reasonably safe to persons and
property.
15
SEC. 6.1 CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROXYLIN)
ARTICLE 6
CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROXYLIN)
Section 6.1. Definition.
Cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) shall mean any plastic
substance, material or compound, other than cellulose nitrate film
covered by article 5 or guncotton or other explosive covered by
article 12, having cellulose nitrate as a base, by whatever name
known, when in the form of blocks, slabs, sheets, tubes or fabri-
cated shapes.
Section 6.2. Permit Required.
a. All retailers, jobbers and wholesalers storing or handling
more than 25 pounds of cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin)
shall obtain a permit.
b. A permit shall be required for the manufacture of articles
of cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin), which shall include the
use of cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin) in the manufacture or
assembling of other articles.
Section 6.3. Display of Plastics.
a. All display of cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) articles
in stores shall be in show cases or show windows except as per-
mitted in sections 6.3b through 6.3e.
b. Articles may be placed on tables but no table shall be over
3 feet wide and 10 feet long, and tables shall be spaced at least 3
feet apart. Where articles are displayed on counters, they shall be
arranged in like manner.
c. Spaces underneath tables shall be kept free of storage of
any kind of accumulations of paper, refuse and other com-
bustible material.
d. Sales or display tables shall be so located that in the event
of a fire at that table, the table will not interfere with free exit
from the room, in at least one direction.
e. No electric light shall be located directly above any cellulose
nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) material, unless provided with a suit-
able guard to prevent heated particles from falling.
Section 6.4. Storage and Handling.
a. All raw cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) material in
16
I
CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROXYLIN) SEC. 6.6
factory buildings shall be stored and handled in accordance with
sections 6.4b through 6.4h.
b. Where raw material in excess of 25 pounds is received in
any building or fire area, an approved vented cabinet or vented and
sprinklered vault shall be provided for the storage of the material.
c. Not more than 1,000 pounds of raw material may be stored
in cabinets in any one workroom, and not more than 500 pounds
in any one cabinet, nor more than 250 pounds in one compart-
ment.
d. All raw material in excess of that permitted above shall be
kept in vented vaults not exceeding 1,500 cubic feet capacity and
with one automatic sprinkler head to each 125 cubic feet of total
vault space and with construction and venting in conformity with
the requirements prescribed in section 5.5 and satisfactory to the
Bureau of Fire Prevention.
e. No cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin) shall be stored
within 2 feet of any heat producing appliances, steam pipes, radi-
ators or chimneys.
f. In factories manufacturing articles of cellulose nitrate plastics
(pyroxylin) such sprinklered and vented cabinets, vaults or stor-
age rooms, approved by the Bureau of Fire Prevention, shall
be provided as may be necessary to prevent the accumulation in
work rooms, of raw stock, stock in process or finished articles.
g. In the work rooms of cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin)
factories, operators shall not be stationed closer together than 3
feet, and the amount of material per operator shall not exceed one-
half day's supply and shall be limited to the capacity of three tote-
boxes including material awaiting removal or use.
h. All waste cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) materials
such as shavings, chips, turnings, sawdust, edgings and trimmings
shall be kept under water in metal receptacles until removed from
the premises.
Section 6.5. Fire Control.
All new and existing buildings or any portion of buildings used
for the manufacture or storage of articles of cellulose nitrate
plastic (pyroxylin) in quantities exceeding 100 pounds shall be
equipped with an approved system of automatic sprinklers.
Section 6.6. Heating Equipment.
a. Heating equipment used in buildings manufacturing ar-
ticles from cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin) shall comply with
sections 6.6b and 6.6c.
17
SEC. 6.6 CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROXYLIN)
b. Heating equipment containing ignition sources shall not
be permitted in any room used for the storage of cellulose nitrate
plastic nor within 20 feet of any manufacturing operation.
c. Heating shall be by low pressure steam or hot water radia-
tors.
18
COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS SEC. 7.3
ARTICLE 7
COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS
Section 7.1. Definition.
Combustible fiber shall mean and include readily ignitable
and free burning fibers, such as cotton, sisal, henequen, ixtle, jute,
hemp, tow, cocoa fiber, oakum, baled waste, baled waste paper,
kapok, hay, straw, Spanish moss, excelsior,certain synthetic fibers,
and other like materials.
Section 7.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for the storage and handling of
combustible fibers in quantities in excess of 100 cubic feet.
Section 7.3. Loose Storage.
a. Loose combustible fibers (not in suitable bales or pack-
ages), whether housed or in the open, shall not be stored within
100 feet of any building except as hereinafter specified.
b. Not more than 100 cubic feet of loose combustible fibers may
be kept in any building provided storage is in a metal or metal-
lined bin equipped with a self-closing cover.
c. Quantities exceeding 100 cubic feet of loose combustible
fibers, but not exceeding 500 cubic feet, may be stored in rooms or
compartments having floor, walls and ceiling having a fire-resis-
tance rating of not less than one hour. Each opening into such
rooms or compartments from other parts of the building shall be
equipped with an approved fire door.
d. Quantities exceeding 500 cubic feet of loose combustible
fibers may be stored in approved vaults, constructed as follows:
(1) Storage vaults shall be located outside of buildings
or if located inside shall be provided with approved safety vents
to the outside.
(2) Walls, floors, and ceilings shall be constructed of
brick or other approved noncombustible material. Roofs of
outside vaults shall be of noncombustible material but may
be so constructed as to readily give way in case of an internal
explosion.
(3) Openings, if any, between vault and main building shall
be protected on each side of the wall by an approved fire door.
Wall openings in outside vaults exposing other property (not
19
I
SEC. 7.4 COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS
sufficiently detached to be considered cut off) shall be protected
by approved fire doors.
(4) Vaults located within buildings and exceeding 1,000
cubic feet storage capacity shall be protected by approved auto-
matic sprinklers, carbon dioxide, or other approved inert gas
systems.
e. Not more than 2,500 cubic feet of loose fibers may be stored
in a detached "loose house" suitably located, with openings prop-
erly protected against entrance of sparks. The "loose house" shall
be used for no other purpose.
Section 7.4. Baled Storage.
a. No single block or pile shall contain more than 25,000 cubic
feet of fiber exclusive of aisles or clearances. Blocks or piles of
baled fiber shall be separated from adjacent storage by aisles not
less than 5 feet wide; or by flash fire barriers consisting of con-
tinuous sheets of noncombustible material extending from floor to
a height of at least one foot above the highest point of piles and
projecting at least one foot beyond the sides of the piles.
b. Sisal and other fibers in bales bound with combustible tie
ropes, also jute and other fibers liable to swell when wet, shall be
stored to allow for expansion in any direction without endangering
building walls, ceilings or columns. Not less than 3 feet clearance
shall be left between walls and sides of piles, except that if storage
compartment is not more than 30 feet in width, one foot clearance
at side walls will be sufficient, provided a center aisle not less than
5 feet wide is maintained.
c. Not less than 3 feet clearance shall be maintained between
sprinkler pipes and tops of piles.
Section 7.5. Storage of Agricultural Products on the Farm.
Unlimited quantities of hay, straw, and other agricultural prod-
ucts may be stored in or near farm buildings located outside
closely-built areas. No permit shall be required for such storage.
20
COMPRESSED GASES SEC. 8.2
ARTICLE 8
COMPRESSED GASES
Section 8.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to bulk oxygen systems and to the stor-
age, handling, and use of compressed gases as defined herein.
Liquefied petroleum gases and compressed gases used in conjunc-
tion with welding or cutting operations are exempt from these
provisions.
Section 8.2. Definitions.
a. Bulk oxygen system shall mean an assembly of equipment,
such as oxygen storage containers, pressure regulators, safety de-
vices, vaporizers, manifolds, and interconnecting piping, which has
a storage capacity at normal temperature and pressure of:
(1) More than 13,000 cubic feet of oxygen connected in
service or ready for service, or
(2) More than 25,000 cubic feet of oxygen, including un-
connected reserves on hand at the site.
The bulk oxygen system terminates at the point where oxygen at
service pressure first enters the supply line. The oxygen may be
stored as a liquid or gas in either stationary or portable containers.
b. Compressed gas shall mean and include any mixture or ma-
terial having in the container either an absolute pressure exceeding
40 pounds per square inch at 70°F., or an absolute pressure ex-
ceeding 104 pounds per square inch at 130°F., or both; or any
liquid flammable material having a Reid vapor pressure, as defined
in section 16.12t, exceeding 40 pounds per square inch at 100°F.
c. Flammable anesthetic shall mean a compressed gas which
is flammable and administered as an anesthetic and shall include
among others, cyclopropane, divinyl ether, ethyl chloride, ethyl
ether, tri fluoro ethyl ether and ethylene.
d. Gaseous or liquid hydrogen system shall mean a facility in
which the hydrogen is delivered, stored and discharged in the
gaseous or liquid form to consumer piping. The system includes
stationary or portable containers, pressure regulators, safety relief
devices, manifolds, interconnecting piping and controls. The sys-
tem terminates at the point where hydrogen at service pressure
first enters the consumer's distribution piping.
e. Nonflammable medical gas shall mean a compressed gas
21
SEC. 8.3 COMPRESSED GASES
which is nonflammable and used for therapeutic purposes and shall
include among others, oxygen and nitrous oxide.
f. Piped distribution system shall mean a central supply sys-
tem with control equipment, and a system of piping extending to
the points in the hospital where nonflammable medical gases are
used, and suitable station outlet valves at each use point.
Section 8.3. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for the storage, handling, or use
at normal temperature and pressure of more than 2,000 cubic feet
of flammable compressed gas or 6,000 cubic feet of nonflammable
compressed gas.
Section 8.4. Storage Containers.
Each cylinder or pressure vessel shall be designed, constructed,
tested, maintained and marked with the name of the gas contained
so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence
that each cylinder or pressure vessel has been designed, con-
structed, tested, maintained and marked with the name of the gas
contained in accordance with the applicable standards specified for
this section 8.4 in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that
such cylinder or pressure vessel is reasonably safe to persons and
property.
Section 8.5. Cylinder Systems for Flammable Anesthetics and
Nonflammable Medical Gases.
a. Cylinders containing flammable anesthetics and nonflam-
mable medical gases, in hospitals and similar facilities, shall be
stored, handled and used so as to be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Evidence that cylinders containing flammable an-
esthetics and nonflammable medical gases, in hospitals and similar
facilities have been stored, handled and used in accordance with
the applicable standard specified for this section 8.5a in article 31
of this Code shall be evidence that such cylinders are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
b. Piping systems shall not be used to distribute flammable
medical gases in any hospital or similar facility.
Section 8.6. Piped Distribution Systems for Nonflammable
Medical Gases.
Piped distribution systems handling nonflammable medical
gases, in hospitals and similar facilities, shall be installed and used
so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that
22
COMPRESSED GASES SEC. 8.9
said piped distribution systems have been installed and used in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
8.6 in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such piped
distribution systems are reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 8.7. Bulk Oxygen Systems Installed at Industrial and
Institutional Consumer Sites.
Bulk oxygen systems located at industrial and institutional
consumer sites shall be installed so as to be reasonably safe to
persons and property. Evidence that said bulk oxygen systems
that have been located in industrial and institutional consumer
sites have been installed in accordance with the applicable stand-
ard specified for this section 8.7 in article 31 of this Code shall
be evidence that such bulk oxygen system is reasonably safe to
persons and property.
Section 8.8. Anhydrous Ammonia.
Anhydrous ammonia shall be stored and handled so as to be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that anhydrous
ammonia has been stored and handled in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 8.8 in article 31 of
this Code shall be evidence that such anhydrous ammonia is
reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 8.9. Gaseous or Liquid Hydrogen Systems at Con-
sumer Sites.
Gaseous or liquid hydrogen systems shall be installed so as to be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that gaseous or
liquid hydrogen systems have been installed in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 8.9 in article 31 of
this Code shall be evidence that such gaseous or liquid hydrogen
systems are reasonably safe to persons and property.
23
SEC. 9.1 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
ARTICLE 9
DRY CLEANING PLANTS
Section 9.1. Definitions.
a. Dry cleaning shall mean the process of removing dirt,
grease, paints and other stains from wearing apparel, textiles, fab-
rics, rugs, or other material, by the use of nonaqueous liquids
(solvents), and it shall include the process of dyeing clothes or
other fabrics or textiles in a solution of dye colors and nonaqueous
liquid solvents.
b. Solvent classification shall mean a method for classifying
solvents as follows:
(1) Class I solvents shall mean flammable liquids having
a flash point below 100°F.
(2) Class II solvents shall mean flammable liquids having
a flash point at or above 100°F and below 140°F.
(3) Class III solvents shall mean combustible liquids
having a flash point at or above 140°F.
c. System classification shall mean that dry cleaning plants
or systems are classified as follows:
(1) Class I systems shall mean those utilizing Class I
solvents.
(2) Class II systems shall mean those utilizing Class II
solvents or systems utilizing Class II solvents which do not
comply with Class III or Class IV systems.
(3) Class III systems shall mean those employing equip-
ment listed by Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., utilizing Class
III solvents.
(4) Class IV systems shall mean those utilizing solvents
which are nonflammable (will not support combustion) or
nonflammable at ordinary temperature and only moderately
flammable at higher temperatures.
Section 9.2. Permit Required.
a. No person shall engage in the business of dry cleaning
without a permit which shall prescribe the class of system to be
used.
b. No change shall be made in the solvent used in the equip-
ment to a solvent in a more hazardous class unless permission for
such change shall first have been obtained from the Bureau of
Fire Prevention.
24
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.4
Section 9.3. Class I Systems.
a. New dry cleaning plants or systems utilizing Class I solvents
shall be prohibited.
b. Existing dry cleaning plants or systems utilizing Class I sol-
vents may be continued in use provided the quantity of Class I
solvent that is stored and handled is not increased.
Section 9.4. Class II Systems.
a. Class II systems shall be located in buildings having walls
of masonry or noncombustible construction and wall finish shall be
plain or plastered without furring or concealed spaces. Floors of
dry cleaning sections shall be of fire-resistive construction and
without pits, wells or pockets; and where located over a base-
ment, floor shall be vapor- and liquid-tight. Roof and floors above
grade floor, if of combustible construction, shall have the ceilings
over the dry cleaning areas protected by cement or gypsum plaster
on metal lath or equivalent construction having a fire resistance
rating of not less than one hour. Dry cleaning buildings shall not
be closer than 10 feet to the line of adjoining property, except that
if exposing walls are blank walls having a fire resistance rating of
at least four hours the building may be located on the property
line.
b. Dry cleaning operations shall be restricted to the lowest
floor of a building but shall not be located on any floor below
grade, nor in the same building with other occupancies. Opera-
tions incidental to the dry cleaning business such as laundering,
pressing, and ironing may be in a communicating building or
located on the same floor with the dry cleaning plant, provided the
dry cleaning operations are separated therefrom by noncombustible
partitions having a fire resistance rating of not less than two
hours and the communicating openings are protected by approved
fire doors.
c. Door openings on stairs or elevators leading from a dry
cleaning area to a basement, or opening into a room having open-
ings or stairs to basements, shall be provided with noncombustible
sills or ramps raised at least 6 inches. Approved self-closing fire
doors shall be provided at such openings. Enclosures shall be of
construction equivalent to the floor construction but having a fire
resistance rating of not less than one hour.
d. Rooms in which articles are hung up to dry shall be con-
structed with noncombustible walls, partitions and ceilings having
a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours. Entrances to
drying rooms shall be provided with approved self-closing fire
25
SEC. 9.5 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
doors. If the drying room is in a separate building it shall conform
in all respects to provisions for a dry cleaning building.
e. A mechanical system of ventilation shall be installed in
dry cleaning areas and drying rooms so as to be reasonably safe
to persons and property. Evidence that a mechanical system of
ventilation has been installed in dry cleaning areas and drying
rooms in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 9.4e in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that
such mechanical system of ventilation is reasonably safe to persons
and property.
f. The mechanical system of ventilation shall have sufficient
capacity to insure complete and continuous change of air once
every 6 minutes and shall be provided with means for.remote
control. The system shall operate automatically when any dry
cleaning equipment is in use.
Section 9.5. Class Ill Systems.
Class III systems, if located in the same building with other
occupancies, shall be separated from the remainder of the building
vertically and horizontally by construction having a fire resistance
rating of not less than one hour with openings protected by ap-
proved
fire doors, except that such separation shall not be required
for operations incidental to or in connection with the dry cleaning
business, such as laundering, scouring, scrubbing, drying, pressing
or ironing, and the requirement for such separation may be waived
at the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention
based upon a consideration of such factors as type of building
construction, nature of occupancy, storage and operating capacity
of the system and extent of private fire protection provided.
i
Section 9.6. Class IV Systems. j
a. Class IV systems shall be subject to the requirements for
permit in section 9.2,but shall be exempt from all other provisions
of this article.
b. Self-service dry cleaning plants utilizing only solvents ap-
proved for Class IV dry cleaning installations may be installed
subject to the approval of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Preven- ti
tion.
c. Spotting operations using flammable or combustible liquids
shall not be permitted where self-service dry cleaning equipment
is installed.
26
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.8
Section 9.7. Heating Equipment.
a. Where Class II systems are used, heating shall be by steam
or hot water only. Where Class III systems are used, heating shall
be by any approved means which does not involve any open flame
or ignition source in the dry cleaning area. Steam and hot water
pipes and radiators for heating and drying purposes shall be at
least one inch from all woodwork and shall be protected by sub-
stantial metal screens arranged so as to prevent combustible goods
or materials from coming in contact with pipes and radiators.
b. For Class II or III systems boilers shall be located in a
detached building or in a boiler room cut off from the dry cleaning
room by partitions of noncombustible material having a fire re-
_ sistance rating of not less than two hours and without openings.
For Class II systems, openings into such boiler rooms shall be at
least 10 feet from any exterior openings into the cleaning room.
Section 9.8. Electrical Equipment and Lighting.
a. All electric wiring and equipment in dry cleaning rooms or
other locations subject to flammable vapors shall be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Where Class II systems are used,
evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a type approved
for Class 1, Division 1 hazardous locations, and has been installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 9.8a in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such
electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably safe to persons and
property. Also where Class II systems are used, evidence that
electrical equipment located eight feet or more above the floor is
of a type approved for Class 1, Division 2 hazardous locations and
has been installed in accordance with the applicable standard
specified for this section 9.8a in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably
safe to persons and property.
b. All electrical wiring and equipment for light and power
shall be reasonably safe to persons and property. Where Class III
systems are used, evidence that electrical wiring and equipment
has been installed in accordance with the applicable standard
specified for this section 9.8b in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably
safe to persons and property.
c. Lighting shall be by electricity.
27
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4
SEC. 9.9 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
Section 9.9. Storage and Handling of Cleaning Solvent.
a. Aboveground containers comprising purifiers, clarifiers, and
filters in Class II systems shall not exceed 350 gallons individual
capacity and shall not exceed in capacity any industrial tank to
which they may be connected. Solvent storage tanks for Class II
and Class III systems may be inside of buildings if individual
capacity of tanks does not exceed 275 gallons and the aggregate
capacity of storage tanks does not exceed 550 gallons. Quantities
of solvents for Class II and Class III systems in excess of the above
shall be stored in accordance with article 16.
b. Pressure type filters shall be equipped with a reliable pres-
sure gauge and shall not be operated at pressures exceeding those
for which they are designed. The filters shall be provided with
an air bleeding valve and line connected to discharge into the
washer or into the storage tank vent line. Such air bleeding lines
shall not discharge into the room.
c. The handling of solvents from storage tanks through the
various machines and back to the settling and clear solvent tanks
shall be through closed circuits of piping. Pumps of positive dis-
placement type shall have a by-pass and relief valve.
d. Sight glasses, the breakage of which would permit the
escape of liquids, shall be of a type not readily damaged by heat
and shall be reliably protected against physical damage.
e. Liquid level gauge glasses in Class II systems shall be
equipped with an automatic device which will immediately shut off
the flow of solvent if the glass is broken. These liquid level gauge
glasses shall be guarded against physical damage.
f. When underground treating and settling tanks are used, a
separate suction and discharge connection shall be provided to the
pump for removal of sludge. The suction pipe shall be carried to
the tank bottom, and the discharge connection to a suitable con-
tainer.
g. All piping shall be tested to a pressure of at least fifty per
cent in excess of normal operating pressure and proved tight and
protected against physical damage.
h. Piping, valves, fittings and ground joint unions for solvents
shall be designed for the working pressures and structural stresses
to which they may be subjected. They shall be of steel or other
material suitable for use with the solvent. Pipe systems shall be
substantially supported and protected against physical damage and
excessive stresses arising from settlement, vibration, expansion or
contraction. Pipe systems shall contain a sufficient number of
28
a..
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.11
valves to operate the system properly and to protect the plant.
Cast iron fittings for pressure piping shall be prohibited.
Section 9.10. Washing Machines.
a. Washing machines shall be substantially constructed. The
loading door opening shall be equipped with a close-fitting door
so designed as to prevent solvent leaks due to splash. The machine
shall be provided with interlocks to prevent cylinder rotation under
power except for inching when doors are open.
b. Each washing machine shall be provided with an overflow
pipe one size larger than the size of the solvent supply line to
the machine. Such overflow pipe shall be connected to the shell
of the washer so that the top of the overflow is below the bottom
of the trunnion shaft; it shall be without shut off valves and shall
be arranged to discharge to a suitable tank. The supply pipe shall
enter the washing machine above the charged liquid level.
c. Individual button and lint traps shall be provided for each
washer.
d. In Class II systems, each washing machine shall be provided
with approved extinguishing equipment, arranged to operate auto-
matically in case of fire, consisting of a carbon dioxide system
or a steam jet not less than 3/4 inch with a continuously avail-
able steam supply at a pressure of not less than 15 pounds per
square inch.
N Section 9.11. Stills and Condensers.
a. Steam or hot water only shall be used as the source of heat.
If steam is used, a pressure regulating valve shall be installed in
the steam supply line to the still.
b. Stills and condensers shall be liquid- and gas-tight.
c. Stills shall be designed for operation on the vacuum prin-
ciple.
d. If a relief valve is provided it shall be equipped with a vent
line extending to the outside.
e. A check valve shall be installed in the steam line between
the boiler and the still.
f. Each still shall be provided with a combination vacuum
and pressure gauge.
k g. Each still shall be equipped with a constant level valve to
automatically maintain the solvent liquid level in the still at the
proper height.
29
SEC. 9.12 DRY CLEANING PLANTSA.
Section 9.12. Drying Tumblers and Cabinets.
a. Drying tumblers in Class II systems shall be of substantial
construction, well secured to substantial foundations, and shall be
provided with self-closing explosion hatches having an area equal
to at least one square foot for each 30 cubic feet of cylinder vol-
ume. Hatches shall be arranged to open away from the operator.
b. Drying tumblers in Class II systems shall be provided with
a steam jet, of not less than 3/s inch size, for humidifying during
the drying process.
c. Drying tumblers and drying cabinets shall be ventilated to
the outside air by means of properly constructed pipes or ducts
connected to an exhaust fan of sufficient capacity to remove all
dust, vapors, or lint generated by the process. Such discharge
pipes or ducts shall be carried to a height of not less than six feet
above the roof, and shall be provided with cleanout facilities, if
used for Class II systems.
d. Discharge pipes shall not terminate within ten feet meas-
ured horizontally from any door, window or wood frame walls of
any adjoining or adjacent building.
e. The fan shall be properly housed and so interlocked as to
insure operation while the drying tumbler is in use. The fan
spiders, blades or running rings shall be constructed of non-ferrous
metal. In no case shall the fan motor be mounted within the
ventilating duct.
f. Each drying tumbler in Class II systems shall be provided
with approved extinguishing equipment, arranged to operate auto-
matically in case of fire, consisting of a carbon dioxide or steam
jet system as specified in section 9.10d.
Section 9.13. Extractors.
a. The baskets shall have a rim of non-ferrous metal and shall
be well balanced.
b. Extractors shall be provided with liquid-tight covers, or
they shall be designed so that none of the liquid solvent is thrown
out of the extractor while it is in operation. Cover shall be
equipped with automatic mechanical or electrical interlocks which
will prohibit operating the extractors while the cover is open and
which will prohibit opening the cover until the basket comes to
rest.
c. Extractors shall be provided with a drain pipe not less than
11 inches in diameter connected direct to underground storage
tanks or to a suitable aboveground container, or to the washer
30
1
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.14
through an approved extractor pump with connections fitted with
proper valves.
d. Brakes, if used, shall be so designed as to prevent the crea-
tion of sparks or excessive heat.
e. Extractors shall not be operated at a speed in excess of
that prescribed by the manufacturer as shown on name plate which
shall be provided on each machine.
f. Extractors equipped with a solvent spray nozzle for spray
rinsing of garments after the primary extraction shall comply as
follows:
(1) Installation of spray rinse equipment on existing ex-
tractors shall be subject to approval of the Chief of the Bureau
of Fire Prevention.
(2) Extractor covers shall be made splash proof to pre-
vent leakage of the solvent, and shall be equipped with a latch
to hold the cover closed during operation.
(3) Supply pumps of positive displacement type shall be
provided with a bypass and relief valve set so as to prevent
excessive pressure.
(4) Valves in supply line between pumps and outlet shall
be installed in such a manner that the cutoff is effected ahead
of any flexible portion of the supply line.
(5) Extractor drain lines shall not be less than 2 inches
for extractors up to and including 40 inches in diameter and
3 inches for extractors in excess of 40 inches in diameter.
(6) Extractors shall be provided with at least one drain line
open at all times. If more than one extractor drain line is
provided for the purpose of alternating use, quick opening
valves or equivalent shall be installed in each line and inter-
locked so that when either valve is shut the other valve is open.
(7) If a separate extractor drain tank is provided, it shall
have a capacity equal to the combined total gallonage of the
charged solvent extraction, the rinse and the rinse extraction.
(8) Drainage from extractors to all tanks shall be by
gravity flow.
Section 9.14. Combination Dry Cleaning Unit.
a. The provisions of this section shall apply to combination
dry cleaning units wherein the washing and extracting cycles are
completed within the same enclosure.
•
b. The machines shall be of substantial construction and shall
be provided with splash proof doors, or covers, with interlocking
means to prevent cylinder rotation, under power, except for inch-
3 1
SEC. 9.15 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
ing at slow speed when doors or covers are open. Such interlocks
shall provide that during the extracting cycle, opening of the door
or cover will disconnect the drive motor and apply braking means
to bring the cylinder to rest before access to cylinder is possible.
Machines shall be provided with braking means to insure stoppage
within reasonable time without the creation of sparks or exces-
sive heat.
c. Each machine shall be provided with an overflow pipe one
size larger than the size of the solvent supply line to the machine.
Such overflow shall be connected so that the top of the overflow
is below the bottom of the trunnion shaft and arranged to dis-
charge into a suitable tank.
d. Individual button and lint traps, with suitable lids, shall be
provided for each machine.
e. The supply pipes to machines, whether from pumps, filters
or storage tanks, shall be arranged to deflect solvent stream away
from tub openings.
f. Cylinder shall be supported so as to provide sufficient clear-
ance to prevent striking or rubbing adjacent parts during rotation.
g. Machine shall be furnished with name plate indicating maxi-
mum cylinder speed and warning that machine shall not be
operated in excess of such speed.
h. Each machine in a Class II system shall be provided with
approved extinguishing equipment, arranged to operate automati-
cally in case of fire, consisting of a carbon dioxide or steam jet
system as specified in section 9.l0d.
Section 9.15. Bonding and Grounding for Class II and III
Systems.
a. Storage tanks, treatment tanks, purifiers, pumps, piping,
washers, extractors, drying tumblers, drying cabinets, combina-
tion units, and other such equipment, if not inherently electrically
conductive, shall be bonded together. This system of equipment, if
it is not grounded due to the electrical power services installed
thereon, shall be grounded. Isolated units of equipment, such as
drying cabinets, shall be grounded.
b. Pulleys and belting in dry cleaning rooms shall be pro-
vided with properly grounded combs, collectors, or neutralizers.
c. When fabrics are transferred from one piece of equipment
to another, the two pieces of equipment shall be electrically bonded
together.
d. Metal tops of spotting tables shall be permanently and
effectively grounded.
32
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.18
Section 9.16. Scouring, Brushing and Spotting.
a. The brushing (prespotting) table shall have a liquid-tight
top with a curb on all sides not less than 1 inch high. The top of
the table shall be pitched so as to insure thorough draining to a
11/2 inch drain connected to a suitable container especially pro-
vided and marked for that purpose.
b. All scouring or brushing and spotting (prespotting) opera-
tions utilizing solvents with lower flash points than the solvents
used in the plant dry cleaning machines shall be limited to one
gallon and dispensed from approved safety cans. Additional stor-
age shall be in approved safety cans of not over one gallon ca-
pacity.
c. Scouring or brushing operations utilizing in excess of one
gallon of solvent with lower flash points than the solvent used in
the plant dry cleaning machines shall be conducted only in a room
or building conforming to all the requirements for a dry cleaning
system utilizing the same type of solvent.
d. The total amount of Class I or II solvent used on scouring
or brushing tables or in scrubbing tubs, in accordance with section
9.16c, shall not exceed 3 gallons. The scouring or brushing table
or scrubbing tub shall be so located as to ensure thorough and
effective disposal of vapors through the ventilating system. Scrub-
bing tubs shall be used only for articles, the character of which
prevents their washing in the usual washing machines. Scrubbing
tubs shall be secured to the floor and shall be provided with per-
manent 11 inch trapped drains to a suitable container specially
provided and marked for that purpose.
Section 9.17. Fire Control.
Adequate portable fire extinguishers of a type suitable for
fighting fires involving flammable or combustible liquids, shall be
provided in all dry cleaning plants; at least one extinguisher shall
be provided at each entrance to every room or area where flam-
mable or combustible liquids are stored or used.
Section 9.18. Smoking Prohibited.
Smoking in plants employing Class I, Class II, or Class III sys-
tems, except in smoking rooms so designated, shall be strictly
prohibited and "No Smoking" signs shall be posted.
33
SEC. 10.1 DUST EXPLOSIONS, PREVENTION OF
ARTICLE 10
DUST EXPLOSIONS, PREVENTION OF
Section 10.1. Definition.
Dust as used in this article shall mean pulverized particles of
any material which, if mixed with air in the proper proportions,
become explosive and may be ignited by a flame or spark.
Section 10.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be obtained for the operation of any grain
elevator, flour, starch or feed mill, or plant pulverizing aluminum,
coal, cocoa, plastics, magnesium, spices, sugar, or other material
producing dust as defined in section 10.1.
Section 10.3. General Requirements.
a. All dust-producing or dust-agitating machinery such as
grinding mills and separators, and all elevators, elevator legs,
spouts, hoppers and other conveyors shall be provided with cas-
ings or enclosures maintained as nearly dust-tight as possible.
b. Approved magnetic or pneumatic separators shall be in-
stalled ahead of all shellers, crackers, crushers, grinding machines,
pulverizers and similar machines in which the entrance of foreign
materials may cause sparks to be generated.
c. Suitable dust collecting equipment shall be installed and
accumulation of dust shall be kept at a minimum in the interior of
buildings.
d. All machinery and metal parts of the crushing, drying, pul-
verizing and conveying systems shall be electrically grounded.
e. Smoking and the carrying of matches, the use of heating or
other devices employing an open flame, or use of any spark pro-
ducing equipment is prohibited in areas containing dust-producing
or dust-agitating operations.
f. Artificial lighting in areas containing dust producing or
dust-agitating operations shall be by electricity. All electrical wir-
ing and equipment in such areas shall be installed so as to be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that all elec-
trical wiring and equipment in such areas has been installed in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
10.3f in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such elec-
34
DUST EXPLOSIONS, PREVENTION OF SEC. 10.3
trical wiring and equipment are reasonably safe to persons and
property.
g. Plants producing dusts shall be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Plants producing dusts which conform to the appli-
cable provisions of this code shall be deemed to be reasonably safe
to persons and property. On matters not covered in this code,
conformity of plants producing dusts to the applicable standards
specified for this section 10.3g in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such plants are reasonably safe to persons and
property.
35
SEC. 11.1 EXIT WAYS, MAINTENANCE OF
ARTICLE 11
EXIT WAYS, MAINTENANCE OF
Section 11.1. Obstructions to Means of Egress.
a. No person shall at any time place an encumbrance of any
kind before or upon any fire escape, balcony or ladder intended as
a means of escape from fire.
b. In other than dwellings, no person shall place, store or
keep, or permit to be placed, stored or kept on or under or at the
bottom of any exit stairway, inside or outside, exit hallway,
elevator or other means of egress, any materials the presence or
the burning of which would obstruct or render hazardous, egress
of persons from the building.
c. No aisle, passageway or stairway in any mercantile occu- 1
pancy shall be obstructed with tables, show cases, or other obstruc-
tion
so as to reduce its required width as an exit way during
hours such occupancy is open to the public.
d. All doors in or leading to required exit ways shall be kept a
unlocked at all times when the building or floor area served there-
by is occupied.
Section 11.2. Marking of Exit Ways.
a. In rooms accommodating more than 100 persons, required
exit doorways, other than those normally used for entrance, shall
be plainly marked by approved exit signs, sufficiently illuminated
when the floor area is occupied, to be readily distinguished.
b. Where the exit doorways are not visible from all locations
in public corridors, directional signs, as required by the Bureau
of Fire Prevention shall be placed on walls or otherwise displayed
in conspicuous locations to direct occupants to exit doorways.
Section 11.3. Lighting of Exit Ways.
Required stairways, hallways and other means of egress, in-
cluding exterior open spaces to or through which exit ways lead,
shall be kept adequately lighted at all times that the building
served thereby is occupied.
Section 11.4. Stairway Doors to be Kept Closed.
It shall be unlawful to block open any stairway enclosure door
36
EXIT WAYS, MAINTENANCE OF SEC. 11.5
which leads to or from a floor of the building, and which by law
is required to be self closing.
Section 11.5. Turnstiles.
No turnstile shall be placed in any required exit, or barring
the way of access thereto or travel therefrom, unless immediately
adjacent or within 20 feet there is a swinging door or gate opening
freely in the direction of the exit travel, or an open passage serving
the same general path of travel as the turnstile.
37
SEC. 12.1 EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS
ARTICLE 12
EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, AND BLASTING AGENTS
Section 12.1. Scope.
a. This article shall apply to the manufacture, possession,
storage, sale, transportation, and use of explosives, blasting agents,
pyrotechnics, and ammunition except as provided in section 12.lb.
b. Nothing in this article shall be construed as applying to:
(1) The Armed Forces of the United States or the State
Militia.
(2) Explosives in forms prescribed by the official United
States Pharmacopeia.
(3) The sale or use of fireworks.
(4) The possession, transportation and use of small arms
ammunition or special industrial explosive devices for personal
use.
(5) The possession, storage, transportation and use of not
more than 20 pounds of smokeless propellant and 10,000 small
arms primers for hand loading of small arms ammunition for
personal use.
(6) The manufacture, possession, storage and use of not
more than 15 pounds of explosives or blasting agents, exclusive
of smokeless propellants in educational, governmental or indus-
trial laboratories for instruction or research purposes when
under direct supervision of experienced competent persons.
(7) The transportation and use of explosives or blasting
agents by the United States Bureau of Mines, the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, the United States Secret Service or
Police and Fire Departments acting in their official capacity.
Section 12.2. Definitions.
a. Blasting agent shall mean any material or mixture, con-
sisting of a fuel and oxidizer, intended for blasting, not otherwise
classified as an explosive, in which none of the ingredients are
classified as explosives, provided that the finished product, as
mixed and packaged for use or shipment, cannot be detonated by
means of a No. 8 test blasting cap when unconfined. Water gels
complying with section 12.14d shall be classified as blasting agents.
Materials or mixtures classified as nitro carbo nitrates by DOT
Regulations shall be included in this definition.
38
EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.2
b. Carrier shall mean persons who engage in the transporta-
tion of articles or materials by rail, highway, water or air.
c. Explosive shall mean any chemical compound; mixture, or
device, the primary or common purpose of which is to function by
explosion. The term "explosive" includes all materials classified
as Class A, Class B or Class C explosives by Department of
Transportation (DOT) Regulations, and includes, but is not lim-
ited to, dynamite, black powder, pellet powders, initiating explo-
sives, blasting caps, electric blasting caps, safety fuse, fuse igniters,
fuse lighters, squibs, cordeau detonant fuse, instantaneous fuse,
4 igniter cord and igniters, small arms ammunition, small arms am-
munition primers, smokeless propellant, cartridges for propellant;
actuated power devices and cartridges for industrial guns, pyro-
technics, and water gels complying with section 12.14b and
12.14c.
d. Explosive-actuated power device shall mean any tool or
special mechanized device which is actuated by explosives, but not
to include propellant-actuated power devices. Examples of explo-
sive-actuated power devices are jet tappers and jet perforators.
e. Explosive material shall mean any quantity of Class A,
•
Class B, or Class C explosives and any other chemical compounds
or mixtures thereof used as the propelling or exploding material in
any cartridge or other explosive device.
f. Highway shall mean any public street, alley or road.
g. Inhabited building shall mean a building or structure reg-
ularly used in whole or in part as a place of human habitation. The
term "inhabited building" shall also mean any church, school,
store, railway passenger station, airport terminal for passengers,
and any other building or structure where people are accustomed.
to congregate or assemble, but excluding any building or structure
occupied in connection with the manufacture, transportation, stor-
age and use of explosives and blasting agents.
h. Magazine shall mean any building or structure approved
for the storage of explosives.
i. Propellant-actuated power device shall mean any tool or
special mechanized device or gas generator system which is actu-
ated by a smokeless propellant or which releases and directs work
through a smokeless propellant charge.
j. Public conveyance shall mean any railway car, street car,
cab, bus, airplane or other vehicle transporting passengers for hire.
k. Pyrotechnic shall mean any special fireworks (not included
in article 13), which are manufactured and designed primarily for
producing visible and audible pyrotechnic effects by a combustible
39
SEC. 12.3 EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS
explosion, and which are of such composition so as to be included
under Class B explosives, as defined by the DOT Regulations.
1. Railway shall mean and include any steam, electric, or other
railroad or railway which carries passengers for hire.
m. Small arms ammunition shall mean any shotgun, rifle,
pistol or revolver cartridge and cartridges for propellant-actuated
power devices and industrial guns.
n. Small arms ammunition primer shall mean a small percus-
sion-sensitive explosive charge, encased in a cap, used to ignite
propellant powder.
o. Smokeless propellant shall mean solid propellants, com-
monly called smokeless powders in the trade, used in small arms
ammunition, cannon, rockets, or propellant-actuated power de-
vices.
p. Special industrial explosive device shall mean any explo-
sive-actuated power devices and propellant-actuated power devices.
q. Special industrial explosive material shall mean shaped
materials and sheet forms and various other extrusions, pellets and
packages of high explosives, containing dynamite, trinitrotoluol,
pentaerythritoltetranitrate, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, or other
similar compounds used for high-energy-rate forming, expanding
and shaping in metal fabrication, and for dismemberment and
quick reduction of scrap metal.
r. Terminal shall mean those facilities used by carriers for the
receipt, transfer, temporary storage or delivery of articles or mate-
rials.
s. Test blasting cap No. 8 shall mean one containing 2 grams
of a mixture of 80% mercury fulminate and 20% potassium chlo-
rate,or a cap of equivalent strength.
t. Vehicle shall mean a conveyance of any type operated upon
the highways.
u. Water Gels or Slurry Explosives. See section 12.14b, c,
and d.
Section 12.3. Permits Required.
a. Permits shall be obtained:
(1) To manufacture, possess, store, sell or otherwise dis-
pose of explosives, blasting agents, or small arms ammunition.
(2) To transport explosives or blasting agents.
(3) To use explosives or blasting agents.
(4) To operate a terminal for handling explosives or blast-
ing agents.
(5) To deliver to or receive explosives or blasting agents
40
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EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.6
or when explosives are being placed therein or being removed
therefrom.
f. Magazines shall be kept clean, dry and free of grit, paper,
empty packages and rubbish.
g. Heating or interior lighting systems for magazines shall be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that such heat-
ing or interior lighting systems have been installed in accordance
with the applicable standard specified for this section 12.6g in
article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such heating or
interior lighting systems are reasonably safe to persons and
property. Where permanent lighting is not required, electric safety
flashlights or electric safety lanterns shall be used.
h. Blasting caps, electric blasting caps, detonating primers
and primed cartridges shall not be stored in the same magazine
with other explosives.
i. Magazines shall be of two types, namely: Class I and Class II.
j. Class I magazines shall be used for the storage of explosives
when quantities are in excess of fifty pounds of explosive mate-
rial.
k. Class I or Class II magazines shall be used for the storage
of explosives in quantities of 50 pounds or less of explosive mate-
rial except that a Class II magazine may be used for temporary
storage of a larger quantity of explosives at the site of blasting
operations where such amount constitutes not more than one day's
supply for use in current operations.
1. Class I and Class II magazines shall be located away from
inhabited buildings, passenger railways, public highways and other
magazines in accordance with Table 12.6 except as provided in
section 12.6m.
m. The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may authorize
the storage of up to 50 pounds of explosives and 5000 blasting
caps in wholesale and retail hardware stores or other approved
establishments. Explosives and blasting caps shall be stored in sep-
arate Class II magazines at approved locations with the magazines
located on a floor which has an exit at outside grade level. A
distance of 10 feet shall be maintained between the magazines.
Their location shall not be changed without approval of the
Bureau of Fire Prevention.
n. At the site of blasting operations, a distance of at least 150
feet shall be maintained between Class II magazines and the blast
area when the quantity of explosives temporarily kept therein
is in excess of 25 pounds, and at least 50 feet when the quantity
of explosives is 25 pounds or less.
43
0
TABLE 12.6 EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION,& BLASTING AGENTS
COs. C m G OOCICC'O__NNM,rV0)'n CO'cSNO0OOC'0^Nm00C�-�m�C01
Do0
N N N N N N N N N N m m m m
DO
CO
O
p4D op� n0000�'0C^�g0Coo NN,r,Cno�'O CO O C 007 O""g50500 Caoo O O MO OC
S� wa 3 NNNNmm t+l,. ..1 V" ' VNj Vm5'n Vl'n'n,,,'CC 'C SO'O'C'C'0'050
act
U
-.'y, L.. N
. um 'C'CCO'^O` `O`050O OOOCO MaO-C oo ,00vr
v, CLO G3 a' N NrNNCNO+0N
C.) Oymvvv0.00.- o505Orrrrrr00ooMMO.,0 .aCCC> ...►N. {L N• ^cd
O
u Cl.'''
o.
x ti b o0
O 'ngO'n'no' '�ooO'n'no'n'no00,,,,c,c'n'n000'ng'C'�5
W A —.= OO CrCmNNVO.O^�C^SOSON NOCOOOCSOm�c1^m'n V1.--r
w O cl, oOC,O,C,O^NNmTrTr �Crrro0mo0o0oo C�C�'S;TCOO^—NN
C G.. •S NNNNNNN
co0 VV'n o'n o�c C�oCoo000000000o0000 00000 000 0 0C o 00oO
.. oo ; ; ; s o _
d O^000o�o01o0o0,o0o0)o� o0l000000000og
N NNmm rroomao, --NmVnCro0s, _
Q+ NNNNNm a NO CCCC 000000CCCCC C000 o o 0 00
x c CCCo000 o
0 000000000000CCCCCCCCCCCOCCCCCCCC 1
_ OCC'___NNo,o,o,o'Co5o0o,00000005 0� !
L., QO -^ — NNmV,,,V ..,,O .,7.0^NV� . ✓ N
a NNNN
CO
Q
Qn
Q !t
c w _ _ _ _
g O CO C �poo0^Nd"n�OOOD`NNNNNmmmm,,,,r VC7V V m'C C`crNNoOo
CO ¢C 0 C
— U.-. N
COF on
ed
= o E+ � —
^C:-+t y oV1'n c n C QNCOC C'C 000'n 0,n,n o'C SNOC/l o V'f O'n Vl'n 0'n
oo
f� Oa pp�• mM V'n Vl.cr roo 07 CEO^NMM V'n�/'1�C�OrrOC co'S Cr,NNNNNNNN
•i saa) [iax3
E 3 0 ,.'
E — i.. y
um E bA,3 CmV C'n g NNOO oo C'C p O O Merv-o 'C Soo CC,'O NmM'nrC'O Nm,N
= NNNNNNmmlmmm
u-� 0 „ 3
O , L Vl..l
N• N r. u- cd .
C 0.
C
n "d N
..0 CC:; w OO C'n0000O'n�,�OrQN�„SN C'CN000O��Moo��OM�r
r A G.'.._. rrn^NVvIr�C^
O'.O NNN.,.h. mmr V'nvrcomoorro0000000
cm
y
n C C O 0 0 N g N O g O g o o 0 0 o11
' s. COOOCOCOC000OCOOC
ot ? — NNm ON7scooOOO000
y Z _ _ _ _ _NNm7rh'CrooC'ON
op
'
> a,
•ui e
0 pp
� ,� N'n O O C O O N g N C g O g O O C 0 0 0 0 C O O C C O 0 0 0 o C C 0 0
W 'O ? ^__NNmV'n'Orm0,0N0,0000_'n000000_00
_ NNm10'cNOCC\C
aO 1
I.
44 '
EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.6
NOTE 1-All types of blasting caps in strengths through No. 8
shall be rated at 1%pounds of explosives per 1000 caps.
NOTE 2—"Barricaded" means that a building containing explo-
sives is effectually screened from a magazine, building, railway, or
highway,either by a natural barricade,or by an artificial barricade of
such height that a straight line from the top of any sidewall of the
building containing explosives to the eave line of any magazine,or
building,or to a point twelve feet above the center of a railway or
highway, will pass through such intervening natural or artificial
barricade.
NOTE 3—"Artificial Barricade" means an artificial mound or
revetted wall of earth of a minimum thickness of three feet.
• NOTE 4—"Natural Barricade" means natural features of the
ground, such as hills, or timber of'sufficient density that the sur-
rounding exposures which require'protection cannot be seen from
the magazine when the trees are bare of leaves.
NOTE 5—When a building containing explosives is not barri-
caded,the distances shown in the Table shall be doubled.
NOTE 6—When two or more storage magazines are located on
the same property,each magazine shall comply with minimum dis-
tances specified from inhabited buildings, railways, and highways,
and in addition they shall be separated from each other by not less
than the distances shown for "Separation of Magazines," except
that the quantity of explosives contained in cap magazines shall
govern in regard to the spacing of said cap magazines from maga-
zines containing other explosives.If any two or more magazines are
separated from each other by less than the specified "Separation
of Magazines" distances, then such two or more magazines, as a
group,shall be considered as one magazine,and the total quantity
of explosives stored in such group must be treated as if stored in a
single magazine located on the site of any magazine of the group,
and shall comply with the distances specified from other magazines,
inhabited buildings,railways,and highways.
NOTE 7—This table applies only to the manufacture and perma-
nent storage of commercial explosives.It is not applicable to trans-
portation of explosives, or any handling of temporary storage
necessary or incident thereto.It is not intended to apply to bombs,
projectiles,or other heavily encased explosives.
S
45
fr
SEC. 12.6 EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS
o. Class I magazines shall be designed and constructed so
as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that
Class I magazines have been designed and constructed in accord-
ance with the applicable standard specified for this section 12.6o
in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that
such Class I magazines are reasonably safe to persons and prop-
erty.
p. Class I magazines shall have openings only for ventilation
and entrance except where heating systems or interior lighting
systems are required.
q. Class II magazines shall be constructed of 2-inch tongue
and grooved hardwood covered on the outside with 0.0359 inch
thickness sheet steel (no. 18 manufacturers' standard gauge) or
equivalent aluminum, or of all metal construction with sides,
bottom and cover of sheet metal lined with 3/s-inch plywood or
the equivalent. Edges of metal covers shall overlap sides at least
one inch. Class II magazines when located in wholesale and retail
hardware stores or other approved establishments shall be mounted
on casters or wheels to facilitate removal.
r. Magazines for the storage of explosives shall be weather
resistant and properly ventilated, and when used for storage of
Class A explosives other than black powder, blasting caps and
electric blasting caps, shall also be bullet resistant.
s. Property upon which Class I magazines are located shall
be posted with signs reading "Explosives—Keep Off." Such signs
shall be located so as to minimize the possibility of a bullet
traveling in the direction of the magazine if anyone shoots at the
the sign.
t. Class II magazines shall be painted red and shall bear
lettering in white, on all sides and top at least three inches high,
"Explosives—Keep Fire Away."
u. Packages of explosives shall not be unpacked or repacked
in a magazine nor within 50 feet of a magazine.
v. Magazines shall not be used for the storage of any metal
tools or of any commodity except explosives, but this restriction
shall not apply to the storage of blasting agents, blasting supplies
and oxidizers used in compounding blasting agents.
w. When an explosive has deteriorated to an extent that it is
in an unstable or dangerous condition, or if nitroglycerin leaks
from any explosive, then the person in possession of such explosive
shall immediately report the fact to the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention and upon his authorization shall proceed to destroy
such explosives and clean floors stained with nitroglycerin in ac-
46
EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.7
cordance with the instructions of the manufacturer. Only experi-
enced persons shall do the work of destroying explosives.
x. Packages of explosives shall be laid flat with top side up.
Black powder when stored in magazines with other explosives shall
be stored separately. Black powder stored in kegs shall be stored
on ends, bungs down, or on side, seams down. Corresponding
grades and brands shall be stored together in such a manner that
brands and grade marks show. All stocks shall be stored so as to
be easily counted and checked. Packages of explosives shall be
piled in a stable manner. When any kind of explosive is removed
from a magazine for use, the oldest explosive of that particular
kind shall always be taken first.
y. When magazines need inside repairs, all explosives shall
be removed therefrom and the floors cleaned. In making outside
repairs, if there is a possibility of causing sparks or fire, the
explosives shall be removed from the magazine. Explosives re-
moved from the magazine under repair shall either be placed in
another magazine or placed a safe distance from the magazine
where they shall be properly guarded and protected until repairs
have been completed, when they shall be returned to the magazine.
Section 12.7. Transportation of Explosives.
a. Explosives shall not be transported on public conveyances.
b. Vehicles used for transporting explosives shall be strong
enough to carry the load without difficulty and shall be in good
mechanical condition. If vehicles do not have a closed body, the
body shall be covered with a flameproof and moistureproof tar-
paulin or other effective protection against moisture and sparks.
Such vehicles shall have tight floors and exposed spark-producing
metal on the inside of the body shall be covered with wood or
other non-sparking material to prevent contact with packages of
explosives. Packages of explosives shall not be loaded above the
sides of open-body vehicles.
c. Explosives may be loaded into and transported in a truck,
truck with semi-trailer, truck with full trailer, truck tractor with
semi-trailer, or truck tractor with semi-trailer and full trailer.
Explosives shall not be transported on any pole trailer.
d. Each motor vehicle shall be provided with at least one
portable fire extinguisher having at least a 10 B, C rating or when
more than one is provided, each extinguisher shall have at least a
5 B, C rating.
e. It shall be the duty of the person to whom a permit has been
issued to transport explosives over the highways of the municipal-
47
SEC. 12.7 EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS
ity, to inspect daily those vehicles employed by him to determine
that:
(1) Fire extinguishers are filled and in operating condi-
tion.
(2) Electric wires are insulated and securely fastened.
(3) The motor, chassis and body are reasonably clean and
free of excessive grease and oil.
(4) The fuel tank and fuel line are securely fastened and
are not leaking.
(5) Brakes, lights, horn, windshield wipers and steering
mechanism are functioning properly.
(6) Tires are properly inflated and free of defects.
(7) The vehicle is in proper condition for transporting explo-
sives.
f. Spark producing metals or spark producing metal tools shall
not be carried in the body of a vehicle transporting explosives.
g. Only those dangerous articles authorized to be loaded with
explosives by DOT regulations shall be carried in the body of a
vehicle transporting explosives.
h. No person shall smoke, carry matches or any other flame-
producing device, or carry any firearms or loaded cartridges while
in or near a vehicle transporting explosives; or drive, load or un-
load any such vehicle in a careless or reckless manner.
i. Vehicles transporting explosives shall be in the custody of
drivers who are physically fit, careful, capable, reliable, able to
read and write the English language, not addicted to the use or
under the influence of intoxicants or narcotics, and not less than 21
years of age. They shall be familiar with state and municipal
traffic regulations, and the provisions of this article governing the
transportation of explosives.
j. Every vehicle transporting explosives shall be marked or
placarded on both sides, front and rear, with the word "Explo-
sives" in letters not less than three inches high on a contrasting
background.
k. Blasting caps, or electric blasting caps, shall not be trans-
ported over the highways of the municipality on the same vehicle
with other explosives, except by permission of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention.
1. Vehicles transporting explosives and traveling in the same
direction shall not be driven within three hundred feet of each
other.
m. Vehicles transporting explosives shall avoid congested traffic
and densely populated areas. Designated routes shall be followed.
48
EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.8
n. Explosives shall not be transported through any completed
vehicular tunnel or subway.
o. Vehicles transporting explosives shall not be left unat-
tended at any time within the municipality.
p. Unauthorized persons shall not ride on vehicles transporting
explosives.
q. The fire and police departments shall be promptly notified
when a vehicle transporting explosives is involved in an accident,
breaks down, or catches fire. Only in the event of such an emer-
gency shall the transfer of explosives from one vehicle to another
vehicle be allowed on highways within the niunicipality and only
when qualified supervision is provided. Except in such an emer-
gency, a vehicle transporting explosives shall not be parked before
reaching its destination on highways within the municipality or
adjacent to or in proximity to any bridge, tunnel, dwelling, build-
ing or place where people work, congregate or assemble.
r. Delivery shall only be made to authorized persons and into
approved magazines or approved temporary storage or handling
areas.
s. Vehicles containing explosives shall not be taken into a
garage,or repair shop,for repairs or storage.
Section 12.8. Use and Handling of Explosives.
a. Blasting operations shall be conducted during daylight hours
except when authorized at other times by the Chief of the Bureau
of Fire Prevention.
b. The handling and firing of explosives shall be performed
by the person possessing a permit to use explosives or by em-
ployees under his direct supervision who are at least 21 years old.
c. No person shall handle explosives while under the influence
of intoxicants or narcotics.
d. No person shall smoke or carry matches while handling
explosives or while in the vicinity thereof.
e. No open flame light shall be used in the vicinity of explosives.
f. Whenever blasting is being conducted in the vicinity of gas,
electric, water, fire alarm, telephone, telegraph or steam utilities,
the blaster shall notify the appropriate representatives of such
utilities at least 24 hours in advance of blasting, specifying the
location and intended time of such blasting. Verbal notice shall
be confirmed with written notice. In an emergency this time limit
may be waived by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
g. Blasting operations shall be conducted so as to be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that blasting opera-
49
SEC. 12.9 EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS
tions have been conducted in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 12.8g in article 31 of this Code
shall be evidence that such blasting operations are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
h. Before a blast is fired, the person in charge shall make
certain that all surplus explosives are in a safe place, all persons
and vehicles are at a safe distance or under sufficient cover, and
a loud warning signal has been sounded.
i. Due precautions shall be taken to prevent accidental dis-
charge of electric blasting caps from current induced by radio
or radar transmitters, lightning, adjacent power lines, dust storms,
or other sources of extraneous electricity. These precautions shall
include:
(1) The suspension of all blasting operations and removal
of persons from the blasting area during the approach and
progress of an electric storm.
(2) The posting of signs warning against the use of mobile
radio transmitters on all roads within 350 feet of the blast-
ing operations.
(3) Compliance with section 12.8g when blasting within
11/2 miles of broadcast or highpower short wave radio trans-
mitters.
j. When blasting is done in congested areas or in close prox-
imity to a building, structure, railway, highway or any other instal-
lation that may be damaged, the blast shall be covered before fir-
ing, with a mat constructed so that it is capable of preventing rock
from being thrown into the air-.
k. Tools used for opening packages of explosives shall be con-
structed of non-sparking materials.
1. Empty boxes and paper and fiber packing materials which
have previously contained high explosives shall not be used again
for any purpose, but shall be destroyed by burning at an approved
isolated location out of doors, and no person shall be nearer than
100 feet after the burning has started.
m. Explosives shall not be abandoned.
Section 12.9. Explosives and Blasting Agents at Terminals.
a. The Bureau of Fire Prevention may designate the location
and specify the maximum quantity of explosives or blasting agents
which may be loaded, unloaded, reloaded or temporarily retained
at each terminal where such operations are permitted.
b. Shipments of explosives or blasting agents delivered to car-
riers shall comply with DOT regulations.
50
EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.10
c. Carriers shall immediately notify the Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention when explosives or blasting agents are received at termi-
nals.
d. Carriers shall immediately notify consignees of the arrival
of explosives or blasting agents at terminals.
e. The consignee of a shipment of explosives or blasting agents
shall remove them from the carrier's terminal within 48 hours,
Sundays and holidays excluded, after being notified of their arrival.
Section 12.10. Blasting Agents, General Requirements.
a. Unless otherwise set forth in section 12.12 and 12.13, blast-
ing agents excluding water gels shall be transported, stored, and
used in the same manner as explosives.
51
TABLE 12.10 EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION,&BLASTING AGENTS
Table 12.10. Table of Recommended Separation Distances
of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from
Explosives or Blasting Agents; 1,F
Minimum Separation Distance of
Receptor When Barricaded2 Minimum
Donor Weight (feet) Thickness
of Artificial
Pounds Pounds Ammonium Blasting Barricades5
Over Not Over Nitrates Agent" (inches)
100 3 11 12
100 300 4 14 12
300 600 5 18 12
600 1,000 6 22 12
1,000 1,600 7 25 12
1,600 2,000 8 29 12
2,000 3,000 9 32 15
3,000 4,000 10 36 15
4,000 6,000 11 40 15
6,000 8,000 12 43 20 I
8,000 10,000 13 47 20
10,000 12,000 14 50 20
12,000 16,000 15 54 25
16,000 20,000 16 58 25
20,000 25,000 18 65 25
25,000 30,000 19 68 30
30,000 35,000 20 72 30
35,000 40,000 21 76 30
40,000 45,000 22 79 35
45,000 50,000 23 83 35
50,000 55,000 24 86 35
55,000 60,000 25 90 35
60,000 70,000 26 94 40
70,000 80,000 28 101 40
80,000 90,000 30 108 40
90,000 100,000 32 115 40
100,000 120,000 34 122 50
120,000 140,000 37 133 50
140,000 160,000 40 144 50
160,000 180,000 44 158 50
180,000 200,000 48 173 50
200,000 220,000 52 187 60
220,000 250,000 56 202 60
250,000 275,000 60 216 60
275,000 300,000 64 230 60
,
52
EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.11
Notes to Table of Recommended Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate
and Blasting Agents from Explosives or Blasting Agents
NOTE 1—Recommended separation distances to prevent explosion of ammonium
nitrate and ammonium nitrate-based blasting agents by propagation from nearby
stores of high explosives or blasting agents referred to in the Table as the "donor."
Ammonium nitrate,by itself,is not considered to be a donor when applying this Table.
Ammonium nitrate,ammonium-nitrate fuel oil or combinations thereof are acceptors.
If stores of ammonium nitrate are located within the sympathetic detonation distance
of explosives or blasting agents,one-half the mass of the ammonium nitrate should be
included in the mass of the donor.
NOTE 2-When the ammonium nitrate and/or blasting agent is not barricaded, the
ti distances shown in the Table shall be multiplied by six. These distances allow for the
possibility of high velocity metal fragments from mixers, hoppers,truck bodies, sheet
metal structures,metal containers,and the like,which may enclose the"donor."Where
storage is in bullet-resistant magazines recommended for explosives,or where the stor-
age is protected by a bullet-resistant wall,distances and barricade thicknesses in excess
of those prescribed in the American Table of Distances(see Table 12.6)are not required.
NOTE 3—The distances in the Table apply to ammonium nitrate that passes the in-
sensitivity test prescribed in the definition of ammonium nitrate fertilizer promulgated
by the National Plant Food Institutet• and ammonium nitrate failing to pass said test
shall be stored at separation distances determined by competent persons and approved
by the authority having jurisdiction.
NOTE 4—These distances apply to nitro-carbo-nitrates and blasting agents which pass
the insensitivity test prescribed in the U.S.Department of Transportation(DOT)regu-
lations.
NOTE 5—Earth,or sand dikes or enclosures filled with the prescribed minimum thick-
ness of earth or sand are acceptable artificial barricades. Natural barricades, such as
hills or timber of sufficient density that the surrounding explosures which require pro-
tection cannot be seen from the "donor" when the trees are bare of leaves, are also
acceptable.
NOTE 6—When the ammonium nitrate must be counted in determining the distances
to be maintained from inhabited buildings, passenger railways and public highways,it
may be counted at one-half its actual weight because its blast effect is lower.
t Definition and Test Procedures for Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer, National Plant
Food Institute,November 1964.
Section 12.11. Mixing Blasting Agents.
a. Buildings or other facilities used for mixing blasting agents
shall be located away from inhabited buildings, passenger rail-
ways and public highways, in accordance with Table 12.6 and
Table 12.10.
b. Buildings or other facilities used for the mixing of blasting
agents shall be designed and constructed so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Evidence that buildings or other
facilities used for the mixing of blasting agents have been designed
and constructed in accordance with the applicable standard speci-
' fled for this section 12.11b in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such buildings or other facilities are reasonably safe
to persons and property.
c. Compounding and mixing of recognized formulations of
blasting agents shall be conducted to provide reasonable safety to
persons and property. Evidence that compounding and mixing of
recognized formulations of blasting agents have been conducted
53
I
t
SEC. 12.12 EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 12.11c in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such
compounding and mixing are reasonably safe to persons and
property. No liquid hydrocarbon fuel with a flash point lower than
that of No. 2 diesel fuel oil (125°F minimum or legal) shall be
used.
d. Smoking or open flames shall not be permitted in or within
50 feet of any building or facility used for the mixing of blasting
agents.
e. Empty oxidizer bags shall be disposed of daily by burning
in a safe manner in the open at a safe distance from buildings or
combustible materials.
Section 12.12. Storage of Blasting Agents and Supplies.
a. Blasting agents or ammonium nitrate, when stored in con-
junction with explosives, shall be stored in the manner set forth
in section 12.6 for explosives. The mass of blasting agents and
one-half the mass of ammonium nitrate shall be included when
computing the total quantity of explosives for determining dis-
tance requirements.
b. Blasting agents, when stored entirely separate from explo-
sives, may be stored as provided in:
(1) Section 12.6, or
(2) One story warehouses of fire resistive or noncombustible
construction without basements, constructed so as to eliminate
open floor drains and piping into which molten materials could
flow and be confined in case of fire, weather resistant, well
ventilated, and equipped with a strong door kept securely locked
except when open for business.
c. Buildings used for the storage of blasting agents separate
from explosives shall be located away from inhabited buildings,
passenger railways and public highways, in accordance with Table
12.6 and Table 12.10.
d. The interior of buildings used for the storage of blasting
agents shall be kept clean and free from debris and empty con-
tainers. Spilled materials shall be cleaned up promptly and safely
removed. Combustible materials, flammable liquids, corrosive
acids, chlorates, nitrates other than ammonium nitrate shall not
be stored in any building containing blasting agents unless sep-
arated therefrom by construction having a fire-resistance rating of
not less than one hour. The provisions of this section shall not
prohibit the storage of blasting agents together with non-explosive
blasting supplies.
54
a
EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.14
• e. Semi-trailers or full trailers may be used for temporarily
• storing blasting agents, provided they are located away from in-
habited buildings, passenger railways and public highways, in
accordance with Table 12.6 and Table 12.10. Trailers shall be
provided with substantial means for locking, and the trailer doors
shall be kept locked except during the time of placement or re-
moval of blasting agents.
f. Piles of ammonium nitrate and buildings containing oxidizers
shall be adequately separated from readily combustible fuels.
g. Caked ammonium nitrate, either in bags or in bulk, shall not
be loosened by blasting.
Section 12.13. Transportation of Blasting Agents.
a. When blasting agents are transported in the same vehicle
with explosives, section 12.7 shall apply.
b. Vehicles transporting blasting agents shall be in safe operating
condition at all times.
c. Every vehicle transporting blasting agents shall be marked
or placarded on both sides, front and rear, with the word "Dan-
gerous" and also the words "Blasting Agents," in letters not less
than three inches high on a contrasting background.
d. The hauling of either blasting caps or explosives, but not
both, shall be permitted on bulk trucks provided a special wood
or non-ferrous-lined container is installed for the explosive. Blast-
ing caps or explosives shall be in DOT specified shipping con-
tainers.
e. A bulk vehicle body shall be constructed of noncombustible
material and vehicles transporting bulk premixed blasting agents
shall have closed bodies. No in-transit mixing of materials shall be
performed.
Section 12.14. Water Gel (Slurry) Explosives and Blasting
Agents.
a. Unless otherwise set forth in this section, water gels shall
be transported, stored and used in the same manner as explosives
or blasting agents in accordance with the classification of the prod-
uct.
b. Water gels containing a substance in itself classified as an
explosive shall be classified as an explosive and manufactured,
transported, stored and used as specified for "explosives" in this
article.
c. Water gels containing no substance in itself classified as an
explosive and which are cap-sensitive as defined in section 12.2a
55
SEC. 12.15 EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION, & BLASTING AGENTS
under Blasting Agent shall be classified as an explosive and manu-
factured, transported, stored and used as specified for "explosives"
in this article.
d. Water gels containing no substance in itself classified as
an explosive and which are not cap-sensitive as defined in section
12.2a under Blasting Agent shall be classified as blasting agents
and manufactured, transported, stored and used as specified for
"blasting agents" in this article.
e. Nitrate-water solutions may be stored in tank cars, tank
trucks, or fixed tanks without quantity or distance limitations.
Spills or leaks which may contaminate combustible materials
shall be cleaned up immediately.
f. All facilities, mixing equipment, and delivery vehicles used for
the handling of water gel shall be designed and operated so as to
be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that such
facilities, mixing equipment and delivery vehicles are designed and
operated in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 12.14f in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence
that such facilities, mixing equipment, and delivery vehicles are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 12.15. Small Arms Ammunition, Small Arms Primers,
and Smokeless Propellants.
a. The storage and display of ammunition, primers, and pro-
pellants shall comply with this section 12.15 and the applicable
provisions of sections 12.5b and 12.6a.
b. Ammunition, primers, and propellants shall be separated
from flammable liquids, hazardous materials not classified as an
explosives, and oxidizing materials by a wall having a fire resist-
ance rating of one hour.
c. Not more than 20 pounds of smokeless propellants, in con-
tainers of 1-pound maximum capacity, and not more than 10,000
small arms ammunition primers shall be displayed in wholesale
and retail hardware stores or other approved establishments.
56
FIREWORKS SEC. 13.2
ARTICLE 13
FIREWORKS
Section 13.1. Scope.
a. This article shall apply to fireworks as hereinafter defined,
except as provided in section 13.1b.
b. Nothing in this article shall be construed to prohibit any
resident wholesaler, dealer, or jobber to sell at wholesale such fire-
works as are not herein prohibited; or the sale of any kind of fire-
works provided the same are to be shipped directly out of state,
in accordance with the Department of Transportation (DOT) Regu-
lations covering the transportation of explosives and other danger-
ous articles by motor, rail, and water; or the use of fireworks
by railroads or other transportation agencies for signal purposes
or illumination, or the sale or use of blank cartridges for a show
or theater, or for signal or ceremonial purposes in athletics or
sports, or for use by military organizations. Such wholesalers,
dealers, and jobbers shall store their supplies of fireworks in ac-
cordance with section 12.6.
Section 13.2. Definition.
Fireworks shall mean and include any combustible or explo-
sive composition, or any substance or combination of substances,
or articles prepared for the purpose of producing a visible or an
audible effect by combustion, explosion, deflagration or detonation,
and shall include blank cartridges, toy pistols, toy cannons, toy
canes, or toy guns in which explosives are used, the type of bal-
loons which require fire underneath to propel the same, fire-
crackers, torpedoes, skyrockets, model rockets, Roman candles,
Daygo bombs, sparklers, or other devices of like construction and
any devices containing any explosive or flammable compound, or
any tablets or other devices containing any explosive substance,
except that the term "fireworks" shall not include auto flares,
paper caps containing not in excess of an average of twenty-five
hundredths of a grain of explosive content per cap manufactured in
accordance with the DOT regulations for packing and shipping as
provided therein, and toy pistols, toy canes, toy guns or other
devices for use of such caps, the sale and use of which shall be
permitted at all times. Pyrotechnics (special fireworks) shall
comply with the applicable provisions of article 12.
57
SEC. 13.3 FIREWORKS
Section 13.3. Manufacture, Sale and Discharge of Fireworks.
a. The manufacture of fireworks is prohibited within the
municipality.
b. It shall be unlawful for any person to store, to offer for sale,
expose for sale, sell at retail, or use or explode any fireworks ex-
cept as provided in sections 13.3c through 13.3f.
c. The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may adopt
reasonable rules and regulations for the granting of permits for
supervised public displays of fireworks by fair associations, amuse-
ment parks, and other organizations or group of individuals. Such
permits may be granted upon application to the Chief of the
Bureau of Fire Prevention after approval of the Chief of Police
and the filing of a bond by the applicant as provided in section
13.4. Every such display shall be handled by a competent opera-
tor approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention and
the Chief of Police and shall be of such composition, character,
and so located, discharged or fired as in the opinion of the Chief
of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, after proper inspection, and of
the Chief of Police, shall not be hazardous to property or endan-
ger any person or persons.
d. Application for permits shall be made in writing at least
thirty days in advance of the date of the display. After such privi-
lege has been granted, sale, possession, use and distribution of
fireworks for such display shall be lawful for that purpose only.
No permit granted hereunder shall be transferable.
e. The sale, possession, use and distribution of fireworks for
display purposes shall be conducted so as to be reasonably safe
to persons and property. Evidence that the sale, possession, use
and distribution of fireworks for display purposes has been con-
ducted in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 13.3e in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that
such sale, possession, use and distribution of fireworks for display
purposes provide reasonable safety to persons and property.
f. The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may adopt rea-
sonable rules and regulations for the use of model rockets. The
design, construction, and use of model rockets shall be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Evidence that the design, construc-
tion, and use of model rockets is in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 13.3f in article 31 of this Code
shall be evidence that such design, construction, and use provides
reasonable safety to persons and property.
58
FIREWORKS SEC. 13.6
Section 13.4. Bond and Responsibility for Fireworks Display
Required.
a. The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall require a
bond from the permittee in a sum not less than $1,000.00 condi-
tioned on compliance with the provisions of this article.
b. Before any permit for a pyrotechnic display shall be issued,
the person, firm, or corporation making application therefor shall
furnish proof of financial responsibility to satisfy claims for dam-
ages to property or personal injuries arising out of any act or
omission on the part of such person, firm, or corporation or any
agent or employee thereof, in such amount, character, and form as
the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention determines to be neces-
sary for the protection of the public.
Section 13.5. Disposal of Unfired Fireworks.
Any fireworks that remain unfired after the display is con-
cluded shall be immediately disposed of in a way safe for the par-
ticular type of fireworks remaining.
Section 13.6. Seizure of Fireworks.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall seize, take,
remove, or cause to be removed at the expense of the owner all
stocks of fireworks offered or exposed for sale, stored, or held in
violation of this article.
1
414
59
SEC. 14.1 FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
ARTICLE 14
FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Section 14.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to new and existing conditions except
that sections 14.4 and 14.5 shall not apply where equivalent
or more stringent legal requirements are enforced by the building
or other municipal departments.
Section 14.2. Survey of Premises and Specification of Equip-
ment. a.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall survey each
assembly, educational, industrial, institutional, mercantile, storage,
and residential occupancy, except dwelling units of multifamily
buildings and dwellings, and shall specify suitable fire extinguish-
ing appliances and fire detecting devices as may be necessary to
provide reasonable safety to persons and property.
Section 14.3. Maintenance of Equipment.
Sprinkler systems, standpipe systems, fire alarm systems, and
other fire protective or extinguishing systems or appliances which t
have been installed in compliance with any permit or order, or be-
cause of any law or ordinance, shall be maintained in operative
condition at all times, and it shall be unlawful for any owner or
occupant to reduce the effectiveness of the protection so required;
except this shall not prohibit the owner or occupant from tem-
porarily reducing or discontinuing the protection where necessary
to make tests, repairs, alterations or additions. The Chief of the
Bureau of Fire Prevention shall be notified before such tests,
repairs, alterations or additions are started unless the work is to
be continuous until completion. 1.
Section 14.4. Automatic Sprinkler Systems.
a. GENERAL.
(1) The areas referred to in this section shall be the areas
enclosed by exterior walls or fire walls or a combination there-
of, except that in buildings of fire-resistive construction the areas
shall be those enclosed by exterior walls, fire walls or walls of
noncombustible material having a fire-resistance rating of not
less than 2 hours, or a combination thereof.
60
FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT SEC. 14.4
(2) Combustible goods or merchandise referred to in this
section shall include those made of wood, paper or rubber; those
containing flammable liquids; those packed with excelsior,
paper, or foamed plastic; and other goods or merchandise of
equivalent or greater combustibility.
b. INSTALLATION IN BASEMENTS.
(1) Approved automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed
in all basement areas exceeding 2,500 square feet, when used
for the manufacture, sale, or storage of combustible goods or
merchandise (not including garages) or having a bowling lane
or restaurant occupancy.
(2) In buildings used for assembly, educational, institutional,
and residential occupancies, approved automatic sprinkler sys-
tems shall be installed in portions of basement areas used for
work shop or storage spaces when the total of such spaces
exceeds 2,500 square feet. Where the total of these spaces
exceeds 5,000 square feet, the entire basement area shall be
sprinklered.
C. INSTALLATION IN INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCIES: Approved
automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed in all buildings of
institutional occupancy except when:
(1) Of fire-resistive construction; or
(2) Of heavy timber construction not exceeding one story
in height, 12,000 square feet in area, and having no ceiling
material fastened to or suspended from the roof deck; or
(3) Of protected noncombustible construction not exceeding
one story in height and 18,000 square feet in area or two
stories in height and 12,000 square feet in area; and with all
interior walls, partitions, floor or roof and ceiling assemblies
having a fire resistance rating of not less than one hour; or
(4) Of unprotected noncombustible or ordinary construc-
tion not exceeding one story in height and 9000 square feet in
area or two stories in height and 6000 square feet in area and
with all interior walls, partitions, floor and ceiling assemblies
having a fire resistance rating of not less than one hour and
with fire retardant ceilings in the top story; or
(5) Of wood frame construction not exceeding one story
in height and not exceeding 2500 square feet in area.
d. INSTALLATION IN RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES: Approved
automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed in all buildings of
61
SEC. 14.5 FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
residential occupancy, other than multifamily buildings and dwell-
ings, when of ordinary construction exceeding 4 stories in height
and when of wood frame construction exceeding 3 stories in height.
e. INSTALLATION: Automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed
so as to provide reasonable safety to persons and property. Evi-
dence that automatic sprinkler systems have been installed in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
14.4e in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such
automatic sprinkler systems provide reasonable safety to persons
and property.
Section 14.5. Standpipes.
a. Approved standpipe systems shall be installed in all buildings
exceeding one story and 50 feet in height, except in buildings with
existing systems having 4 inch or larger standpipes.
b. Standpipe systems shall be installed so as to provide reason-
able safety to persons and property. Evidence that standpipe sys-
tems have been installed in accordance with the applicable stand-
ard specified for this section 14.5b in article 31 of this Code shall
be evidence that such standpipe systems provide reasonable safety
to persons and property.
62
DIV. I GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 15.14
ARTICLE 15
FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
DIVISION I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 15.11. Scope.
This article shall apply to locations or areas where the follow-
ing activities are regularly done: (1) the application of flammable
or combustible finishing materials when applied as a spray by com-
pressed air, "airless" or "hydraulic atomization," or by steam, or
electrostatic methods or by any other means in continuous or inter-
mittent processes. It also covers the application of combustible
powders when applied by powder spray guns, electrostatic powder
spray guns, fluidized beds or electrostatic fluidized beds; and (2)
dip tank operations in which articles or materials are passed
through contents of tanks, vats or containers of flammable or com-
bustible liquids, including coating, finishing, treating and similar
processes.
Section 15.12. Permit Required.
A permit shall be obtained for spraying or dipping operations
utilizing on any working day more than one gallon of flammable or
combustible liquids.
Section 15.13. Smoking Prohibited.
Smoking shall be prohibited in any spray finishing or coating
areas and in the vicinity of dip tanks. "No Smoking" signs with
lettering of approved size shall be conspicuously posted in such
areas and shall read "By Order of the Fire Chief".
Section 15.14. Welding Warning Signs.
Conspicuous signs shall be posted in the vicinity of all spray-
ing areas, dipping operations and paint storage rooms, conveying
the following warning:
63
SEC. 15.15 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
NO WELDING
The use of welding or cutting equipment in, or near
this area is dangerous because of fire and explosion.
Welding and cutting shall be done only under the
supervision of the foreman in charge.
Section 15.15. Electrical Wiring and Equipment.
All installations of electrical wiring and equipment shall be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Electrical installations
which conform to the applicable provisions of this code shall be
deemed to be reasonably safe to persons and property; on matters
not covered in this code, conformity of electrical installations to
the applicable standard specified for this section 15.15 in article 31
of this Code shall be evidence that such electrical installations are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
DIVISION II
SPRAY FINISHING
Section 15.21. Definition.
a. Spraying area shall mean any area in which dangerous
quantities of flammable vapors or combustible residues, dusts or
deposits are present due to the operation of spraying processes.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may define the limits
of the spraying area in any specific case.
b. A spraying area shall include the interior of spray booths,
the interior of ducts exhausting from spraying processes, any area
in the direct path of spray, and any area containing dangerous
quantities of air-suspended combustible residue, dust, deposits,
spray or vapor as a result of spraying operations.
Section 15.22. Location of Spray Finishing Operations.
Spray finishing operations shall not be conducted in buildings
used for assembly, educational, institutional or residential occu-
pancies, except in a room designed for the purpose, protected with
an approved system of automatic sprinklers and separated verti-
cally and horizontally from other areas by noncombustible con-
struction having not less than 2 hours fire resistance rating.
64
DIV. II SPRAY FINISHING SEC. 15.24
Section 15.23. Spray Booths.
a. Spray booths shall be substantially constructed of non-
combustible material.
b. The interior surfaces of spray booths shall be smooth and
continuous without edges and otherwise designed to prevent pock-
eting of residues and facilitate cleaning and washing without in-
jury.
c. The floor of the spray booth and operators' working area,
if combustible, shall be covered with noncombustible material of
such character as to facilitate the safe cleaning and removal of
residues.
d. If installed, baffle plates shall be noncombustible material,
readily removable or accessible on both sides for cleaning, and
designed to promote an even flow of air through the booth and
to prevent the deposit of overspray before it enters the exhaust
duct. Such baffle plates shall not be located in exhaust ducts.
e. Each spray booth having a frontal area larger than nine
square feet shall have a metal deflector or curtain not less than
21 -inches deep installed at the upper outer edge of the booth,
over the opening.
f. Each spray booth shall be separated from other operations
by not less than three feet, or by a greater distance, or by such
partition or wall as the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention
may require to reduce the danger from juxtaposition of hazardous
operations.
g. Spray booths shall be so installed that all portions are readily
accessible for cleaning. A clear space of not less than three feet
on all sides shall be kept free from storage or combustible con-
struction.
h. When spraying areas are illuminated through glass panels
or other transparent materials, only fixed lighting units shall be
used as a source of illumination. Panels shall effectively isolate
the spraying area from the area in which the lighting unit is lo-
cated, and shall be of noncombustible material of such a nature
or so protected that breakage will be unlikely. Panels shall be so
arranged that normal accumulations of residue on the exposed sur-
face of the panel will not be raised to a dangerous temperature by
radiation or conduction from the source of illumination.
Section 15.24. Dry Type Overspray Collectors—(Exhaust Air
Filters).
a. Overspray dry filters or filter rolls, if installed in conventional
65
SEC. 15.25 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
dry type spray booths, shall conform to sections 15.24c through
15.24h.
b. The spraying operations shall be so designed, installed and
maintained that the average air velocity over the open face of the
booth or booth cross-section during spraying operations shall
be not less than 100 linear feet per minute. Electrostatic spraying
operations may be conducted with an air velocity over the open
face of the booth of not less than 60 linear feet per minute, or
more, depending on the volume of the finishing material being
applied and its flammability and explosion characteristics. Visible
gauges or audible alarm or pressure activated devices shall be
installed to indicate or insure that the required air velocity is
maintained.
c. All discarded filter pads and filter rolls shall be immediately
removed to a safe, well detached location or placed in a water-
filled metal container and disposed of at the close of the day's
operation unless maintained completely in water.
d. The location of filters in a spray booth shall be so as to
not reduce the effective booth enclosure of the articles being
sprayed.
e. Space within spray booth on the downstream and upstream •
sides of filter shall be protected with approved automatic sprinklers.
f. Filters or filter rolls shall not be used when applying a
spray material known to be highly susceptible to spontaneous
heating and ignition.
g. Clean filters or filter rolls shall be noncombustible or of
approved type.
h. Filters and filter rolls shall not alternately be used for
different types of coating materials, where the combination of
materials may be conducive to spontaneous ignition.
Section 15.25. Electrical and Other Sources of ignition. ,
a. There shall be no open flame or spark producing equipment
in any spraying area as defined in section 15.21, nor within 20 feet
thereof, unless separated by a partition, except as permitted in
section 15.210, Drying Apparatus and in sections 15.41 to 15.44, ti
Electrostatic Equipment.
b. Room heating appliances, steam pipes or hot surfaces shall
not be located in a spraying area where deposits of combustible
residues may readily accumulate.
c. Unless specifically approved for locations containing both
deposits of readily ignitable residue and explosive vapors, there
shall be no electrical equipment in any spraying area, whereon
66
1
DIV. II SPRAY FINISHING SEC. 15.26
deposits of combustible residues may readily accumulate, except
wiring in rigid conduit or in boxes or fittings containing no taps,
splices or terminal connections and except as hereinafter provided
in section 15.210c relating to drying apparatus and sections 15.41
to 15.44 relating to electrostatic equipment.
d. All electrical wiring and equipment located in a spraying
area shall be reasonably safe to persons and property. Where
electrical wiring and equipment not subject to deposits of com-
bustible residues is located in a spraying area, evidence that such
wiring and equipment is of an explosion-proof type approved for
use in Class I, Division 1 hazardous locations and has been in-
stalled in accordance with the applicable standard for this section
15.25d in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such
electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably safe to persons and
property.
e. All electrical wiring, motors, and other equipment located
outside of but in proximity to a spraying area shall be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Where electrical wiring, motors, or
other equipment is located outside of but within 20 feet of any
spraying area and is not separated from the spraying area by
partitions, evidence that such wiring, motors, or other equipment
does not produce sparks under normal operating conditions and
is of a type approved for use in Class I, Division 2 hazardous
locations and has been installed in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 15.25e in article 31 of this
Code shall be evidence that such electrical wiring, motors, or other
equipment are reasonably safe to persons and property.
f. Electric lamps outside of but within 20 feet of any spray-
ing area and not separated therefrom by a partition, shall be totally
enclosed to prevent the falling of hot particles and shall be pro-
tected from physical damage by suitable guards or by location.
g. Portable electric lamps shall not be used in any spraying
area during spraying operations. Portable electric lamps, if used
during cleaning or repairing operations, shall be of the type ap-
proved for hazardous locations.
h. All metal parts of spray booths, exhaust ducts and piping
systems conveying liquids defined by section 16.12m shall be
bonded and connected to a ground.
Section 15.26. Ventilation of Spray Booths and Spray Finishing
Areas.
a. All spraying areas shall be provided with mechanical ven-
tilation adequate to prevent the dangerous accumulation of vapors
67
SEC. 15.26 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
and to safely remove such vapors to a safe location.
b. Mechanical ventilation shall be kept in operation at all
times while spraying operations are being conducted and for a
sufficient time thereafter to allow vapors from drying coated
articles and drying finishing material residue to be exhausted.
c. Each spray booth shall have an independent exhaust duct
system discharging to building exterior, except multiple cabinet
spray booths in which identical spray finishing material is used
with a combined frontal area of not more than eighteen square feet
may have a common exhaust. If more than one fan serves one
booth, all fans shall be so interconnected that one fan cannot
operate without operating all. •
d. Electric motors driving exhaust fans shall not be placed in-
side booths or ducts. Fan rotating element shall be non-ferrous or
non-sparking or the casing shall consist of or be lined with such
material.
e. Belts shall not enter the duct or booth unless belt and pulley
within the duct or booth are tightly enclosed.
f. Exhaust ducts shall be constructed of steel and shall be
substantially supported.
g. Exhaust ducts shall have a clearance from unprotected
combustible construction or material of not less than 18 inches. If
combustible construction is provided with the following protection
applied to all surfaces within 18 inches, clearances may be re-
duced to the distances indicated:
(1) 0.0149 inch thickness uncoated sheet steel
(no. 28 manufacturers' standard gauge) on 1/4-inch
asbestos mill board 12 inches
(2) 0.0149 inch thickness uncoated sheet steel
(no. 28 manufacturers' standard gauge) on 1/2-inch
asbestos mill board spaced out one inch on non-
combustible spacers 9 inches
(3) 0.0299 inch thickness uncoated sheet steel
(no. 22 manufacturers' standard gauge) on 1-inch
mineral wool batts reinforced with wire mesh or
the equivalent 3 inches
(4) Where ducts are protected with an ap-
proved automatic sprinkler system, properly main-
tained, the clearance from unprotected combustible
construction or material may be reduced to 6 inches
h. Air exhausted from spraying operations shall not be re-
circulated.
68
DIV. II SPRAY FINISHING SEC. 15.27
i. Unless spray booth exhaust duct terminal is from a water-
wash spray booth, the terminal discharge point shall be not less
than six feet from any combustible exterior wall or roof nor
discharge in the direction of any combustible construction or un-
protected opening in any noncombustible exterior wall within
25 feet.
Section 15.27. Storage and Handling of Flammable or Com-
bustible Liquids.
a. The storage and handling of flammable or combustible
liquids shall be in accordance with article 16 and shall also con-
form to the provisions of this section.
b. Where the quantity of liquid in 5-gallon and smaller con-
tainers, other than original sealed containers, exceeds a total of
10 gallons it shall be stored in a storage cabinet conforming to
section 16.43 or in an inside storage room conforming to section
16.44.
c. Original closed containers, approved portable tanks, ap-
proved safety cans or a properly arranged system of piping shall be
used for bringing flammable or combustible liquids into spray
finishing areas. Open containers shall not be used.
d. Containers supplying spray nozzles shall be of closed type
or provided with metal covers kept closed. Containers not resting
on floors shall be on noncombustible supports or suspended by
wire cables. Containers supplying spray nozzles by gravity flow
shall not exceed 10 gallons capacity.
e. All containers or piping to which is attached a hose or
flexible connection shall be provided with a shutoff valve at the
connection. Such valves shall be kept shut when spraying opera-
tions are not being conducted. When a pump is used to deliver
products, automatic means shall be provided to prevent pressure
in excess of the design working pressure of accessories, piping and
hose.
f. Heaters shall not be located in spray booths or other loca-
tions subject to the accumulation of deposits or combustible resi-
due.
g. If flammable or combustible liquids are supplied to spray
nozzles by positive displacement pumps, pump discharge line shall
be provided with an approved relief valve discharging to pump
suction or to a safe detached location, or a device provided to
stop the prime mover if the discharge pressure exceeds the safe
operating pressure of the system.
h. Whenever flammable or combustible liquids are transferred
69
SEC. 15.28 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
from one container to another, both containers shall be bonded
and grounded. Piping systems for flammable or combustible liquids
shall be permanently bonded and grounded.
Section 15.28. Fire Control.
Suitable portable fire extinguishers, small hose or other fire
extinguishing equipment shall be installed near all spraying areas
as may be specified by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 15.29. Operations and Maintenance.
a. All spraying areas shall be kept as free from the accumu-
lation of deposits of combustible residues as practical, with clean-
ing conducted daily if necessary.
b. Scrapers, spuds or other such tools used for cleaning pur-
poses shall be of non-sparking material.
c. Residue scrapings and debris contaminated with residue
shall be immediately removed from premises and properly dis-
posed of.
d. The use of solvents for cleaning operations shall be restricted
to Class II and III liquids except solvents with flash points not
less than those normally used in spraying operations may be used
for cleaning spray nozzles and auxiliary equipment, provided
such cleaning is conducted inside spray booths and ventilating
equipment is operating during cleaning.
e. Spray booths shall not be alternately used for different types
of coating materials, where the combination of the materials may
be conducive to spontaneous ignition, unless all deposits of the
first used material are removed from the booth and exhaust ducts
prior to spraying with the second.
f. Approved metal waste cans shall be provided wherever
rags or waste are impregnated with finishing material and all such
rags or waste deposited therein immediately after use. The con-
tents of waste cans shall be properly disposed of at least once daily
and at the end of each shift.
Section 15.210. Drying Apparatus.
a. Drying apparatus, in addition to conforming with this article,
shall comply with the applicable provisions of article 26.
b. Spray booths, rooms or other enclosures used for spraying
operations shall not alternately be used for the purpose of drying
by any arrangement which will cause a material increase in the
surface temperature of the spray booth, room or enclosure.
c. Except as specifically provided in section 15.210d, drying,
70
DIV. II SPRAY FINISHING SEC. 15.210
fusion or curing -units, utilizing a heating system having open
flames or which may produce sparks, shall not be installed in a
spraying area as defined in.section 15.21, but may be installed
adjacent thereto when equipped with an interlocked ventilating
system arranged to:
(1) Thoroughly ventilate the drying space before heating
system can be started;
(2) Maintain a safe atmosphere at any source of ignition;
(3) Automatically shut down heating system in the event
of failure of the ventilating system.
d. Automobile refinishing booths or enclosures, otherwise in-
stalled and maintained in conformity with this division, may alter-
nately be used for drying with portable electrical infra-red drying
apparatus when conforming with the following:
(1) Interior of spray enclosures shall be kept free of over-
spray deposits.
(2) During spray operations, the drying apparatus and
electrical connections and wiring thereto shall not be located
within spray enclosure nor in any other location where spray
residue may be deposited thereon.
(3) Spraying apparatus, drying apparatus, and ventilating
system of spray enclosure shall be equipped with suitable inter
locks so arranged that:
(a) Spraying apparatus cannot be operated while dry-
, ing apparatus is inside spray enclosure.
(b) Spray enclosure will be purged of spray vapors for
a period of not less than 3 minutes before drying apparatus
can be energized.
(c) Ventilating system will maintain a safe atmosphere
within the enclosure during the drying process and drying
apparatus will automatically shut off in the event of failure
of the ventilating system.
(4) All electrical wiring and equipment of the drying
apparatus shall be reasonably safe to persons and property.
Within 18 inches of the floor level, evidence that electrical
wiring and equipment is of a type approved for Class I,
Division 2 hazardous locations and has been installed in accord-
ance with the applicable standard specified for this section
15.210d(4) in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that
such electrical wiring and equipment are reasonably safe to
persons and property.
(5) All metallic parts of drying apparatus shall be properly
electrically bonded and grounded.
71
SEC. 15.31 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
DIVISION III
DIP TANKS
Section 15.31. Definitions.
a. Dip tank shall mean a tank, vat or container of flammable
or combustible liquid in which articles or materials are immersed
for the purpose of coating, finishing, treating or similar processes.
b. Vapor area shall mean any area containing dangerous quan-
tities of flammable vapors in the vicinity of dip tanks, their drain
boards or associated drying, conveying or other equipment, dur-
ing operation or shut-down periods. The Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention may determine the extent of the vapor area, tak-
ing into consideration the characteristics of the liquid, the degree
of sustained ventilation, and the nature of the operations.
Section 15.32. Location of Dip Tank Operations.
Dip tank operations shall not be conducted in buildings used
for assembly, educational, institutional or residential occupancies,
except in a room designed for the purpose, protected with an ap-
proved system of automatic sprinklers and separated vertically and
horizontally from other areas by construction of noncombustible
material having a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours.
Section 15.33. Ventilation of Vapor Areas.
a. All vapor areas shall be provided with mechanical ventila-
tion adequate to prevent the dangerous accumulation of vapors
and to remove such vapors to a safe location.
b. Required ventilating systems shall be so arranged that the
failure of any ventilating fan shall automatically stop any dipping
conveyor system.
Section 15.34. Construction of Dip Tanks.
a. Dip tanks, including drain boards if provided, shall be
constructed of substantial noncombustible material, and their sup-
ports shall be of heavy metal, reinforced concrete or masonry.
b. Dip tanks of over 150 gallons in capacity or 10 square feet
in liquid surface area shall be equipped with a properly trapped
overflow pipe leading to a safe location outside buildings.
c. The bottom of the overflow connection shall be not less
than 6 inches below the top of the tank.
d. Dip tanks over 500 gallons in liquid capacity shall be
72
Page 398.1
ORDINANCE 1312
AN ORDINANCE AMENDING ORDINANCE NO. 1208, BEING AN
ORDINANCE ADOPTING A FIRE PREVENTION CODE
PRESCRIBING REGULATIONS GOVERNING CONDITIONS
HAZARDOUS TO LIFE AND PROPERTY FROM FIRE OR EX-
PLOSION, AND ESTABLISHING A POWER OF FIRE PREVEN-
TION AND PROVIDING OFFICERS THEREFOR AND DEFINING
THEIR POWER AND DUTIES
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
CEDAR FALLS, IOWA:
Section 1.That Section 28.1 of Ordinance No.1208 is hereby repealed
and the following enacted in lieu thereof;
Section 28.1 Bonfires and Outdoor Rubbish Fires:
A. Definitions.
(1)Garbage.Garbage shall be defined and described as all organic
refuse in the preparation of food, or decayed, or spoiled animal or
vegetable food from any source.
(2) Rubbish. Rubbish shall be defined as all combustible non-
organic waste material such as papers, sweepings, rags, ashes, cin-
ders and similar materials originating from ordinary household or
business operations.
B.No person,firm or corporation shall kindle or burn any garbage
within the city limits of the City of Cedar Falls,Iowa.
C.No person,firm or corporation shall kindle or burn or maintain
any open bonfire or rubbish fire or authorize any of such fires to be
kindled or burned or maintained in any of the following locations or
zoned areas within the City of Cedar Falls,Iowa:
(1) Zone "S-1" Shopping Center District.
(2) Zones "C-1," "C-2," "C-3," Commercial District
(3) "M-2" Heavy Industrial District
(4)In or upon any street,alley or boulevard.
D.No person shall kindle or burn or maintain a bonfire or rubbish
fire on any open privately owned land except as follows:
(1) Rubbish fires are permitted if contained in an approved in-
cinerator. An approved incinerator is a metal incinerator with a
maximum capacity of thirty (30) gallons constructed of fire resistive
material including a lid and containing ventilation holes no larger than
11/2 inches in diameter.
(2)When an incinerator is used for burning,said incinerator must
be covered at all times by a lid and is to be placed when so used not less
/'1 than twenty (20) feet from any building.
(3)Fires in said incinerators shall be permitted only between the
hours of 1:00 P.M. and darkness. Darkness for the purpose of this
ordinance shall be determined to commence when the photo electric
street lights in the City of Cedar Falls,Iowa,are turned on.
(4) Subject to D (6) below, fires for the open burning of plant
material grown on the preaises or deposited thereon by the elements
shall be permitted at dwellings of four (4) family units or less only
between the hours of 1:00 P.M. and darkness. Said fires must not be
less than twenty (20) feet from any building.
(5) All burning shall be supervised by a competent person at all
Page 398.2
times and shall not be left unattended until the fire is completely ex-
tinguished.
(6) No person shall burn or dispose of trees including diseased
trees without first obtaining the permission of the City Arborist.
D.Demolition of Buildings and-or the Clearing of Land.
Whenever any person, firm or corporation within the city limits of
the City of Cedar Falls,Iowa,proposes to raze or demolish a building
or destroy trees and brush for the purpose of clearing land, said
person, firm or corporation shall first request in writing for per-
mission to do so. Said request shall be submitted to the office of the
Chief of the Fire Department of the City of Cedar Falls, Iowa, and
within seventy-two (72) hours after the receipt of said request the
Chief of the Fire Department, or his duly authorized assistant, shall
make an inspection of the property to determine the feasability of such
request.After said inspection the Chief of the Fire Department shall in
writing either consent to or deny the request and if the request is
granted the Chief of the Fire Department shall state the conditions
under which the proposed burning shall be permitted. In addition,
before any building is burned, approval of the building commissioner
of the City of Cedar Falls,Iowa,must be obtained.
E. Other Permitted Fires.
(1)Fires used solely for the cooking of food.
(2) Fires used only for recreational purposes if supervise by a — --
competent person atleast eighteen(18)years of age.
(3)Fires set for the purpose of bonefide instruction or training of
public or private employees in the method of firefighting.
F. The Chief of the Fire Department of the City of Cedar Falls,
Iowa,may prohibit any and all bonfires and outdoor rubbish fires upon
complaint or when atmospheric or local conditions within the City of
Cedar Falls, make such fires hazardous.
G.Any person,firm or corporation violating any provisions of this
Ordinance shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon con-
viction thereof shall be punished accordingly.
INTRODUCED: October 12,1970
PASSED FIRST READING: October 12,1970.
PASSED SECOND READING: October 26,1970.
PASSED THIRD READING: November 9,1970.
ADOPTED: November 9,1970.
William McKinley
Mayor
ATTEST: Kenneth TeWalt
City Clerk
(December 4, 1970)
Div. III DIP TANKS SEC. 15.36
equipped with bottom drains automatically and manually arranged
to quickly drain tank in event of fire, unless the viscosity of the
liquid at normal atmospheric temperature makes this impractical.
Manual operation shall be from a safely accessible location. Where
gravity flow is not practical, automatic pumps shall be provided.
e. Such drains shall be trapped and discharge to a closed
properly vented salvage tank or to a safe outside location.
f. Dip tanks utilizing a conveyor system shall be so arranged
that in the event of fire, the conveyor system shall automatically
cease motion and required bottom drains shall open.
Section 15.35. Storage and Handling of Flammable or Com-
bustible Liquids.
The storage and handling of flammable or combustible, dip-
tank liquids, shall be in accordance with article 16.
Section 15.36. Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition.
a. There shall be no open flame, spark producing devices, or
heated surfaces having a temperature sufficient to ignite vapors in
any vapor area.
b. Electrical wiring and equipment in any vapor area shall be
reasonably safe to persons and property. In any vapor area, evi-
dence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a type approved
for Class I, Division 1 hazardous locations, and has been installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
15.36b in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such
electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably safe to persons and
property.
c. Unless specifically approved for locations containing both
deposits of readily ignitable residues and explosive vapors, there
shall be no electrical equipment in the vicinity of dip tanks or as-
sociated drain boards or drying operations which are subject to
splashing or dripping of dip tank liquids, except wiring in rigid
conduit or in threaded boxes or fittings containing no taps, splices
or terminal connections, and except as hereinafter specifically per-
mitted in sections 15.41 to 15.44, relating to electrostatic equip-
ment.
d. In any floor space outside a vapor area, but within 20 feet
therefrom, and not separated by tight partitions, there shall be no
open flames or spark producing devices, except drying and baking
apparatus may be installed adjacent to vapor areas when conform-
ing to section 15.210c.
e. Electrical wiring and equipment in areas covered by sec-
73
SEC. 15.37 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
tion 15.36d shall be reasonably safe to persons and property. In
such areas, evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a
type approved for Class I, Division 2 hazardous locations, and has
been installed in accordance with the applicable standard specified
for this section 15.36e in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence
that such electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably safe to
persons and property.
Section 15.37. Operations and Maintenance.
a. Areas in the vicinity of dip tanks shall be kept as clear of
combustible stock as practical and shall be kept entirely free of
combustible debris.
b. When waste or rags are used in connection with dipping
operations, approved metal waste cans shall be provided and all
impregnated rags or waste deposited therein immediately after use.
The contents of waste cans shall be disposed of at the end of each
shift by methods approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention.
Section 15.38. Fire Control.
a. Areas in the vicinity of dip tanks shall be provided with
manual fire extinguishers suitable for flammable or combustible
liquid fires, as specified by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention.
b. Dip tanks of over 150 gallons capacity or 4 square feet
liquid surface area shall be protected with at least one of the fol-
lowing automatic extinguishing facilities:
(1) Approved automatic water spray extinguishing system;
(2) Approved automatic foam extinguishing system;
(3) Approved automatic carbon dioxide system;
(4) Approved automatic dry chemical extinguishing sys-
tem;
(5) Dip tank covers conforming to section 15.39.
Section 15.39. Dip Tank Covers.
a. Covers arranged to close automatically in the event of fire
shall be actuated by approved automatic devices and shall also be
arranged for manual opertion.
b. Covers shall be of substantial noncombustible material or
of tin-clad type with enclosing metal applied with locked joints.
c. Chains or wire rope shall be used for cover support or oper-
ating mechanism where the burning of a cord would interfere with
the action of a device.
74
Div. III DIP TANKS SEC. 15.312
d. Covers shall be kept closed when tanks are not in use.
Section 15.310. Hardening and Tempering Tanks.
a. Hardening and tempering tanks shall conform to sections
15.34, 15.35, 15.37 and 15.38a as well as sections 15.310b
through 15.310f, but shall be exempt from other provisions of
division III of this article.
b. Tanks shall be located as far as practicable from furnaces
and shall not be located on or near combustible floors.
c. Tanks shall be provided with a noncombustible hood and
vent, or other equally effective means, venting to outside of build-
ing to serve as a vent in case of fire. All such vent ducts shall be
treated as flues and be kept well away from combustible roofs or
materials.
d. Tanks shall be equipped with a high temperature limit
switch arranged to sound an alarm when the temperature of the
quenching medium reaches 50°F below the flash point.
e. Hardening and tempering tanks of over 500 gallons ca-
pacity or 25 square feet liquid surface area shall be protected as
specified in section 15.38b.
f. Air under pressure shall not be used to fill or to agitate oil
in tanks.
Section 15.311. Flow Coat Operations.
a. Flow coat operations shall conform to the provisions for
dip tanks, considering the area of the sump and any areas on
which paint flows as the area of a dip tank.
b. Paint shall be supplied by direct low pressure pumping ar-
ranged to automatically shut down by means of approved heat
actuated devices, in case of fire, or by gravity tank not exceeding
10 gallons in capacity.
Section 15.312. Roll Coating.
a. The processes of roll coating, spreading and impregnating,
in which fabrics, paper or other material is passed directly through
a tank or trough containing flammable liquids, or over the surface
of a roller that revolves partially submerged in a flammable liquid,
shall conform to section 15.3 12b and to the applicable provisions
of sections 15.11 through 15.310.
b. Adequate arrangements shall be made to prevent sparks
from static electricity by electrically bonding and grounding all
metallic rotating and other parts of machinery and equipment and
by the installation of static collectors or maintaining a conductive
atmosphere by means such as high relative humidity.
75
SEC. 15.41 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
DIVISION IV
ELECTROSTATIC EQUIPMENT
Section 15.41. Equipment Type and Location.
a. Approved electrostatic equipment shall be used in connec-
tion with coating operations.
b. Transformers, power packs, control apparatus, and all other
electrical portions of the equipment, with the exception of high
voltage grids, electrodes and electrostatic atomizing heads, the
hand gun and their connections, shall be located outside of the
spraying or vapor areas as defined in sections 15.21 and 15.31b,
or shall conform to sections 15.25 and 15.36.
Section 15.42. Controls.
a. A safe distance shall be maintained between goods being
painted and fixed electrodes, electrostatic atomizing heads or con-
ductors of at least twice the sparking distance. A suitable sign
stating this safe distance shall be conspicuously posted near the
assembly.
b. Fixed electrostatic equipment shall be equipped with auto-
matic controls which will operate without time delay to disconnect
the power supply to the high voltage transformer and to signal the
operator under any of the following conditions:
(1) Stoppage of ventilating fans or failure of ventilating
equipment from any cause.
(2) Stoppage of the conveyor carrying goods past the high
voltage grid.
(3) Occurrence of a ground or of an imminent ground at
any point on the high voltage system.
(4) Reduction of clearance below that specified in section
15.42a.
c. Hand electrostatic equipment or powder coating electrostatic
equipment shall be interlocked with the ventilation system for the
spraying area so that the equipment cannot be operated unless the
ventilating system is in operation.
Section 15.43. Guards and Signs.
a. Adequate booths, fencing, railings or guards shall be so
placed about the fixed electrostatic equipment that they, either by
their location or character or both assure that a safe isolation of
the process is maintained from plant storage or personnel. Such
railings, fencing and guards shall be of conducting material, ade-
76
DIV. VI POWDER COATING SEC. 15.61
quately grounded, and shall be at least 5 feet from processing
equipment.
b. Signs designating the process zone as dangerous as regards
fire and accident shall be posted.
Section 15.44. Ventilation.
The spraying area shall be adequately ventilated so as to insure
a safe condition from a fire and health standpoint.
DIVISION V
AUTOMOBILE UNDERCOATING
Section 15.51. Operations Included.
a. Automobile undercoating spray operations, conducted in
areas having adequate natural or mechanical ventilation, may be
exempt from the provisions of division II of this article, on ap-
proval by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, when using
undercoating materials which are not more hazardous than kero-
sene, or undercoating materials using only solvents having a flash-
point in excess of 100°F.
b. Undercoating spray operations not conforming with sec-
tion 15.51a shall be subject to all applicable provisions of this
article.
DIVISION VI
POWDER COATING
Section 15.61. Equipment Type, Location and Construction.
a. This division shall apply to finely ground particles of pro-
tective finishing material applied in dry powder form by means
of a fluidized bed, electrostatic fluidized bed, powder spray guns,
or electrostatic powder spray guns.
b. Powder coating operations shall be conducted in either:
(1) Completely enclosed rooms constructed of noncombus-
tible materials, or
(2) Enclosed powder coating facilities which are adequately
ventilated, or
(3) Adequately ventilated spray booths meeting the require-
ments of section 15.23.
77
SEC. 15.71 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
C. ELECTRICAL AND OTHER SOURCES OF IGNITION.
(1) Electrical equipment and other sources of ignition shall
conform to the requirements of division IV of this article except
that electrical equipment not covered therein shall conform to
section 15.15 for Class II locations and comply with sections
15.25g and 15.25h.
d. VENTILATION.
(1) In addition to the provisions of section 15.26 where
applicable, exhaust ventilation shall be sufficient to maintain the
atmosphere below the lowest explosive limits for the material
being applied. All non-deposited air-suspended powders shall be
safely removed via exhaust ducts to the powder recovery cyclone
or receptacle.
(2) Powders shall not be released to the outside atmosphere.
e. The use of drying, curing, or fusion equipment shall comply
with the provisions of article 26 where applicable.
f. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.
(1) All areas shall be kept free of the accumulation of
powder coating dusts, particularly such horizontal surfaces as
ledges, beams, pipes, hoods, booths and floors.
(2) Surfaces shall be cleaned in such manner as to avoid
scattering dust to other places or creating dust clouds; vacuum
sweeping equipment approved for use in hazardous locations
should be used.
DIVISION VII
ORGANIC PEROXIDES AND DUAL
COMPONENT COATINGS
Section 15.71. Safety Precautions for Application and Storage.
a. All spraying operations involving the use of organic perox-
ides and other dual component coatings shall be conducted in
approved sprinklered spray booths meeting the requirements of
this article.
b. Spray guns and related handling equipment specifically
manufactured for use with organic peroxides shall be used.
Separate pressure vessels and inserts specifically designed for the
application shall be used for the resin and for the organic peroxide
and they shall not be interchanged.
78
DIV. VII PEROXIDES &DUAL COATINGS SEC. 15.71
c. Organic peroxide pressure tank inserts shall be constructed
of stainless steel or polyethylene.
d. Dusts or overspray residues resulting from the sanding or
spraying of finishing materials containing organic peroxides shall
not be mixed with other materials.
e. All spilled peroxides shall be promptly removed so there
are no residues. Spilled material may be absorbed by using a
noncombustible absorbent and then promptly disposed of in ac-
cordance with the manufacturer's recommendation.
f. Organic peroxides shall be stored in a cool, detached build-
ing apart from other finishing materials, and only minimum daily
requirements shall be brought to the processing area; such material
remaining at the spraying station at the end of a day's operations
shall be disposed of. Organic peroxides shall be kept away from all
sources of heat including steam pipes, radiators, open flames,
sparks and solar radiation.
g. Non-sparking tools shall be used in any area where organic
peroxides are stored, mixed or applied.
79
SEC. 16.11 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
ARTICLE 16
FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
DIVISION I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 16.11. Scope.
This article shall apply to liquids with a flash point below
200°F; and to liquids with flash points above 200°F, which when
heated assume the characteristics of liquids with flash points below
200°F; except as provided in section 1.2b.
Section 16.12. Definitions.
a. Automotive service station (garage) shall mean a building
or structure or a portion thereof, in which a motor vehicle con-
taining a flammable fluid in its fuel storage tank, is stored, housed,
kept, repaired or serviced and where no repair work is done except
exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame,
cutting, welding or the use of highly flammable liquids.
b. Barrel shall mean a volume of 42 U.S. gallons.
c. Boiling point shall mean the boiling point of a liquid at a
pressure of 14.7 psia (760 mm). Where an accurate boiling point
is unavailable for the material in question, or for mixtures which
do not have a constant boiling point, for purposes of this classifi-
cation the 10 percent point of a distillation as performed by the
method of test specified for this section 16.12c in article 31 of this
Code, may be accepted in lieu of the boiling point of the liquid.
d. Boil-over shall mean the expulsion of crude oil (or certain
other liquids) from a burning tank in which the light fractions of
the crude oil burn off producing a heat wave in the residue, which
on reaching a water strata may result in the expulsion of a portion
of the contents of the tank in the form of a froth.
e. Bulk plant shall mean that portion of a property where flam-
mable or combustible liquids are received by tank vessel, pipe line,
tank car, or tank vehicle, and are stored or blended in bulk for the
purpose of distributing such liquids by tank vessel, pipe line, tank
car, tank vehicle, or container.
f. Chemical plant shall mean a large integrated plant or that
portion of such a plant other than a refinery or distillery where
80
DIV. I GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 16.12
flammable or combustible liquids are produced by chemical reac-
tions or used in chemical reactions.
g. Closed container shall mean a container so sealed by means
of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapor will escape
from it at ordinary temperatures.
h. Container shall mean any can, barrel or drum.
i. Crude petroleum shall mean hydrocarbon mixtures that have
a flash point below 150°F and which have not been processed
in a refinery.
j. Distillery shall mean a plant or that portion of a plant where
flammable or combustible liquids produced by fermentation are
concentrated, and where the concentrated products may also be
mixed, stored or packaged.
k. Flammable aerosol shall mean a material which is dispensed
from its container as a mist, spray or foam by a propellant under
pressure and which is required to be labeled "Flammable" under
the U.S. Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Such aerosols shall
be considered as Class IA liquids.
1. Flash point of the liquid shall mean the minimum tempera-
ture at which it gives off vapor sufficient to form an ignitable
mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or within the
vessel used as determined by the method of test specified for this
section 16.121 in article 31 of this Code.
m. Liquid shall mean, when not otherwise identified, both
flammable and combustible liquids and shall include any mate-
rial which has a fluidity greater than that of 300 penetration
asphalt by the method of test specified for this section 16.12m in
article 31 of this Code.
Combustible liquid shall mean any liquid having a flash point
at or above 140°F and below 200°F, and shall be known as Class
III liquids.
Flammable liquid shall mean any liquid having a flash point
below 140°F and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40
pounds per square inch (absolute) at 100°F.
Flammable liquids shall be divided into two classes of liquids
as follows:
Class I liquids shall include those having flash points below
100°F and may be subdivided as follows:
Class IA shall include those having flash points below
73°F and having a boiling point below 100°F.
Class IB shall include those having flash points below
73°F and having a boiling point at or above 100°F.
81
SEC. 16.12 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Class IC shall include those having flash points at or above
73°F and below 100°F.
Class II liquids shall include those having flash points at or
above 100°F and below 140°F.
When artificially heated to temperatures equal to or higher
than their flashpoints, Class II and III liquids shall be subject to
the applicable provisions for Class I or II liquids. The provisions
of this article shall also be applied to high flash point liquids when
heated to temperatures equal to or higher than their flash points
even though these same liquids would be outside the scope of this
article when they are not heated.
Unstable (reactive) liquid shall mean a liquid in the pure state
or as commercially produced or transported which will vigorously
polymerize, decompose, condense, or will become self-reactive
under conditions of shock, pressure, or temperature. Examples are
organic peroxides and nitromethane.
n. Marine service station shall mean that portion of a prop-
erty where flammable or combustible liquids used as fuels are
stored and dispensed from fixed equipment on shore, piers,
wharves, or floating docks into the fuel tanks of self-propelled
craft, and shall include all facilities used in connection therewith.
o. Refinery shall mean a plant in which flammable or com-
bustible liquids are produced on a commercial scale from crude
petroleum, natural gasoline, or other hydrocarbon sources.
p. Safety can shall mean an approved container, not over 5
gallons capacity, having a spring-closing lid and spout cover and
so designed that it will safely relieve internal pressure when sub-
jected to fire exposure.
q. Tank, atmospheric shall mean a storage tank which has been
designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric through 0.5
psig.
r. Tank, low pressure shall mean a storage tank which has been
designed to operate at pressures above 0.5 psig but not more than
15 psig.
s. Tank, pressure vessel shall mean a storage tank or vessel
which has been designed to operate at pressures above 15 psig.
t. Vapor pressure shall mean the pressure, measured in pounds
per square inch (absolute) exerted by a volatile liquid, as deter-
mined by the method of test specified for this section 16.12t in
article 31 of this Code.
u. Ventilation is for prevention of fire and explosion and shall
be considered adequate when the vapor-air mixture does not ex-
ceed 25 percent of the lower flammable limit.
82
DIV. I GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 16.15
Section 16.13. Permits Required.
A permit shall be obtained for any of the following:
a. Storage, handling, or use of Class IA and IB liquids in
excess of 1 gallon in a dwelling or other place of human habitation;
or in excess of 6 gallons in any other building or other occupancy;
or in excess of 10 gallons outside of any building; except that no
permit shall be required for the following:
(1) For the storage or use of flammable or combustible
liquids in the fuel tank of a motor vehicle, aircraft, portable
or stationary engine, boat, or portable heating plant.
(2) For the storage or use of paints, oils, varnishes, or
similar flammable mixtures when such liquids are stored for
maintenance, painting, or similar purposes for a period of not
more than 30 days.
b. Storage, handling, or use of Class II or III liquids in
excess of 25 gallons in a building or in excess of 60 gallons out-
side of a building, except for fuel oil used in connection with
oil burning equipment.
c. For the manufacturing, processing, blending, or refining of
flammable or combustible liquids.
d. For the storage of flammable or combustible liquids in
stationary tanks.
Section 16.14. Laboratory Listed Tanks and Equipment.
Containers, tanks, equipment and apparatus listed by a na-
tionally recognized testing agency shall be considered as meeting
the requirements of this article.
Section 16.15. Warning Labels for Containers of Flammable
Liquids with Flash Points Below 140°F.
a. All flammable or combustible liquids, and flammable liquid
compounds or mixtures, offered for sale at retail in containers,
except as indicated in section 16.15b, shall be conspicuously
marked or labeled.
b. The labels shall not be required:
(1) On beverages, articles of food or drugs,
(2) When the container is labeled in accordance with the
Regulations of the Department of Transportation, or
(3) When the container is labeled in accordance with the
Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act and Regulations.
c. For all flammable or combustible liquids having a flash point
below 140°F, a label similar to the following shall be used:
83
SEC. 16.16 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
WARNING! FLAMMABLE
Keep Away from Heat, Sparks and Open Flame
Keep Closed When Not in Use
Section 16.16. Hazardous Heating, Lighting and Cooking
Appliances May be Prohibited.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall prohibit the •
sale or use of any heating, lighting or cooking appliance using a
flammable or combustible liquid which presents a hazard.
DIVISION II
TANK STORAGE
Section 16.21. Design and Construction of Tanks. 111
a. MATERIALS.
(1) Tanks shall be built of steel except as provided in sec-
tions 16.21a(2) through 16.21a(5).
(2) Tanks may be built of materials other than steel for
installation underground or if required by the properties of the
liquid stored. Tanks located aboveground or inside buildings
shall be of noncombustible construction.
(3) Tanks built of materials other than steel shall be de-
signed to specifications embodying principles recognized as
good engineering design for the material used and shall be
approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
(4) Unlined concrete tanks may be used for storing flam-
mable or combustible liquids having a gravity of 40 degrees
API or heavier. Concrete tanks with special lining may be used
for other services providing the design is in accordance with
sound engineering practice.
(5) Tanks may have combustible or noncombustible linings.
(6) Special engineering consideration shall be required if
the specific gravity of the liquid to be stored exceeds that of
water or if the tanks are designed to contain flammable or
combustible liquids at a liquid temperature below zero degrees
F.
84
DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.21
b. FABRICATION.
(1) Tanks may be of any shape or type consistent with
sound engineering design.
(2) Metal tanks shall be welded, riveted and caulked, brazed,
or bolted, or constructed by use of a combination of these
methods. Filler metal used in brazing shall be non-ferrous metal
or an alloy having a melting point above 1000°F and below
that of the metal joined.
C. ATMOSPHERIC TANKS.
(1) Atmospheric tanks shall be built so as to be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that an atmos-
pheric tank has been built in accordance with the applicable
standards specified for this section 16.21c(1) in article 31 of
this Code shall be evidence that such atmospheric tanks are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
(2) Tanks designed for underground service not exceed-
ing 2,500 gallons capacity may be used aboveground.
(3) Low pressure tanks and pressure vessels may be used
as atmospheric tanks.
(4) Atmospheric tanks shall not be used for the storage of
a flammable or combustible liquid at a temperature at or above
its boiling point.
d. Low PRESSURE TANKS.
(1) The normal operating pressure of the tank shall not
exceed the design pressure of the tank.
(2) Low pressure tanks shall be built so as to be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that a low pres-
sure tank has been built in accordance with the applicable
standards specified for this section 16.21d(2) in article 31 of
this Code shall be evidence that said low pressure tanks are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
(3) Atmospheric tanks built according to Underwriters'
Laboratories, Inc. standards in section 16.21 c(1) may be used
for operating pressures not exceeding 1 psig and shall be
limited to 2.5 psig under emergency venting conditions.
(4) Pressure vessels may be used as low pressure tanks.
e. PRESSURE VESSELS.
(1) The normal operating pressure of the vessel shall not
exceed the design pressure of the vessel.
85
I
SEC. 16.22 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(2) Pressure vessels shall be built so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Evidence that a pressure vessel
has been built in accordance with the applicable standard speci-
fied in this section 16.21e(2) in article 31 of this Code shall
be evidence that such pressure vessels are reasonably safe to
persons and property.
f. PROVISIONS FOR INTERNAL CORROSION.
When tanks are not designed in accordance with the sections
16.21c through 16.21e or if corrosion is anticipated beyond that
provided for in the design formulas used, additional metal thick-
ness or suitable protective coatings or linings shall be provided to
compensate for the corrosion loss expected during the design
life of the tank.
Section 16.22. Installation of Outside Aboveground Tanks.
a. RESTRICTED LOCATIONS. The storage of Class I liquids in
aboveground tanks outside of buildings is prohibited within the
limits established by law, as the limits of the districts in which
such storage is to be prohibited.
b. LOCATION WITH RESPECT TO PROPERTY LINES.
(1) Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids, except those liquids with boil-over
characteristics and unstable liquids, operating at pressures not
in excess of 2.5 psig and equipped with emergency venting
which will not permit pressures to exceed 2.5 psig shall be
located in accordance with Table 16.22b(1).
(2) Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids, except those liquids with boil-over
characteristics and unstable flammable or combustible liquids,
operating at pressures exceeding 2.5 psig or equipped with
emergency venting which will permit pressures to exceed 2.5
psig shall be located in accordance with Table 16.22b(2).*
(3) Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids with boil-over characteristics shall be
located in accordance with Table 16.22b(3).
(4) Every aboveground tank for the storage of unstable
liquids shall be located in accordance with Table 16.22b(4),
86
HIV. II TANK STORAGE TABLE 16.22b(1)
Table 16.22b(1)
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Minimum Distance in
Line Which May Be Feet from Nearest Side
Built Upon,Including of Any Public Way or
the Opposite Side of a from Nearest Important
Type of Public Way and Shall Not Building and Shall Not
Tank Protection Be Less Than 5 Feet Be Less Than 5 Feet
Protection %times diameter of tank %times diameter of tank
for but need not exceed 90 feet but need not exceed 30 feet
Floating Exposures*
Roof
None Diameter of tank but need %times diameter of tank but
not exceed 175 feet need not exceed 30 feet
Approved
foam or %times diameter of tank %times diameter of tank
inerting but need not exceed 90 feet but need not exceed 30 feet
system on
Vertical the tank
with Weak —
Roof to Protection Diameter of tank but need %times diameter of tank but
Shell for not exceed 175 feet need not exceed 60 feet
Seam Exposures*
2 times diameter of tank %times diameter of tank
None but need not exceed 350 but need not exceed 60 feet
feet
Approved
inerting sys-
Horizontal tem on the
and Verti- tank or %times Table 16.22b(5) ?2 times Table 16.22b(5)
cal,with approved
Emergency foam system
Relief Vent- on vertical
ing to Limit tanks
Pressures
to 2.5 psig Protection
for Table 16.22b(5) Table 16.22b(5)
Exposures*
None 2 times Table 16.22b(5) Table 16.22b(5)
*Protection for exposures shall mean fire protection for structures on property adja-
cent to tanks. When acceptable to the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, such
structures located(1)within the jurisdiction of any public fire department or(2)within
or adjacent to plants having private fire brigades shall be considered as having adequate
protection for exposures.
except that unstable liquids that are unstable (reactive) them-
, icals such as organic peroxides and nitromethane shall in addi-
tion to complying with the applicable provisions of this article
16 shall comply with sections 20.7, and 20.8 or 20.9 as ap-
plicable.
(5) Reference minimum distances for use in Tables 16.22
b(1) through 16.22b(4) inclusive shall be as follows:
87
TABLE 16.22b(2) FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Table 16.22b(2)
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Minimum Distance in
Line Which May Be Feet from Nearest Side
Built Upon,Including of Any Public Way or
Type of the Opposite Side of from Nearest Important
Tank Protection a Public Way Building
Protection 1 M times Table 16.22b(5) 1 M times Table 16.22b(5)
for but shall not be less than but shall not be less than
Exposures 25 feet 25 feet
Any Type
3 times Table 16.22b(5) 1M times Table 16.22b(5)
it
None but shall not be less than but shall not be less than
50 feet 25 feet
*Special consideration may be given to tanks equipped with automatic depressuring
systems.
Table 16.22b(3) It
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Minimum Distance in
Line Which May Be Feet from Nearest Side
Built Upon,Including of Any Public Way or
Type of the Opposite Side of from Nearest Important
Tank Protection a Public Way Building
Protection Diameter of tank but need M times diameter of tank but
for not exceed 175 feet need not exceed 60 feet
Floating Exposures
Roof —
None 2 times diameter of tank M times diameter of tank but
but need not exceed 350 need not exceed 60 feet
feet
Approved
foam or Diameter of tank but need M times diameter of tank but
inerting not exceed 175 feet need not exceed 60 feet
system
Fixed Roof—
Protection 2 times diameter of tank M times diameter of tank
for but need not exceed 350 but need not exceed 120
Exposures feet feet
4 times diameter of tank M times diameter of tank
None but need not exceed 350 but need not exceed 120
feet feet
{
e
88
DIV. II TANK STORAGE TABLE 16.22b(4)
Table 16.22b(4)
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Minimum Distance in
Line Which May Be Feet from Nearest Side
Built Upon,Including of Any Public Way or
Type of the Opposite Side of from Nearest Important
Tank Protection a Public Way Building
Tank pro-
tected with
any one of
the follow-
Horizontal ing:
and Approved
Vertical water spray,
Tanks with Approved Table 16.22b(5)but not Not less than 25 feet
Emergency inerting, less than 25 feet
Relief Approved
Venting insulation
to Permit and refrig-
Pressure eration,
Not in Approved
Excess of barricade
2.5 psig —
Protection 2%times Table 16.22b(5)
for but not less than 50 feet Not less than 50 feet
Exposures
5 times Table 16.22b(5)
None but not less than 100 feet Not less than 100 feet
Tank pro-
tected with
any one of
the follow-
Horizontal ing:
and Approved
Vertical water spray, 2 times Table 16.22b(5)
Tanks with Approved but not less than 50 feet Not less than 50 feet
Emergency inerting,
Relief Approved
Venting insulation
to Permit and refrig-
Pressure eration,
Over Approved
2.5 psig barricade
Protection 4 times Table 16.22b(5)
for but not less than 100 feet Not less than 100 feet
Exposures
8 times Table 16.22b(5)
None but not less than 150 feet Not less than 150 feet
89
TABLE 16.22b(5) FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Table 16.22b(5)
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Minimum Distance in
Line Which May Be Feet from Nearest
Built Upon,Including Side of Any Public
Capacity Tank the Opposite Side of Way or from Nearest
Gallons a Public Way Important Building
275 or less 5 5
276 to 750 10 5
751 to 12,000 15 5
12,001 to 30,000 20 5
30,001 to 50,000 30 10
50,001 to 100,000 50 15 w
100,001 to 500,000 80 25 ro
500,001 to 1,000,000 100 35
1,000,001 to 2,000,000 135 45
2,000,001 to 3,000,000 165 55
3,000,001 or more 175 60
(6) Where two tank properties of diverse ownership have
a common boundary, the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention
may, with the written consent of the owners of the two prop-
erties, substitute the distances provided in sections 16.22c(1)
through 16.22c(6) for the minimum distances set forth in sec-
tion 16.22b.
(7) Where end failure of horizontal pressure tanks and
vessels may expose property, the tank shall be placed with the
longitudinal axis parallel to the nearest important exposure.
C. SPACING (SHELL-TO-SHELL) BETWEEN ABOVEGROUND
TANKS.
(1) The distance between any two flammable or combustible
liquid storage tanks shall not be less than three feet.
(2) Except as provided in section 16.22c(3), the distance
between any two adjacent tanks shall not be less than one-
sixth the sum of their diameters except when the diameter of
one tank is less than one-half the diameter of the adjacent tank,
the distance between the two tanks shall not be less than one-
half the diameter of the smaller tank.
(3) For crude petroleum in conjunction with production fa-
cilities located in noncongested areas and having capacities not
exceeding 126,000 gallons (3,000 barrels), the distance be-
tween such tanks shall be not less than three feet.
(4) For unstable flammable or combustible liquids, the dis-
tance between such tanks shall not be less than one-half the
sum of their diameters.
90
I
DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.22
(5) When tanks are compacted in three or more rows or
in an irregular pattern, greater spacing or other means shall
be provided at the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention so that inside tanks are accessible for fire
fighting purposes.
(6) The minimum separation between a liquefied petroleum
gas container and a flammable or combustible liquid storage
tank shall be 20 feet, except in the case of flammable or com-
bustible liquid tanks operating at pressures exceeding 2.5 psig
or equipped with emergency venting which will permit pres-
sures to exceed 2.5 psig in which case the provisions of
16.22c(1) and 16.22c(2) shall apply. Suitable means shall be
taken to prevent the accumulation of flammable or combustible
liquids under adjacent liquefied petroleum gas containers such
as by diversion curbs or.grading. When flammable or combus-
tible liquid storage tanks are within a diked area, the liquefied.
petroleum gas containers shall be outside the diked area and
at least 10 feet away from the center line of the wall of the
diked area. The foregoing provisions shall not apply when lique-
fied petroleum gas containers of 125 gallons or less capacity are
installed adjacent to fuel oil supply tanks of 550 gallons or less
capacity.
d. LOCATION OF OUTSIDE ABOVEGROUND TANKS WITH RE-
SPECT TO IMPORTANT BUILDINGS ON SAME PROPERTY.
(1) Every outside aboveground tank shall be separated from
important buildings on the same property by distances not less
than those specified in sections 16.22b(1) to 16.22b(4) which-
ever is applicable. The appropriate distance column in Tables
16.22b(1) to 16.22b(5) that shall be used shall be the one
reading: "Minimum Distance in Feet from Nearest Side of
Any Public Way or from Nearest Important Building."
e. NORMAL VENTING FOR ABOVEGROUND TANKS.
(1) Atmospheric storage tanks shall be adequately vented
to prevent the development of vacuum or pressure sufficient
to distort the roof of a cone roof tank or exceeding the design
pressure in the case of other atmospheric tanks, as a result of
filling or emptying, and atmospheric temperature changes.
(2) Normal vents shall be sized so as to be reasonably safe
to persons and property and at least as large as the filling or
withdrawal connection, whichever is larger but in no case less
than 11/4 inch nominal inside diameter. Evidence that normal
91
SEC. 16.22 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
vents have been sized in accordance with the applicable stand-
ard specified for this section 16.22e(2) in article 31 of this
Code shall be evidence that such vents are reasonably safe to
persons and property.
(3) Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels shall be ade-
quately vented to prevent development of pressure or vacuum,
as a result of filling or emptying and atmospheric temperature
changes, from exceeding the design pressure of the tank or
vessel. Protection shall also be provided to prevent overpressure
from any pump discharging into the tank or vessel when the
pump discharge pressure can exceed the design pressure of the
tank or vessel.
(4) If any tank or pressure vessel has more than one fill
or withdrawal connection and simultaneous filling or with-
drawal can be made, the vent size shall be based on the maxi-
mum anticipated simultaneous flow.
(5) Unless the vent is designed to limit the internal pres-
sure to 2.5 psi or less, the outlet of vents and vent drains
shall be arranged to discharge in such a manner as to prevent
localized overheating of any part of the tank in the event
vapors from such vents are ignited.
(6) Tanks and pressure vessels storing Class IA liquids
shall be equipped with venting devices which shall be normally
closed except when venting to pressure or vacuum conditions
except as provided in section 16.22e(7). Tanks and pressure
vessels storing Class IB and IC liquids shall be equipped with
venting devices which shall be normally closed except when
venting under pressure or vacuum conditions, or with approved
flame arresters except as provided in section 16.22e(8).
(7) Tanks of 3,000 bbls. capacity or less containing crude
petroleum in crude-producing areas; and, outside aboveground
atmosphere tanks under 1,000 gallons capacity containing
other than Class IA flammable liquids may have open vents.
(8) Flame arresters or venting devices required in section
16.22e(6) may be omitted for Class 1B and 1C liquids where
conditions are such that their use may, in case of obstruction,
result in tank damage.
f. EMERGENCY RELIEF VENTING FOR FIRE EXPOSURE FOR
ABOVEGROUND TANKS.
(1) Every aboveground storage tank shall have some form
of construction or device that will relieve excessive internal
pressure caused by exposure fires.
92
1 DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.22
(2) In a vertical tank the construction referred to in section
16.22f(1) may take the form of a floating roof, lifter roof, a
weak roof-to-shell seam, or other approved pressure relieving
construction. The weak roof-to-shell seam shall be constructed
to fail preferential to any other seam.
(3) Where entire dependence for emergency relief is placed
upon pressure relieving devices, the total venting capacity of
both normal and emergency vents shall be enough to prevent
rupture of the shell or bottom of the tank if vertical, or of the
shell or heads if horizontal. If unstable liquids are stored, the
effects of heat or gas resulting from polymerization, decompo-
sition, condensation, or self-reactivity shall be taken into ac-
count. The total capacity of both normal and emergency vent-
ing devices shall be not less than that derived from Table
16.22f(3), except as provided in sections 16.22f(5) or 16.22f
(6). Such device may be a self-closing manhole cover, or one
using long bolts that permit the cover to lift under internal
pressure, or an additional or larger relief valve or valves.
Table 16.22f(3)
Wetted Area Versus Cubic Feet Free Air per Hour
(14.7 psia and 60°F)
Sq.Ft. CFH Sq.Ft. CFH Sq. Ft. CFH
20 21,100 200 211,000 1,000 524,000
30 31,600 250 239,000 1,200 557,000
40 42,100 300 265,000 1,400 587,000
50 52,700 350 288,000 1,600 614,000
60 63,200 400 312,000 1,800 639,000
70 73,700 500 354,000 2,000 662,000
80 84,200 600 392,000 2,400 704,000
90 94,800 700 428,000 2,800 742,000
100 105,000 800 462,000 and over
120 126,000 900 493,000
140 147,000 1,000 524,000
160 168,000
180 190,000
200 211,000
NOTE-Interpolate for intermediate values.
The wetted area of the tank shall be calculated on the basis
of: 55 per cent of the total exposed area of a sphere or spheroid,
75 per cent of the total exposed area of a horizontal tank, and
first 30 feet aboveground of the exposed shell area of a vertical
tank.
93
SEC. 16.22 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(4) For tanks and storage vessels designed for pressures
over 1 psig, the total rate of venting shall be determined in
accordance with Table 16.22f(3), except that when the ex-
posed wetted area of the surface is greater than 2,800 sq. ft.,
the total rate of venting shall be calculated by the following
formula:
CFH = 1,107 A°,s2
where:
CFH = venting requirements, in cubic feet of free air per
hour.
A = exposed wetted surface, in square feet.
(5) The total emergency relief venting capacity for any
specific stable liquid may be determined by the following
formula:
Cubic feet of free air per hour = V LVM.
M
where:
V = cubic feet of free air per hour from Table 16.22f(3).
L = latent heat of vaporization of specific liquid in Btu
per lb.
M = molecular weight of specific liquid.
(6) The required air flow rate of section 16.22f(3) or
16.22f(5) may be multiplied by the appropriate factor listed in
the following schedule when protection is provided as indicated.
Only one factor may be used for any one tank.
.5 for drainage in accordance with section 16.22h(2) for
tanks over 200 square feet of wetted area.
.3 for approved water spray.
.3 for approved insulation.
.15 for approved water spray with approved insulation.
(7) The outlet of all vents and vent drains on tanks equipped
with emergency venting to permit pressures exceeding 2.5 psig
shall be arranged to discharge in such a way as to prevent
localized overheating of any part of the tank, in the event
vapors from such vents are ignited.
(8) Each commercial tank venting device shall have stamped
on it the opening pressure, the pressure at which the valve
reaches the full open position, and the flow capacity at the
94
DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.22
latter pressure, expressed in cubic feet per hour of air at 60°F
• and at a pressure of 14.7 psia.
(9) The flow capacity of tank venting devices 12 in. and
smaller in nominal pipe size shall be determined by actual test
of each type and size of vent. These flow tests may be conducted
by the manufacturer if certified by a qualified impartial observer,
or may be conducted by an outside agency. The flow capacity
of tank venting devices larger than 12 in. nominal pipe size, in-
cluding manhole covers with long bolts or equivalent, may be
calculated provided that the opening pressure is actually meas-
ured, the rating pressure and corresponding free orifice area are
stated, the word "calculated" appears on the nameplate, and the
computation is based on a flow coefficient of 0.5 applied to the
rated orifice area.
g. VENT PIPING FOR ABOVEGROUND TANKS.
(1) Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance with
division III.
(2) Where vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Class I liquids
are adjacent to buildings or public ways, they shall be located
so that the vapors are released at a safe point outside of build-
ings and not less than 12 feet above the adjacent ground level.
In order to aid their dispersion, vapors shall be discharged
upward or horizontally away from closely adjacent walls. Vent
outlets shall be located so that flammable vapors will not be
trapped by eaves or other obstructions and shall be at least five
feet from building openings.
(3) When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall
be such as to discharge, within the pressure limitations of the
system, the vapors they may be required to handle when mani-
fold tanks are subject to the same fire exposure.
h. DRAINAGE, DIKES AND WALLS FOR ABOVEGROUND TANKS.
(1) Drainage and Diked Areas: The area surrounding a
tank or a group of tanks shall be provided with drainage as in
section 16.22h(2), or shall be diked as provided in section
16.22h(3), to prevent accidental discharge of liquid from en-
% dangering adjoining property or reaching waterways, except
that in particular installations these provisions may be waived
or altered at the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention when tanks under consideration do not constitute a
hazard to adjoining property.
95
SEC. 16.22 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(2) Drainage: Where protection of adjoining property or
waterways is by means of a natural or man-made drainage
system, such systems shall comply with the following:
(a) A slope of not less than 1 percent away from the
tank toward the drainage system shall be provided.
(b) The drainage system shall terminate in vacant land
or other area or in an impounding basin having a capacity
not smaller than that of the largest tank served. This termi-
nation area and the route of the drainage system shall be so
located that, if the flammable or combustible liquids in the
drainage system are ignited, the fire will not seriously expose
tanks or adjoining property.
(c) The drainage system, including automatic drainage
pumps, shall not discharge to adjoining property, natural
water courses, public sewers, or public drains unless the dis-
charge of flammable or combustible liquids would not con-
stitute a hazard, or the system is so designed that it will not
permit flammable or combustible liquids to be released.
(3) Diked Areas: Where protection of adjoining property
or waterways is accomplished by retaining the liquid around
the tank by means of a dike, the volume of the diked area shall
comply with the following requirements:
(a) Except as provided in section 16.22h(3)(b), the
volumetric capacity of the diked area shall not be less than
the greatest amount of liquid that can be released from the
largest tank within the diked area, assuming a full tank. The
capacity of the diked area enclosing more than one tank
shall be calculated by deducting the volume of the tanks
other than the largest tank below the height of the dike.
(b) For a tank or group of tanks with fixed roofs con-
taining crude petroleum with boilover characteristics, the
volumetric capacity of the diked area shall be not less than
the capacity of the largest tank served by the enclosure,
assuming a full tank. The capacity of the diked enclosure
shall be calculated by deducting the volume below the height
of the dike of all tanks within the enclosure.
(c) Walls of the diked area shall be of earth, steel,
concrete or solid masonry designed to be liquid tight and to
withstand a full hydrostatic head. Earthen walls 3 feet or
more in height shall have a flat section at the top not less
than 2 feet wide. The slope of an earthen wall shall be con-
sistent with the angle of repose of the material of which the
wall is constructed.
96
DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.22
(d) The walls of the diked area shall be restricted to an
average height of 6 feet above interior grade.
(e) Where provision is made for draining water from
diked areas, drainage shall be provided at a uniform slope
of not less than 1% away from tanks toward a sump, drain-
box or other safe means of disposal located at the greatest
practical distance from the tank. Such drains shall normally
be controlled in a manner so as to prevent flammable or
combustible liquids from entering natural water courses,
public sewers or public drains, if their presence would con-
stitute a hazard. Control of drainage shall be accessible under
fire conditions.
(f) No loose combustible material, empty or full drum
or barrel, shall be permitted within the diked area.
(g) Each diked area containing two or more tanks shall
be sub-divided preferably by drainage channels or at least
by intermediate curbs in order to prevent spills from en-
dangering adjacent tanks within the diked areas as follows:
[1] When storing normally stable liquids in vertical
cone roof tanks constructed with weak roof-to-shell seam
or approved floating roof tanks or when storing crude
petroleum in producing areas in any type tank, one sub-
division for each tank in excess of 10,000 bbls. and one
sub-division for each group of tanks (no tank exceeding
10,000 bbls. capacity) having an aggregate capacity not
exceeding 15,000 bbls.
[2] When storing normally stable liquids in tanks not
covered in section 16.22h(3)(g)[1], one subdivision for
each tank in excess of 100,000 gallons (2,500 bbls.) and
one sub-division for each group of tanks (no tank exceed-
ing 100,000 gallons capacity) having an aggregate capac-
ity not exceeding 150,000 gallons (3,570 bbls.)
[3] When storing unstable liquids in any type of tank,
one sub-division for each tank except that tanks installed
with drainage so as to be reasonably safe to persons and
property shall require no additional sub-division. Evidence
that such drainage has been installed in accordance with
the applicable standard specified for this section 16.22h
(3)(g)[3] in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence
that such drainage provides reasonable safety to persons
and property.
[4] The drainage channels or intermediate curbs shall
be located between tanks so as to take full advantage of the
97
SEC. 16.23 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
available space with due regard for the individual tank
capacities. Intermediate curbs, where used, shall not be
less than 18 inches in height.
i. TANK OPENINGS OTHER THAN VENTS FOR ABOVEGROUND
TANKS.
(1) Connections for all tank openings shall be vapor and
liquid tight.
(2) Each connection to an aboveground tank through which
liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an internal or
an external valve located as close as practical to the shell of
the tank. Such valves, when external, and their connections to
the tank shall be of steel except when the chemical characteris-
tics of the liquid stored are incompatible with steel. When
materials other than steel are necessary, they shall be suitable
for the pressures, structural stresses and temperatures involved,
including fire exposures.
(3) Each connection below the liquid level through which
liquid does not normally flow shall be provided with a liquid-
tight closure. This may be a valve, plug or blind, or a com-
bination of these.
(4) Openings for gaging shall be provided with a vapor-
tight cap or cover.
(5) For Class IB and IC liquids other than crude oils,
gasolines and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so designed and
installed as to minimize the possibility of generating static
electricity. A fill pipe entering the top of a tank shall terminate
within six inches of the bottom of the tank and shall be in-
stalled to avoid excessive vibration.
(6) Filling and emptying connections which are made and
broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location free
from any source of ignition and not less than five feet away
from any building opening. Such connection shall be closed and
liquid tight when not in use. The connection shall be properly
identified.
Section 16.23. Installation of Underground Tanks.
a. LOCATION: Excavation for underground storage tanks shall
be made with due care to avoid undermining of foundations of
existing structures. Underground tanks or tanks under buildings
shall be so located with respect to existing building foundations
and supports that the loads carried by the latter cannot be trans-
mitted to the tank. The distance from any part of a tank storing
98
DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.23
Class I liquids to the nearest wall of any basement or pit shall be
not less than one foot, and to any property line that may be built
upon, not less than three feet. The distance from any part of a
tank storing Class II or III liquids to the nearest wall of any base-
ment, pit or property line shall be not less than one foot.
b. DEPTH AND COVER: Underground tanks shall be set on firm
foundation and surrounded with at least six inches of noncorrosive,
inert materials such as clean sand, earth or gravel well tamped in
place. The tank shall be placed in the hole with care since drop-
ping or rolling the tank into the hole can break a weld, puncture
or damage the tank or scrape off the protective coating of coated
tanks. Tanks shall be covered with a minimum of two feet of
earth, or shall be covered with not less than one foot of earth, on
top of which shall be placed a slab of reinforced concrete not less
than four inches thick. When underground tanks are, or are likely
to be, subjected to traffic, they shall be protected against damage
from vehicles passing over them by at least three feet of earth
cover, or 18 inches of well-tamped earth, plus six inches of rein-
forced concrete or eight inches of asphaltic concrete. When as-
phaltic or reinforced concrete paving is used as part of the pro-
tection, it shall extend at least one foot horizontally beyond the
outline of the tank in all directions.
C. CORROSION PROTECTION: Corrosion protection for the tank
and its piping shall be provided by one or more of the following
methods: (1) use of protective coatings or wrappings; (2)
cathodic protection; or, (3) corrosion resistant materials of
construction.
d. VENTS.
(1) LOCATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF VENTS FOR CLASS I
LIQUIDS: Vent pipes from tanks storing Class I liquids shall be
so located that the discharge point is outside of buildings, higher
than the fill pipe opening, and not less than 12 feet above the
adjacent ground level. Vent pipes shall discharge only upward
in order to disperse vapors. Vent pipes two inches or less in
nominal inside diameter shall not be obstructed by devices that
will cause excessive back pressure. Vent pipe outlets shall be so
located that flammable vapors will not enter building openings,
or be trapped under eaves or other obstructions. If the vent pipe
is less than ten feet in length or greater than two inches in
nominal inside diameter, the outlet shall be provided with a
99
SEC. 16.23 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
vacuum and pressure relief device or there shall be an ap-
proved flame arrester located in the vent line at the outlet or
within the approved distance from the outlet.
(2) SIZE OF VENTS: Each tank shall be vented through pip-
ing adequate in size to prevent blow-back of vapor or liquid at
the fill opening while tank is being filled. Vent pipes shall be
not less than 11/4 inch nominal inside diameter.
(3) LOCATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF VENTS FOR CLASS II
OR III LIQUIDS: Vent pipes from tanks storing Class II or III
flammable liquids shall terminate outside of building and higher
than the fill pipe opening. Vent outlets shall be above normal
snow level. They may be fitted with return bends, coarse screens
or other devices to minimize ingress of foreign material.
(4) VENT PIPING: Vent piping shall be constructed in ac-
cordance with division III. Vent pipes shall be so laid as to
drain toward the tank without sags or traps in which liquid
can collect. They shall be located so that they will not be ti
subjected to physical damage. The tank end of the vent pipe
shall enter the tank through the top.
(5) When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall
be such as to discharge, within the pressure limitations of the
system, the vapors they may be required to handle when mani-
folded tanks are filled simultaneously.
e. TANK OPENINGS OTHER THAN VENTS.
(1) Connections for all tank openings shall be vapor or
liquid tight.
(2) Openings for manual gaging, if independent of the
fill pipe, shall be provided with a liquid-tight cap or cover.
If inside a building, each such opening shall be protected
against liquid overflow and possible vapor release by means
of a spring loaded check valve or other approved device.
(3) Fill and discharge lines shall enter tanks only through
the top.Fill lines shall be sloped toward the tank.
(4) For Class IB and IC liquids other than crude oils, gas-
olines and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so designed and in-
stalled as to minimize the possibility of generating static elec-
tricity by terminating within six inches of the bottom of the
tank.
(5) Filling and emptying connections which are made and
broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location free
100 ,
DIv. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.24
from any source of ignition and not less than five feet away
from any building opening. Such connection shall be closed and
liquid tight when not in use. The connection shall be properly
identified.
Section 16.24. Installation of Tanks Inside of Buildings.
a. LOCATION: Tanks shall not be permitted inside of buildings
except as provided in divisions V, VII, VIII.
b. VENTS: Vents for tanks inside of buildings shall be provided
as in sections 16.22e, 16.22f, 16.22g(2), and 16.23d except that
emergency venting by the use of weak roof seams on tanks shall
not be permitted. Vents shall discharge vapors outside the build-
1 ings.
c. VENT PIPING: Vent piping shall be constructed in accord-
ance with division III.
d. TANK OPENINGS OTHER THAN VENTS.
(1) Connections for all tank openings shall be vapor or
liquid tight.
(2) Each connection to a tank inside of buildings through
• which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an inter-
nal or an external valve located as close as practical to the shell
of the tank. Such valves, when external, and their connections
to the tank shall be of steel except when the chemical char-
acteristics of the liquid stored are incompatible with steel.
When materials other than steel are necessary, they shall be
suitable for the pressures, structural stresses and temperatures
involved, including fire exposures.
(3) Flammable or combustible liquid tanks located inside
of buildings except in one-story buildings designed and pro-
; tected for flammable or combustible liquid storage, shall be
provided with an automatic-closing heat-actuated valve on
each withdrawal connection below the liquid level, except for
connections used for emergency disposal, to prevent continued
flow in the event of fire in the vicinity of the tank. This func-
tion may be incorporated in the valve required in section
16.24d(2), and if a separate valve, shall be located adjacent
to the valve required in section 16.24d(2).
(4) Openings for manual gaging, if independent of the fill
pipe, shall be provided with a vapor-tight cap or cover. Each
such opening shall be protected against liquid overflow and
101
SEC. 16.25 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
possible vapor release by means of a spring loaded check valve
or other approved device.
(5) For Class IB and IC liquids other than crude oils, gaso-
lines and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so designed and in-
stalled as to minimize the possibility of generating static elec-
tricity by terminating within six inches of the bottom of the
tank.
(6) The fill pipe inside of the tank shall be installed to
avoid excessive vibration of the pipe.
(7) The inlet of the fill pipe shall be located outside of
buildings at a location free from any source of ignition and not
less than five feet away from any building opening. The inlet
of the fill pipe shall be closed and liquid tight when not in use.
The fill connection shall be properly identified.
(8) Tanks inside buildings shall be equipped with a device,
or other means shall be provided, to prevent overflow into the
building.
Section 16.25. Supports, Foundations and Anchorage for All
Tank Locations.
a. Tank supports shall be installed on firm foundations. Tank
supports shall be of concrete, masonry or steel. Single wood timber
supports (not cribbing) laid horizontally may be used for outside
aboveground tanks if not more than 12 inches high at their lowest
point.
b. Steel supports or exposed piling shall be protected so as to
have a fire resistance rating of not less than two hours, except
that steel saddles need not be protected if less than 12 inches high
at their lowest point. At the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau
of Fire Prevention, approved water spray protection or its equiva-
lent may be used as an alternate.
c. The design of the supporting structure for tanks such as
spheres shall require special engineering consideration.
d. Every tank shall be so supported as to prevent the exces-
sive concentration of loads on the supporting portion of the shell.
e. Tanks shall rest on the ground or on foundations made of
concrete, masonry, piling or steel. Tank foundations shall be
designed to minimize the possibility of uneven settling of the tank
and to minimize corrosion in any part of the tank resting on the
foundation.
f. Where a tank is located in an area that may be subjected
to flooding, the applicable precautions outlined in Appendix A,
102
DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.27
Protection of Tanks Containing Flammable or Combustible
Liquids in Locations That May Be Flooded, shall be observed.
g. In areas subject to earthquakes, the tank supports and
connections shall be designed to resist damage as a result of such
shocks.
Section 16.26. Sources of Ignition.
In locations where flammable vapors may be present, pre-
cautions shall be taken to prevent ignition by eliminating or con-
trolling sources of ignition. Sources of ignition may include open
flames, lightning, smoking, cutting and welding, hot surfaces,
frictional heat, sparks (static, electrical and mechanical), spon-
taneous ignition, chemical and physical-chemical reactions°and
radiant heat.
Section 16.27. Testing.
a. All tanks, whether shop-built or field-erected, shall be
•
strength tested before they are placed in service in accordance
with the applicable paragraphs of the Code or Standard referenced
in sections 16.21c(1), 16.21d(2), and 16.21e(2) under which
they were built. The ASME Code stamp, APT monogram, or the
label of the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. on a tank shall be
• evidence of compliance with this strength test. Tanks not so
marked shall be strength tested before they are placed in service
in accordance with good engineering principles.
b. When the vertical length of the fill and vent pipes is such
that when filled with liquid the static head imposed upon the
bottom of the tank exceeds 10 psi, the tank and related piping
shall be tested hydro8tatically to a. pressure equal to the_ static
head thus imposed. In special cases where the height of the vent
above the top of the tank is excessive the hydrostatic test pressure
shall be specified by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
c. In addition to the strength test called for in sections 16.27a
and 16.27b, all tanks and connections shall be tested for tightness.
Except for underground tanks, this tightness test shall be made
at operating pressure with air, inert gas or water prior to placing
the tank in service. In the case of field-erected tanks the strength
test may be considered to be the test for tank tightness. Under-
ground tanks and piping, before being covered, enclosed, or placed
in use, shall be tested for tightness hydrostatically, or with air
pressure at not less than 3 psi and not more than 5 psi.
103
SEC. 16.31 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
d. All leaks or deformations shall be corrected in an accept-
able manner before the tank is placed in service. Mechanical
caulking is not permitted for correcting leaks in welded tanks
except pin hole leaks in the roof.
e. Tanks to be operated at pressures below their design pres-
sure may be tested by the applicable provisions of sections 16.27a
or 16.27b based upon the pressure developed under full emergency
venting of the tank.
DIVISION III
PIPING, VALVES AND FITTINGS
Section 16.31. General.
a. The design (including selection of materials), fabrication,
assembly, test and inspection of piping systems containing flam-
mable or combustible liquids shall be suitable for the expected
working pressures, and structural stresses and shall be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Piping systems designed, fabricated,
assembled, tested and inspected for the expected working pressures
and structural stresses in conformance with the applicable pro-
visions of this code shall be deemed to be reasonably safe to
persons and property; on matters not covered in this code, con-
formity of piping system installations to the applicable standards
specified for this section 16.31a in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such piping systems are reasonably safe to persons
and property.
b. This division shall not apply to any of the following:
(1) Tubing or casing on any oil or gas wells and any
piping connected directly thereto.
(2) Motor vehicle, aircraft, boat or portable or stationary
engine.
(3) Piping within the scope of any applicable boiler and
pressure vessel Code.
c. Piping systems shall consist of pipe, flanges, bolting, gas-
kets, valves, fittings, the pressure containing parts of other com-
ponents such as expansion joints and strainers, and devices which
serve such purposes as mixing, separating, snubbing, distributing,
metering, or controlling flow.
Section 16.32. Materials for Piping, Valves and Fittings.
a. Materials for piping, valves or fittings shall be steel or
nodular iron except as provided in sections 16.32b through 16.32e.
104
DIV. III PIPING, VALVES AND FITTINGS SEC. 16.34
Nodular iron materials when used shall comply with the appli-
cable standard specified for this section 16.32a in article 31 of
this Code which shall be evidence that such materials are reason-
ably safe to persons and property.
b. Materials other than steel or nodular iron may be used
underground or if required by the properties of the flammable or
combustible liquid handled.
c. Materials other than steel or nodular iron shall be designed
to specifications embodying principles recognized as good engi-
neering design for the material used and shall be approved by the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
d. Piping, valves and fittings may have combustible or non-
combustible linings.
e. When low melting point materials such as aluminum and
brass or materials that soften on fire exposure such as plastic, or
nonductile materials such as cast iron, are necessary, special con-
sideration shall be given to their behavior on fire exposure. If such
materials are used in aboveground piping systems or inside build-
ings, they shall be suitably protected against fire exposure or so
`• located that any spill resulting from the failure of these materials
could not unduly expose persons, important buildings or struc-
tures or can be readily controlled by remote valves.
Section 16.33. Pipe Joints.
a. Joints shall be made liquid tight. Welded or screwed joints
j or approved connectors shall be used. Threaded joints and con-
nections shall be made up tight with a suitable lubricant or piping
compound.
b. Pipe joints dependent upon the friction characteristics of
combustible materials for mechanical continuity of piping shall
not be used inside buildings. They may be used outside of buildings
above or below ground. If used aboveground, the piping shall
either be secured to prevent disengagement at the fitting or the
piping system shall be so designed that any spill resulting from
such disengagement could not unduly expose persons, important
buildings or structures, and could be readily controlled by remote
valves.
Section 16.34. Supports.
Pipe systems shall be substantiallysupported and Pp protected
against physical damage and excessive stresses arising from set-
tlement, vibration, expansion or contraction.
105
SEC. 16.35 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Section 16.35. Protection Against Corrosion.
All piping for flammable liquids, both aboveground and under-
ground, where subject to external corrosion, shall be painted or
otherwise protected.
Section 16.36. Valves.
Piping systems shall contain a sufficient number of valves to
operate the system properly and to protect the plant. Piping sys-
tems in connection with pumps shall contain a sufficient number of
valves to control properly the flow of liquid in normal operation
and in the event of physical damage. Each connection to pipe
lines, by which equipment such a tank cars or tank vehicles
discharge liquids by means of pumps into storage tanks, shall be
provided with a check valve for automatic protection against
back-flow if the piping arrangement is such that backflow from
the system is possible.
Section 16.37. Testing.
All piping before being covered, enclosed or placed in use
shall be hydrostatically tested to 150% of the maximum antici- \
pated pressure of the system, or pneumatically tested to 110% of
the maximum anticipated pressure of the system, but not less than
5 pounds per square inch gage at the highest point of the system.
This test shall be maintained for a sufficient time to complete
visual inspection of all joints and connections, but for at least 10
minutes.
DIVISION IV
CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK STORAGE
Section 16.41. Scope.
a. This division shall apply only to the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids in drums or other containers (including
flammable aerosols) not exceeding 60 gallons individual capacity
and those portable tanks not exceeding 660 gallons individual
capacity.
b. This division shall not apply to the following:
(1) Storage of containers in bulk plants, service stations,
refineries, chemical plants and distilleries;
(2) Flammable liquids in the fuel tanks of a motor vehicle,
aircraft,boat, or portable or stationary engine;
106
DIV.IV CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.42
(3) Flammable or combustible paints, oils, varnishes and
similar mixtures used for painting or maintenance when not kept
for a period in excess of 30 days.
(4) Beverages when packaged in individual containers not
exceeding one gallon in size.
Section 16.42. Design, Construction, and Capacity of Con-
tainers.
a. Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used.
Metal containers and portable tanks meeting the requirements of
and containing products authorized by Chapter I, Title 49, of
the Code of Federal Regulations (DOT Regulations), shall be
deemed to be acceptable.
b. Each portable tank shall be provided with one or more
devices installed in the top with sufficient emergency venting
capacity to limit internal pressure under fire exposure conditions to
10 psig, or 30 per cent of the bursting pressure of the tank, which-
ever is greater. The total venting capacity shall be not less than
that specified in sections 16.22f(3) and 16.22f(5). At least one
pressure-actuated vent having a minimum capacity of 6,000 cu ft
of free air (14.7 psig and 60°F) shall be used. It shall be set to
open at not less than 5 psig. If fusible vents are used, they shall
be actuated by elements that operate at a temperature not exceed-
ing 300°F.
c. Flammable and combustible liquids packaged for sale or use
shall conform to Table 16.42c.
Table 16.42c. Maximum Allowable Size of Containers
and Portable Tanks
Flammable Liquids Combustible
Container Liquids
Type Class IA Class IB Class IC Class II Class III
Glass or
approved plastic 1 pt. 1 qt. 1 gal. 1 gal. 1 gal.
Metal(Other
Than DOT
Drums) 1 gal. 5 gal. 5 gal. 5 gal. 5 gal.
Safety Cans 2 gal. 5 gal. 5 gal. 5 gal. 5 gal.
Metal Drums
(DOT Spec.) 60 gal. 60 gal. 60 gal. 60 gal. 60 gal.
Approved
Portable Tanks 660 gal. 660 gal. 660 gal. 660 gal. 660 gal.
Container Exemptions:
(a) Medicines, beverages,foodstuffs,cosmetics,and other common consumer items,
107
SEC. 16.43 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
when packaged according to commonly accepted practices,shall be exempt from
the requirements of sections 16.42a and 16.42c.
(b) Upon presentation of satisfactory proof that storage of flammable or combustible
liquids in metal containers would affect their chemical purity or result in excessive
corrosion of the container, the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may
approve other containers.
Section 16.43. Design, Construction, and Capacity of Storage
Cabinets.
a. Not more than 60 gallons of flammable or combustible
liquids may be stored in a storage cabinet. No individual container
may exceed 5 gallons capacity.
b. Metal cabinets shall be constructed in the following manner
or built to equivalent requirements. The bottom, top, door and
sides of cabinet shall be at least No. 18 gage sheet iron and double
walled with 11/2-inch air space. Joints shall be riveted, welded
or made tight by some equally effective means. The door shall be
provided with a three-point lock, and the door sill shall be raised
at least two inches above the bottom of the cabinet. When deemed
necessary by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, cabinets
shall be'vented. The cabinet shall be conspicuously labeled in
red letters "FLAMMABLE—KEEP FIRE AWAY."
Section 16.44. Design, Construction, and Capacity of Inside
Storage Rooms.
a. Inside Storage Rooms shall have walls, floors and ceilings
of noncombustible materials with a fire resistance rating as re-
quired in section 16.44d. Openings to other rooms or buildings
shall be provided with noncombustible liquid-tight raised sills or
ramps at least four inches in height,or the floor in the storage area
shall be at least four inches below the surrounding floor. Openings
shall be provided with approved self-closing fire doors. The room '+
shall be liquidtight where the walls join the floor. A permissible
alternate to the sill or ramp is an open-grated trench inside of the
room which drains to a safe location. Where other portions of the
building or other properties are exposed, windows shall be pro-
tected in an approved manner. Wood at least one inch nominal
thickness may be used for shelving, racks, dunnage, scuffboards,
floor overlay and similar installations. Heating shall be restricted
to low pressure steam or hot water or electric units complying with
section 16.44b.
b. Electrical wiring and equipment located in Inside Storage
Rooms shall be reasonably safe to persons and property. Where
electrical wiring and equipment located in such rooms using
Class I liquids is installed, evidence that such electrical wiring and
108
DIV. IV CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.45
equipment is approved for Class I, Division 2 hazardous locations
and has been installed in accordance with the applicable standard
specified for this section 16.44b in article 31 of this Code shall
be evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably
safe to persons and property. Also, where electrical wiring and
equipment located in such rooms using Class II and III liquids,
evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is approved for
general use and has been installed in accordance with the ap-
plicable standard specified for this section 16.44b in article 31 of
this Code shall be evidence that such electrical wiring and equip-
ment is reasonably safe to persons and property.
c. Every Inside Storage Room shall be provided with either
a gravity or a mechanical exhaust ventilation system. Such sys-
tem shall be designed to provide for a complete change of air
within the room at least six times per hour. If a mechanical ex-
haust system is used, it shall be controlled by a switch located
outside of the room. The ventilating equipment and any lighting
fixtures shall be operated by the same switch. Where gravity venti-
lation is provided, the fresh air intake, as well as the exhaust
outlet from the room, shall be on the exterior of the building in
which the room is located.
d. In every Inside Storage Room there shall be maintained one
clear aisle at least three feet wide. Containers over 30 gallons
capacity shall not be stacked one upon the other. Dispensing shall
be by approved pump or self-closing faucet only. Storage shall
comply with the following:
Total Allowable
Quantiies
Fire Protection* Fire Resistance Maximum Gals./sq.fttof floor
Provided Rating Floor Area area
yes 2 hour 500 sq.ft. 10
no 2 hour 500 sq.ft. 4
yes 1 hour 150 sq.ft. 5
no 1 hour 150 sq.ft. 2
*Fire protection system shall be sprinkler,water spray,carbon dioxide or other sys-
tem approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 16.45. Storage Inside Buildings.
a. Flammable or combustible liquids, including stock for sale,
shall not be stored so as to limit use of exits, stairways or areas
normally used for the safe egress of people.
b. The storage of flammable or combustible liquids in con-
109
SEC. 16.45 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
tainers or portable tanks shall comply with sections 16.45c through
16.45h, except that the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention
may impose a quantity limitation or require greater protection
where unusual hazard to life or property is involved. Increase of
these amounts may be authorized where the type of construction,
fire protection provided, or other factors substantially reduce the
hazard.
c. DWELLINGS AND APARTMENT HOUSES CONTAINING NOT
MORE THAN THREE DWELLING UNITS AND ACCOMPANYING
ATTACHED AND DETACHED GARAGES: Storage in excess of 25
gallons shall be prohibited, not including fuel oil for oil burner
service.
d. ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES, APARTMENT HOUSES CONTAIN-
ING MORE THAN THREE DWELLING UNITS, AND HOTELS: Storage
in excess of 10 gallons shall be in containers stored in a storage
cabinet or in safety cans or in an Inside Storage Room not having
an opening communicating with that portion of the building used
by the public. Storage quantities shall be limited to that required
for building and equipment operation or maintenance not includ-
ing fuel oil for oil burner service.
e. OFFICE OCCUPANCIES: Storage shall be prohibited except
that which is required for maintenance and operation of building
and operation of equipment. Such storage shall be kept in closed
metal containers stored in a storage cabinet or in safety cans or in
an Inside Storage Room not having a door that opens into that
portion of the building used by the public.
f. EDUCATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCIES: Storage
shall be limited to that required for maintenance, demonstration,
treatment, and laboratory work not including fuel oil for oil burner
service. All liquids in laboratories and at other points of use shall
meet the following storage provisions:
(1) No glass or approved plastic container shall exceed the
capacity requirements of Table 16.42c and safety cans shall not
exceed two gallons capacity.
(2) Not more than 10 gallons of flammable or combustible
liquids, not in safety cans, plus 25 gallons in safety cans shall
be stored outside of a storage cabinet or storage room.
(3) Quantities of flammable and combustible liquids in ex-
cess of those set forth in this section 16.45f shall be stored in an
Inside Storage Room or storage cabinet.
110
DIV. IV CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.45
g. MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES AND OTHER RETAIL STORES:
(1) In rooms or areas accessible to the public, storage shall
be limited to quantities needed for display and normal mer-
chandising purposes but shall not exceed two gallons per square
foot of gross floor area. The gross floor area used for computing
the maximum quantity permitted shall be considered as that
portion of the store actually being used for merchandising flam-
mable and combustible liquids.
(2) Where the aggregate quantity of additional stock exceeds
60 gallons of Class IA, 120 gallons of Class IB, 180 gallons of
Class IC, 240 gallons of Class II, or 500 gallons of combustible
liquids or any combination of flammable liquids exceeding 240
gallons, it shall be stored in a room or portion of the building
that complies with the construction provisions for an Inside
Storage Room as provided in section 16.44. For water miscible
liquids, these quantities may be doubled.
(3) Containers in display area shall not be stacked more
than three feet or two containers high, whichever is the greater,
unless on fixed shelving or otherwise satisfactorily secured.
(4) Shelving shall be of stable construction, of sufficient
depth and arrangement such that containers displayed thereon
shall not be easily displaced.
h. GENERAL PURPOSE PUBLIC WAREHOUSES: Storage shall be
in accordance with Table 16.45a or 16.45b and in buildings or in
portions of such buildings cut off by standard fire walls. Material
creating no fire exposure hazard to the flammable or combustible
liquids may be stored in the same area.
i. FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID WAREHOUSES OR
STORAGE BUILDINGS:
(1) If a storage building is located 50 feet or less from a
building or line of adjoining property that may be built upon, the
exposing wall shall be a blank wall having a fire resistance rating
of at least two hours. In particular installations, the distance re-
quirements between the storage building and other buildings
may be altered at the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention after consideration of the height, size and char-
acter of construction and occupancy of the exposed buildings.
At the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention,
approved self-closing fire doors suitable for Class D openings
may be installed in a standard manner on the otherwise blank
walls.
111
TABLE 16.45a FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(2) The total quantity of liquids within a building shall not
be restricted, but the arrangement of storage shall comply with
Tables 16.45a or 16.45b.
(3) Containers in piles shall be separated by pallets or dun-
nage where necessary to provide stability and to prevent exces-
sive stress on container walls.
(4) Portable tanks stored over one tier high shall be de-
signed to nest securely, without dunnage, and adequate materials
handling equipment shall be available to handle tanks safely at
the upper tier level.
(5) No pile shall be closer than three feet to the nearest
beam, chord, girder or other obstructions, and shall be three
feet below sprinkler deflectors or discharge orifices of water
spray, or other overhead fire protection systems.
(6) Aisles at least three feet wide shall be provided where
necessary for reasons of access to doors, windows or standpipe
connections.
Table 16.45a. Indoor Container Storage
Protected Storage* Unprotected Storage
Maximum per Pile Maximum per Pile
Class Storage
Liquid Level Gals. Height Gals. Height
(See Note 3) (See 3)
IA Ground 2,750 3 ft. 660 3 ft.
and Upper Floors (50)** (1)** (12)** (1)**
Basement NOT PERMITTED NOT PERMITTED
IB Ground 5,500 6 ft. 1,375 3 ft.
and Upper Floors (100) (2) (25) (1)
Basement NOT PERMITTED NOT PERMITTED
IC Ground 16,500 6 ft. 4,125 3 ft.
and Upper Floors (300) (2) (75) (1)
Basement NOT PERMITTED NOT PERMITTED
II Ground 16,500 9 ft. 4,125 9 ft.
and Upper Floors (300) (3) (75) (3)
Basement 5,500 9 ft. NOT PERMITTED
(100) (3) I
Combus- Ground 55,000 15 ft. 13,750 12 ft.
tible and Upper Floors (1,000) (5) (250) (4)
Basement 8,250 9 ft. NOT PERMITTED
(450) (3)
112
DIV. IV CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.46
*A sprinkler or equivalent fire protection system approved by the Chief of the
Bureau of Fire Prevention.
**(Numbers in parentheses indicate corresponding number of 55-gallon drums.)
NOTE 1—When two or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile,the maxi-
mum gallonage permitted in that pile shall be the smallest of the two or more separate
maximum gallonages.
NOTE 2—Aisles shall be provided so that no container is more than 12 feet from an
aisle. Main aisles shall be at least eight feet wide and side aisles at least four feet wide.
NOTE 3—Each pile shall be separated from each other pile by at least four feet. When
stored on suitably protected racks or when the storage is suitably protected,containers
may be piled up to the height limits in 16.45i(5) where approved by the Chief of the
Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Table 16.45b. Indoor Portable Tank Storage
Protected Storage* Unprotected Storage
Class Storage Maximum per Pile Maximum per Pile
Liquid Level Gals. Height Gals. Height
IA Ground
and Upper Floors NOT PERMITTED NOT PERMITTED
Basement NOT PERMITTED NOT PERMITTED
IB Ground
and Upper Floors 20,000 7 ft. 2,000 7 ft.
Basement NOT PERMITTED NOT PERMITTED
IC Ground
and Upper Floors 40,000 14 ft. 5,500 7 ft.
Basement NOT PERMITTED NOT PERMITTED
II Ground
and Upper Floors 40,000 14 ft. 5,500 7 ft.
Basement 20,000 7 ft. NOT PERMITTED
Combus- Ground
tible and Upper Floors 60,000 14 ft. 22,000 7 ft.
Basement 20,000 7 ft. NOT PERMITTED
*Asterisk note and Notes 1,2,and 3 of Table 16.45a shall apply.
Section 16.46. Storage Outside Buildings.
a. Storage outside buildings shall be in accordance with Table
16.46a or 16.46b.
b. A maximum of 1,100 gallons of flammable or combustible
liquids may be located adjacent to buildings located on the same
premises and under the same management provided the provisions
of sections 16.46b(1) and 16.46b(2) are complied with.
(1) The building shall be a one-story building devoted
principally to the handling and storing of flammable or com-
113
TABLE 16.46a FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Table 16.46a. Outdoor Container Storage
1 2 3 4 5
Distance to
Maximum Distance Property Line Distance to
Per Pile Between That Can Be Street,Alley,
Gallons Piles Built Upon Public Way
Class (See Note 1) (See Note 2) (See Notes 3 &4) (See Note 4)
IA 1,100 5 ft. 20 ft. 10 ft.
IB 2,200 5 ft. 20 ft. 10 ft.
IC 4,400 5 ft. 20 ft. 10 ft.
II 8,800 5 ft. 10 ft. 5 ft.
Combustible 22,000 5 ft. 10 ft. 5 ft.
NOTE 1—When two or more classes of materials are stored in a single pile,the maxi-
mum gallonage in that pile shall be the smallest of the two or more separate gallonages.
NOTE 2—Within 200 feet of each portable tank,there shall be a 12-foot wide access
way to permit approach of fire control apparatus.
NOTE 3—The distances listed apply to properties that have protection for exposures
as defined. If there are exposures,and such protection for exposures does not exist,the
distances in column four shall be doubled.
NOTE 4—When total quantity stored does not exceed 50%of maximum per pile,the
distances in columns four and five may be reduced 50%,but not less than three feet.
bustible liquids or the building shall have exterior walls with a
fire resistance rating of at least two hours and having no open-
ing within 10 feet of such storage.
(2) Where quantity stored exceeds 1,100 gallons, or pro-
visions of section 16.46b(1) cannot be met, a minimum distance
of 10 feet between buildings and nearest container of flammable
or combustible liquid shall be maintained.
c. The storage area shall be graded in a manner to divert
possible spills away from buildings or other exposures or shall be
surrounded by a curb at least six inches high. When curbs are
used, provisions shall be made for draining of accumulations of
ground or rain water or spills of flammable or combustible.liquids.
Drains shall terminate at a safe location and shall be accessible to
operation under fire conditions.
Table 16.46b. Outdoor Portable Tank Storage
1 2 3 4 5
Distance to
Maximum Distance Property Line Distance to
Per Pile Between That Can Be Street,Alley,
Class Gallons Piles Built Upon Public Way
IA 2,200 5 ft. 20 ft. 10 ft.
IB 4,400 5 ft. 20 ft. 10 ft.
IC 8,800 5 ft. 20 ft. 10 ft.
II 17,600 5 ft. 10 ft. 5 ft.
Combustible 44,000 5 ft. 10 ft. 5 ft.
Notes 1,2,3,and 4 of Table 16.46a shall apply.
114
DIV.V INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND PROCESSING PLANTS SEC. 16.51
d. Storage area shall be protected against tampering or tres-
passers where necessary and shall be kept free of weeds, debris and
other combustible material not necessary to the storage.
Section 16.47. Fire Control.
a. Suitable fire control devices, such as small hose or portable
fire extinguishers, shall be available at locations where flammable
or combustible liquids are stored.
(1) At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating
of not less than 10-B units shall be located outside of, but not
more than 10 feet from, the door opening into any room used
for storage.
(2) At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating
of not less than 10-B units shall be located not less than 10
feet, nor more than 25 feet, from any flammable liquid storage
area located outside of a storage room but inside a building.
b. Where automatic extinguishing systems are provided they
shall be installed to provide reasonable safety to persons and
property. Evidence that such systems are installed in accordance
with the applicable standard specified for this section 16.47b in
article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such systems pro-
vide reasonable safety to persons and property.
c. Open flames and smoking shall not be permitted in flam-
mable or combustible liquid storage areas.
d. Materials which will react with water shall not be stored in
the same room with flammable or combustible liquids.
DIVISION V
INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND PROCESSING PLANTS
Section 16.51. Scope.
a. INDUSTRIAL PLANTS.
(1) This division shall apply to those industrial plants where:
(a) the use of flammable or combustible liquids is incidental to
the principal business, (section 16.52); or (b) where flam-
mable or combustible liquids are handled or used only in unit
physical operations such as mixing, drying, evaporating, filter-
ing, distillation, and similar operations which do not involve
chemical reaction, (section 16.53).
(2) Where portions of industrial plants involve chemical
reactions as described in section 16.51b, those portions of the
plant shall meet the requirements for Processing Plants.
115
SEC. 16.52 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
b. PROCESSING PLANTS. •
This division shall also apply to processing plants or processing
buildings which contain chemical operations such as oxidation,
reduction, halogenation, hydrogenation, alkylation, polymeriza-
tion, and other chemical processes but shall not apply to chemical .:
plants, refineries or distilleries as defined which are covered in 1
division VIII, Refineries, Chemical Plants and Distilleries. X
Section 16.52. Incidental Storage or Use of Flammable and 1
Combustible Liquids in Industrial Plants. 1
a. Section 16.52 shall be applicable to those portions of an
industrial plant where the use and handling of flammable or
combustible liquids is only incidental to the principal business.
b. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be stored in tanks
or closed containers.
(1) Except as provided in sections 16.52b(2) and 16.52
b(3) all storage in storage cabinets and inside storage rooms
shall comply with section 16.42 and 16.43 of division IV, Con-
tainer Storage.
(2) The quantity of liquid that may be located outside of
an inside storage room or storage cabinet in a building or in any
one fire area of a building shall not exceed:
(a) 25 gallons of Class IA liquids in containers; and
(b) 120 gallons of Class IB, IC, II or III liquids in con-
tainers; and
(c) One portable tank not exceeding 660 gallons of Class
IB,IC, II or III liquids.
(3) Where large quantities of flammable or combustible 1
liquids are necessary, storage shall be in tanks which shall com-
ply with the applicable requirements of division II, Tank Stor-
age.
c. Rooms in which flammable or combustible liquids are trans-
ferred from one tank or container to another container in quanti-
ties requiring a permit shall be separated from other operations
in the building by walls, floors or roof and ceiling assemblies of
noncombustible material having a fire resistance rating of not less 1
than 2 hours. Rooms shall have at least one exterior wall. Door t
openings shall be provided with noncombustible liquid-tight sills at
least 4 inches high and provided with an approved self-closing fire !
door. Adequate drainage to a safe location shall be provided. Ade- !
quate natural or mechanical ventilation shall be provided. Heating 1
shall be by low pressure steam or hot water or by electrical units. 1
1
116 i
a
DIV.V INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND PROCESSING PLANTS SEC. 16.53
All electrical wiring and equipment shall comply with section
16.55e(2).
d. HANDLING LIQUIDS AT POINT OF FINAL USE IN INDUSTRIAL
PLANTS.
(1) Flammable liquids shall be kept in covered containers
when not actually in use.
(2) Where flammable or combustible liquids are used or
handled, except in closed containers, means shall be provided to
dispose promptly and safely of leakage or spills.
(3) Class I liquids shall be used only where there are no
open flames or other sources of ignition within the possible
path of vapor travel and provided flammable vapor-air mixtures
do not occur beyond a 5 foot radius from the point of use.
Point of use areas not meeting this requirement shall be venti-
lated and comply with section 16.55b.
(4) Flammable or combustible liquids shall be drawn from
or transferred into vessels, containers or portable tanks within a
building only through a closed piping system, from safety cans,
by means of a device drawing through the top, or from a con-
tainer or portable tank by gravity through an approved self-
closing valve. Transferring by means of air pressure on the
container or portable tanks shall be prohibited.
Section 16.53. Unit Physical Operations in Industrial Plants.
a. Section 16.53 shall be applicable in those portions of indus-
trial plants where flammable or combustible liquids are handled
or used in unit physical operations such as mixing, drying, evap-
orating, filtering, distillation, and similar operations which do not
involve chemical change.
b. Industrial plants shall be located so that each building or
unit of equipment is accessible from at least one side for fire
fighting and fire control purposes. Buildings shall be located with
respect to lines of adjoining property which may be built upon as
set forth in sections 16.54a(1) and 16.54a(2) except that the
blank wall referred to in section 16.54a(2) shall have a fire re-
sistance rating of at least two hours.
c. Areas where unstable liquids are handled or small scale unit
chemical processes are carried on shall be separated from the re-
mainder of the plant by a noncombustible wall having a fire
resistance rating of at least two hours.
117
SEC. 16.54 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Section 16.54. Processing Plants.
a. LOCATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF PROCESSING PLANTS.
(1) The location of each processing vessel shall be based
upon its flammable or combustible liquid capacity. Processing
vessels shall be located, with respect to distances to lines of
adjoining property which may be built upon, in accordance with
Table 16.54a(1), except when the processing plant is designed
in accordance with section 16.54a(2).
Table 16.54a(1)
Processing Vessels with Emergency Relief
Venting to Permit Pressure Stable Liquids Unstable Liquids
Not in excess of 2.5 psig Table 16.22b(5)* 2%times
Table 16.22b(5)*
Over 2.5 psig 1%times 4 times
Table 16.22b(5)* Table 16.22b(5)*
*Double distances where protection of exposure is not provided.
(2) The distances required in section 16.54a(1) may be
waived when the vessels are housed within a building and the
exterior wall facing the line of adjoining property which may be
built upon is a blank wall having a fire resistance rating of
not less than four hours. When Class IA or unstable liquids
are handled, the blank wall shall have explosion resistance. Ex-
plosion venting shall be provided through one or more of the
following methods: (a) open air construction; (b) lightweight
walls and roof; (c) lightweight wall panels and roof hatches;
(d) windows of explosion venting type. Construction for explo-
sion venting shall be reasonably safe to persons and property.
Evidence that construction for explosion venting is in accord-
ance with the applicable standard specified for this section
16.54a(2) in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that
such construction is reasonably safe to persons and property.
(3) Processing buildings shall be of fire resistive or non-
combustible construction, except heavy timber construction with
load-bearing walls may be permitted for plants utilizing only
stable Class II or Class III liquids. Except as provided in
section 16.54a(2) or in the case of explosion resistant walls
used in conjunction with explosion relieving facilities, load-
bearing walls shall be prohibited. Buildings shall be without-
basements or covered pits.
118
DIV.V INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND PROCESSING PLANTS SEC. 16.54
(4) Areas shall have adequate exit facilities arranged to
prevent occupants from being trapped in the event of fire. Exits
shall not be exposed by the drainage facilities described in
section 16.55a.
b. LIQUID HANDLING AT PROCESS PLANTS.
(1) STORAGE.
(a) The storage of flammable or combustible liquids in
tanks shall be in accordance with the applicable provisions of
division II, Tank Storage.
(b) If the storage of flammable or combustible liquids in
outside aboveground or underground tanks is not practical
because of government regulations, temperature considera-
tions or production considerations, tanks may be permitted
inside of buildings or structures in accordance with the
applicable provisions of division II, Tank Storage.
(c) Storage tanks inside of buildings shall be permitted
only in areas at or above grade which have adequate drain-
age and are separated from the processing area by construc-
tion having a fire resistance rating of at least two hours. This
shall not apply to processing equipment containing flammable
or combustible liquids in such quantities as are essential to
continuity of daily operations. Day tanks, running tanks,
surge tanks, and feed tanks are permitted in process areas.
(d) The storage of flammable or combustible liquids in
containers shall be in accordance with the applicable provi-
sions of division IV, Container and Portable Tank Storage.
(2) PIPING, VALVES AND FITTINGS.
(a) Piping, valves and fittings shall be in accordance with
division III, Piping, Valves and Fittings.
(b) Approved flexible connectors may be used where
vibration exists or where frequent movement is necessary.
Approved hose may be used at transfer stations.
(c) Piping containing flammable or combustible liquids
shall be identified.
(3) TRANSFER.
(a) The transfer of large quantities of flammable or com-
bustible liquids shall be through piping by means of pumps or
water displacement. Except as required in process equipment,
gravity flow shall not be used. The use of compressed air as a
transferring medium shall be prohibited.
119
SEC. 16.55 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(b) Positive displacement pumps shall be provided with
pressure relief discharging back to the tank or to pump
suction.
(4) EQUIPMENT.
(a) Equipment shall be designed and arranged to prevent
the unintentional escape of liquids and vapors and to mini-
mize the quantity escaping in the event of accidental release.
(b) Where the vapor space of equipment is usually within
the flammable range and where the special hazards of opera-
tion, sources of ignition, or exposures indicate a need, pro- k
tection shall be provided by one or more of the following
means: inerting, explosion suppression systems, or by de-
signing the equipment to contain the peak explosion pressure
which may be modified by explosion relief. Inerting shall be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that inert-
ing methods are in accordance with the applicable standard
for this section 16.54b(4)(b) shall be evidence that inerting
methods are reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 16.55. General Requirements for Industrial Plants and •
Processing Plants.
a. DRAINAGE.
(1) Emergency drainage systems shall be provided to direct
flammable or combustible liquid leakage and fire protection
water to a safe location. This may require curbs, scuppers, or
special drainage systems to control the spread of fire, and shall
comply with division II Tank Storage, section 16.22h(2).
(2) Emergency drainage systems, if connected to public
sewers or discharged into public waterways, shall be equipped
with traps or separators.
(3) The plant shall be designed and operated to prevent the
normal discharge of flammable or combustible liquids into
public waterways, public sewers, or adjoining property.
b. VENTILATION.
(1) Areas with unit physical operations using Class I liquids
at industrial plants and enclosed buildings at processing plants
shall be ventilated at a rate of not less than one cubic foot per
minute per square foot of solid floor area. This shall be accom-
plished by natural or mechanical ventilation with discharge or
exhaust to a safe location outside of the building. Provision shall
be made for introduction of make-up air in such a manner as
120
DIV.V INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND PROCESSING PLANTS SEC. 16.55
not to short circuit the ventilation. Ventilation shall be arranged
to include all floor areas or pits where flammable vapors may
collect.
(2) Equipment used in a building and the ventilation of the
building shall be designed so as to limit flammable vapor-air
mixtures under normal operating conditions to the interior of
equipment, and to not more than five feet from equipment
which exposes Class I liquids to the air.
C. TANK VEHICLE AND TANK CAR LOADING AND UNLOADING.
(1) Tank vehicle and tank car loading or unloading facilities
shall be separated from aboveground tanks, warehouses, other
plant buildings or nearest line of adjoining property which may
be built upon by a distance of 25 feet for Class I liquids and
15 feet for Class II and Class III liquids measured from the
nearest position of any fill stem. Buildings for pumps or shelters
for personnel may be a part of the facility. Operations of the
facility shall comply with the applicable portions of section
16.64 of division VI, Bulk Plants.
d. FIRE CONTROL.
(1) Approved portable fire extinguishers of appropriate
size, type and number shall be provided.
(2) Where the special hazards of operation or exposure
indicate a need, the following fire control provisions shall be
provided.
(a) A reliable water supply shall be available in pressure
and quantity adequate to meet the probable fire demands.
(b) Hydrants shall be provided in accordance with ac-
cepted good practice.
(c) Processing plants shall have hose connected to a
source of water so that all vessels, pumps, and other equip-
ment containing flammable or combustible liquids can be
reached with at least one hose stream. Nozzles that are capa-
ble of discharging a water spray shall be provided.
(d) Processing plants shall be protected by an approved
automatic sprinkler system or equivalent extinguishing sys-
tem. If special extinguishing systems including but not limited
to those employing foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical are
provided, approved equipment shall be used and installed
in an approved manner.
(3) An approved means for prompt notification of fire to
those within the plant and any public fire department available
121
SEC. 16.55 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
shall be provided. Where service is available, a public fire alarm
box shall be located nearby if required by the Chief of the Fire
Prevention Bureau.
(4) All plant fire protection facilities shall be adequately
maintained and periodically inspected and tested to make sure
they are always in satisfactory operating condition and they will
serve their purpose in time of emergency.
e. SOURCES OF IGNITION.
(1) GENERAL.
(a) Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent the
ignition of flammable vapors. Sources of ignition include but
are not limited to open flames;lightning; smoking; cutting and
welding; hot surfaces; frictional heat; static, electrical and
mechanical sparks; spontaneous ignition, including heat-pro-
ducing
chemical reactions; and radiant heat.
(b) Class I liquids shall not be dispensed into containers
unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected.
Where the metallic floorplate on which the container stands
while filling is electrically connected to the fill stem or
where the fill stem is bonded to the container during filling
operations by means of a bond wire, the provisions of this
section shall be deemed to have been complied with.
(2) ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.
(a) All electrical wiring and equipment shall be installed
so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence
that the installation of such electrical wiring and equipment
is in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 16.55e(2)(a) in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such equipment and wiring is reasonably safe to
persons and property.
(b) Locations where flammable vapor-air mixtures may
exist under normal operations shall be classified Class I, Divi-
sion 1. For those pieces of equipment installed in accordance
with section 16.55b(2), the Division 1 area shall extend five
feet in all directions from all points of vapor liberation. All
areas within pits shall be classified Division 1 if any part of
the pit is within a Division 1 or 2 classified area, unless the
pit is provided with mechanical ventilation.
(c) Locations where flammable vapor-air mixtures may
exist under abnormal conditions and for a distance beyond
122
4
DIV.V INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND PROCESSING PLANTS SEC. 16.55
Division 1 locations shall be classified Division 2. These
locations include an area within 20 feet horizontally, three
feet vertically beyond a Division 1 area, and up to three feet
above floor or grade level within 25 feet, if indoors, or 10
feet if outdoors, from any pump, bleeder, withdrawal fitting,
meter, or similar device handling Class I liquids. Pits pro-
vided with adequate mechanical ventilation within a Division
1 or 2 area shall be classified Division 2. If Class II or Class
III liquids only are handled, then ordinary electrical equip-
ment is satisfactory though care shall be used in locating
electrical apparatus to prevent hot metal from falling into
open equipment. When the release of heated flammable or
combustible liquids or unheated Class I flammable liquids
generate sufficient vapors, the entire building, and possibly
a zone surrounding it, shall be considered a Class I, Division
2 location.
(d) Where the provisions of section 16.55e(2)(a), 16.55
e(2)(b), and 16.55e(2)(c) require the installation of elec-
trical equipment suitable for Class I, Division 1 or Division
2 locations, ordinary electrical equipment including switch-
gear may be used if installed in a room or enclosure which
is maintained under positive pressure with respect to the
hazardous area. Ventilation make-up air shall be uncontami-
nated by flammable vapors.
(3) MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR.
(a) When necessary to do maintenance work in a flam-
mable or combustible liquid processing area, the work shall
be authorized by a responsible supervisor.
(b) Hot work, such as welding or cutting operations, use
of spark-producing power tools, and chipping operations shall
be permitted only under supervision of an individual in
responsible charge. The individual in responsible charge shall
make an inspection of the area to be sure that it is safe for
the work to be done and that safe procedures will be fol-
lowed for the work specified.
f. HOUSEKEEPING.
(1) Maintenance and operating practices shall be in accord-
ance with established procedures which will tend to control
leakage and prevent the accidental escape of flammable or com-
bustible liquids. Spills shall be cleaned up promptly.
(2) Adequate aisles shall be maintained for unobstructed
123
SEC. 16.61 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS C
movement of personnel and so that fire protection equipment
can be brought to bear on any part of flammable or combustible
liquid storage, unit physical operation, or any part of the
processing equipment.
(3) Combustible waste material and residues in a building
or unit operating area shall be kept to a minimum, stored in
covered metal receptacles and disposed of daily.
(4) Ground area around buildings and unit operating areas
shall be kept free of weeds, trash or other unnecessary com-
bustible materials.
DIVISION VI
BULK PLANTS
Section 16.61. Location of Plants.
No new bulk plants shall be constructed within the limits
established by law as limits of the districts in which such plants
are prohibited.
Section 16.62. Storage.
a. Class I liquids shall be stored in closed containers, or in
storage tanks aboveground outside of buildings, or underground
in accordance with division II, Tank Storage.
b. Class II or III liquids shall be stored in containers, or
in tanks within buildings or aboveground outside of buildings, or
underground in accordance with division II, Tank Storage.
c. Containers of flammable or combustible liquids when piled
one upon the other shall be separated by dunnage sufficient to
provide stability and to prevent excessive stress on container walls.
The height of pile shall be consistent with stability and strength
of containers.
Section 16.63. Buildings.
a. EXITS. Rooms storing flammable or combustible liquids or in
which flammable or combustible liquids are handled by pumps
shall have exit facilities approved by the Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention.
b. HEATING. Rooms in which Class I liquids are stored or A
handled shall be heated only by means not constituting a source
of ignition such as steam or hot water. Rooms containing heating
appliances involving sources of ignition shall be located and ar-
ranged to prevent entry of flammable vapors.
124
Div. VI BULK PLANTS SEC. 16.64
C. VENTILATION.
(1) Ventilation shall be provided for all rooms, buildings,
or enclosures in which Class I liquids are pumped or dispensed.
Design of ventilation shall take into account the relatively
high specific gravity of the vapors. Ventilation may be pro-
vided by adequate openings in outside walls at floor level
unobstructed except by louvers or coarse screens. Where natural
ventilation is impracticable, mechanical ventilation shall be pro-
vided.
(2) Class I liquids shall not be stored or handled within a
building having a basement or pit into which flammable vapors
may travel, unless such area is provided with ventilation de-
signed to prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors therein.
(3) Containers of Class I liquids shall not be drawn from
or filled within buildings unless provision is made to prevent
the accumulation of flammable vapors in hazardous concen-
trations. Where mechanical ventilation is required, it shall be
kept in operation while flammable or combustible liquids are
being handled.
Section 16.64. Loading and Unloading Facilities.
a. LOCATION AND EQUIPMENT.
(1) Tank vehicle and tank car loading or unloading facilities
shall be separated from aboveground tanks, warehouses, other
plant buildings or nearest line of adjoining property that may be
built upon by a distance of 25 feet for Class I liquids and 15
feet for Class II and Class III liquids measured from the near-
est position of any fill spout. Buildings for pumps or shelters
ti for personnel may be a part of the facility.
(2) Equipment such as piping, pumps, and meters used for
the transfer of Class I liquids between storage tanks and the fill
stem of the loading rack shall not be used for the transfer of
Class II or Class III liquids.
(3) Valves used for the final control for filling tank vehicles
shall be of the self-closing type and manually held open except
where automatic means are provided for shutting off the flow
when the vehicle is full or after filling of a preset amount.
b. STATIC PROTECTION.
(1) Bonding facilities for protection against static sparks
during the loading of tank vehicles through open domes shall
be provided (a) where Class I liquids are loaded, or (b) where
Class II or Class III liquids are loaded into vehicles which may
125
SEC. 16.64 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
contain vapors from previous cargoes of Class I liquids.
(2) Protection as required in section 16.64b(1) shall consist
of a metallic bond wire permanently electrically connected to
the fill stem or to some part of the rack structure in electrical
contact with the fill stem. The free end of such wire shall be
provided with a clamp or equivalent device for convenient at-
tachment to some metallic part in electrical contact with the
cargo tank of the tank vehicle.
(3) Such bonding connection shall be made fast to the
vehicle or tank before dome covers are raised and shall remain
in place until filling is completed and all dome covers have been
closed and secured.
(4) Bonding as specified in sections 16.64b(1), 16.64b(2),
and 16.64b(3) is not required: (a) where vehicles are loaded
exclusively with products not having a static accumulating
tendency, such as asphalt, most crude oils, residual oils and'
water soluble liquids; (b) where no Class I liquids are handled
at the loading facility and the tank vehicles loaded are used
exclusively for Class II and Class III liquids; and (c) where
vehicles are loaded or unloaded through closed bottom or top
connections.
(5) Filling through open domes into the tanks of tank ve-
hicles or tank cars, that contain vapor-air mixtures within the
flammable range or where the liquid being filled can form such
a mixture, shall be by means of a downspout which extends
near the bottom of the tank. This precaution is not required
when loading liquids which are nonaccumulators of static
charges.
c. STRAY CURRENTS. Tank car loading facilities where flam-
mable or combustible liquids are loaded or unloaded through open
domes shall be protected against stray currents by permanently
bonding the pipe to at least one rail and to the rack structure if of
metal. Multiple pipes entering the rack area shall be permanently
electrically bonded together. In addition, in areas where excessive
stray currents are known to exist, all pipe entering the rack area
shall be provided with insulating sections to electrically isolate the
rack piping from the pipelines. These precautions are not neces-
sary where Class II or Class III liquids are handled exclusively,
and there is no probability that tank cars will contain vapors from
previous cargos of Class I liquids. Temporary bonding between
the tank car and the rack or piping is not required during either
loading or unloading, irrespective of class of liquid handled.
126
DIV. VI BULK PLANTS SEC. 16.65
d. CONTAINER FILLING FACILITIES. Class I liquids shall not be
dispensed into containers unless the nozzle and container are elec-
trically interconnected. Where the metallic floorplate on which
the container stands while filling is electrically connected to the
fill stem or where the fill stem is bonded to the container during
filling operations by means of a bond wire, the provisions of this
section 16.64d shall be deemed to have been complied with.
Section 16.65. Wharves.
a. The term wharf shall mean any wharf, pier, bulkhead or
other structure over or contiguous to navigable water used in
• conjunction with a bulk plant, the primary function of which is
the transfer of flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk
between the bulk plant and any tank vessel, ship, barge, lighter,
boat or other mobile floating craft; and this article shall apply to
all such installations except Marine Service Stations as covered in
division VII.
b. Package cargo of flammable and combustible liquids, includ-
ing full and empty drums, bulk fuel and stores may be handled
over a wharf during cargo transfer and at such times and places
as may be agreed upon by the wharf superintendent and the senior
deck officer on duty.
c. Wharves at which flammable or combustible liquid cargoes
are to be transferred in bulk quantities to or from tank vessels
shall be at least 100 feet from any bridge over a navigable water-
way, or from an entrance to or superstructure of any vehicular
or railroad tunnel under a waterway. The termination of the wharf
loading or unloading fixed piping shall be at least 200 feet from
a bridge or from an entrance to or superstructure of a tunnel.
• d. Substructure and deck shall be substantially designed for
the use intended. The design and construction of wharves shall be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that the design
and construction of wharves is in accordance with the applicable
standard for this section 16.65d in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such design and construction is reasonably safe to
persons and property.
e. Tanks used exclusively for ballast water or Class II or Class
III liquids may be installed on suitably designed wharves.
f. Loading pumps capable of building up pressures in excess
of the safe working pressure of cargo hose or loading arms shall be
provided with by-passes, relief valves, or other arrangement to
protect the loading facilities against excessive pressure. Relief
devices shall be tested at not more than yearly intervals to deter-
127
SEC. 16.65 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
mine that they function satisfactorily at the pressure at which
they are set.
(1) All pressure hoses and couplings shall be inspected at
intervals appropriate to the service. With the hose extended, test
the hose and couplings using the "in service maximum operating
pressures." Any hose showing material deteriorations, signs of
leakage, or weakness in its carcass or at the couplings shall be
withdrawn from service and repaired or discarded.
g. Piping, valves and fittings shall be in accordance with divi-
sion III, with the following exceptions and additions:
(1) Flexibility of piping shall be assured by appropriate
layout and arrangement of piping supports so that motion of the
wharf structure resulting from wave action, currents, tides or the
mooring of vessels will not subject the pipe to repeated strain
beyond the elastic limit.
(2) Pipe joints depending upon the friction characteristics
of combustible materials or grooving of pipe ends for mechani-
cal continuity of piping shall not be used.
(3) Swivel joints may be used in piping to which hoses
are connected, and for articulated swivel-joint transfer systems,
provided that the design is such that the mechanical strength of
the joint will not be impaired if the packing material should
fail, as by exposure to fire.
(4) Piping systems shall contain a sufficient number of
valves to operate the system properly and to control the flow of •
liquid_in normal operation and in the event of physical damage.
(5) In addition to the requirements of section 16.65g(4)
each line conveying flammable liquids leading to a wharf shall
be provided with a readily accessible block valve located on
shore near the approach to the wharf and outside of any diked
area. Where more than one line is involved, the valves shall
be grouped in one location.
(6) Means of easy access shall be provided for cargo line
valves located below the wharf deck.
(7) Pipe lines on flammable or combustible liquids wharves
shall be adequately bonded and grounded. If excessive stray
currents are encountered, insulating joints shall be installed.
Bonding and grounding connections on all pipe lines shall be lo-
cated on wharf side of hose riser insulating flanges, if used, and
shall be accessible for inspection.
(8) Hose or articulated swivel-joint pipe connections used
for cargo transfer shall be capable of accommodating the com-
bined effects of change in draft and maximum tidal range, and
128
Div. VI BULK Plants SEC. 16.66
mooring lines shall be kept adjusted to prevent surge of the
vessel from placing stress on the cargo transfer system.
(9) Hose shall be supported so as to avoid kinking and
damage from chafing.
h. Suitable portable fire extinguishers with a rating of not
less than 20-BC shall be located within 75 feet of those portions
of the facility where fires are likely to occur, such as hose con-
nections, pumps and separator tanks.
(1) Where piped water is available, ready-connected fire
hose in size appropriate for the water supply shall be provided
so that manifolds where connections are made and broken can
be reached by at least one hose stream.
(2) Material shall not be placed on wharves in such a
manner as to obstruct access to fire fighting equipment or
important pipe line control valves.
(3) Where the wharf is accessible to vehicle traffic, an
unobstructed roadway to the shore end of the wharf shall be
maintained for access of fire fighting apparatus.
i. Loading or discharging shall not commence until wharf
superintendent and officer in charge of tank vessel agree that tank
vessel is properly moored and all connections are properly made.
(1) Mechanical work shall not be performed on the wharf
during cargo transfer, except under special authorization based
on a review of the area involved, methods to be employed, and
precautions necessary.
Section 16.66. Electrical Equipment.
a. This section shall apply to areas where Class I liquids are
stored or handled. For areas where Class II or Class III liquids
only are stored or handled, the electrical equipment may be in-
stalled in accordance with the provisions of section 16.66b for
ordinary locations.
b. All installations of electrical wiring and equipment shall
be reasonably safe to persons and property. For Class I liquids
where electrical wiring and equipment are installed, evidence that
such wiring and equipment are of the type approved for use in
the hazardous locations as set forth in Table 16.66b and that such
wiring and equipment have been installed in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 16.66b in article 31
of this Code shall be evidence that such wiring and equipment
are reasonably safe to persons and property.
c. Table 16.66b shall be used to delineate and classify hazard-
ous areas for the purpose of installation of electrical equipment
129
TABLE 16.66b FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Table 16.66b. Electrical Equipment Hazardous ,
Areas—Bulk Plants.
NEC
Class I,
Group D
Location Division Extent of Classified Area
TANK VEHICLE AND TANK 1 Within 3 feet of edge of dome,extending in
CAR*— all directions.
Loading through Open Dome
2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from edge of ..
dome,extending in all directions.
TANK VEHICLE AND TANK
CAR*—
Loading through Bottom Con- 1 Within 3 feet of point of venting to atmos-
nections with Atmospheric phere extending in all directions.
Venting 2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from point
of venting to atmosphere, extending in all
directions.Also up to 18 inches above grade
within a horizontal radius of 10 feet from
point of loading connection.
TANK VEHICLE AND TANK 1 Within 3 feet of open end of vent,extending \
CAR*— in all directions.
Loading through Closed Dome
with Atmospheric Venting 2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from open
end of vent,extending in all directions.Also
within 3 feet of edge of dome,extending in
all directions.
TANK VEHICLE AND TANK 2 both Within
fill and of point
line, extending inr all
CAR*—
Loading through Closed Dome directions.
with Vapor Recovery
TANK VEHICLE AND TANK 2 Within 3 feet of point of connection, ex- t
CAR*— tending in all directions. Also up to 18 i
Bottom Loading with Vapor inches above grade within a horizontal
Recovery or Any Bottom radius of 10 feet from point of connection.
Unloading
DRUM AND CONTAINER
FILLING—
Outdoors,or Indoors with 1 Within 3 feet of vent and fill opening, ex-
Adequate Ventilation tending in all directions.
IN
2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from vent or
fill opening,extending in all directions.Also
up to 18 inches above floor or grade level
within a horizontal radius of 10 feet from
vent or fill opening.
*When classifying extent of area,consideration shall be given to fact that tank cars
or tank vehicles may be spotted at varying points. Therefore, the extremities of the
loading or unloading positions shall be used.
130
Div. VI BULK PLANTS TABLE 16.66b
Table 16.66b—Continued
NEC
Class I,
Group D
Location Division Extent of Classified Area
TANK—BELOWGROUND See Table 16.77b.
TANK—ABOVEGROUND—
Shell,Ends,or Roof and 2 Within 10 feet from shell, ends, or roof of
Dike Area tank. Area inside dikes to level of top of
dike.
TANK—ABOVEGROUND
Vent 1 Within 5 feet of open end of vent,extending
in all directions.
2 Area between 5 feet and 10 feet from open
end of vent,extending in all directions.
( TANK—ABOVEGROUND
Floating Roof 1 Area above the roof and within the shell.
PITS—
Without Mechanical 1 Entire area within pit if any part is within
Ventilation a Division 1 or 2 classified area.
PITS—
With Mechanical Ventilation 2 Entire area within pit if any part is within
a Division 1 or 2 classified area.
{ PITS—
Containing Valves, Fittings or 2 Entire pit.
Piping,and Not within a Di-
vision 1 or 2 Classified Area
PUMPS,BLEEDERS,WITH-
DRAWAL FITTINGS,METERS
AND SIMILAR DEVICES—
Indoors 2 Within 5 feet of any edge of such devices,
extending in all directions.Also up to 3 feet
above floor or grade level within 25 feet
horizontally from any edge of such devices.
PUMPS,BLEEDERS,WITH-
DRAWAL FITTINGS, METERS
AND SIMILAR DEVICES—
Outdoors 2 Within 3 feet of any edge of such devices,
extending in all directions. Also up to 18
inches above grade level within 10 feet hori-
zontally from any edge of such devices.
STORAGE AND REPAIR GARAGE 1 All pits or spaces below floor level.
FOR TANK VEHICLES
2 Area up to 18 inches above floor or grade
level for entire storage or repair garage.
DRAINAGE DITCHES,SEPARA- 2 Area up to 18 inches above ditch,separator
TORS,IMPOUNDING BASINS or basin.Also up to 18 inches above grade
within 15 feet horizontally from any edge.
131
SEC. 16.67 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Table 16.66b—Continued
NEC
Class I,
Group D
Location Division Extent of Classified Area
GARAGES FOR OTHER THAN Ordinary If there is any opening to these rooms within
TANK VEHICLES the extent of an outdoor classified area,the
entire room shall be classified the same as
OUTDOOR DRUM STORAGE Ordinary the area classification at the point of the
opening.
INDOOR WAREHOUSING WHERE Ordinary If there is any opening to these rooms
THERE IS No FLAMMABLE within the extent of an indoor classified
LIQUID TRANSFER area, the room shall be classified the same
as if the wall, curb or partition did not
OFFICE AND REST Rooms Ordinary exist.
under normal circumstances. In Table 16.66b a classified area
shall not extend beyond an unpierced wall, roof or other solid
partition.
d. The area classifications listed in section 16.66c shall be based
on the premise that the installation meets the applicable require-
ments of article 16 in all respects. Should this not be the case,
the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall have the authority
to classify the extent of the hazardous area.
Section 16.67. Sources of Ignition.
Class I liquids shall not be handled, drawn, or dispensed where
flammable vapors may reach a source of ignition. Smoking shall be
prohibited except in designated localities. "NO SMOKING" signs
shall be conspicuously posted where hazard from flammable vapors
is normally present.
Section 16.68. Drainage and Waste Disposal.
Provision shall be made to prevent flammable or combustible
liquids which may be spilled at loading or unloading points from
entering public sewers and drainage systems, or natural waterways.
Connections to such sewers, drains, or waterways by which flam-
mable or combustible liquids might enter shall be provided with
separator boxes or other approved means whereby such entry is
precluded. Crankcase drainings and flammable or combustible
liquids shall not be dumped into sewers, but shall be stored in
tanks or tight drums outside of any building until removed from
the premises.
132
DIV. VII SERVICE STATIONS SEC. 16.73
Section 16.69. Fire Control.
Suitable fire-control devices, such as small hose or portable
fire extinguishers, shall be available to locations where fires are
likely to occur. Additional fire-control equipment may be required
where a tank of more than 50,000 gallons individual capacity con-
tains Class I liquids and where an unusual exposure hazard exists
from surrounding property. Such additional fire-control equipment
shall be sufficient to extinguish a fire in the largest tank. The
design and amount of such:equipment shall provide reasonable
safety to persons and property. Evidence that the design and
amount of such equipment is in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 16.69 in article 31 of this Code
shall be evidence that such equipment provides reasonable safety
to persons and property.
DIVISION VII
SERVICE STATIONS
Section 16.71. Location.
Apparatus dispensing Class I liquids into the fuel tanks of motor
vehicles of the public shall not be located at a bulk plant unless
separated by a fence or similar barrier from the area in which
bulk operations are conducted.
Section 16.72. Construction.
Class I liquids shall not be stored or handled within a building
having a basement or pit into which flammable vapors may travel,
unless such area is provided with ventilation designed to prevent
the accumulation of flammable vapors therein.
Section 16.73. Storage and Handling.
a. GENERAL PROVISIONS.
(1) Liquids shall be stored in approved closed containers not
exceeding 60 gallons capacity, in tanks located underground, in
tanks in special enclosures as described in section 16.73b or in
aboveground tanks as provided for in sections 16.76b(1), 16.76
b(2) and 16.76b(3).
(2) Aboveground tanks, located in an adjoining bulk plant,
may be connected by piping to service station underground
tanks if, in addition to valves at aboveground tanks, a valve is
also installed within control of service station personnel.
133
s
SEC. 16.73 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(3) The provisions of section 16.73a(1) shall not prohibit
the temporary use of movable tanks in conjunction with the
dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids into the fuel
tanks of motor vehicles or other motorized equipment on prem-
ises not normally accessible to the public. Such installations
shall only be made with the approval of the Chief of the Bureau
of Fire Prevention.
(4) The provisions of 16.73a(1) shall not prohibit the dis-
pensing of flammable liquids in the open from a tank vehicle to
a motor vehicle. Such dispensing shall be permitted provided:
(a) The tank vehicle design, construction, and operation
shall be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence
that such tank vehicles are designed, constructed, and oper-
ated in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 16.73a(4)(a) of this code shall be evidence that
such tank vehicles are designed,constructed, and operated so
as to be reasonably safe to persons and property.
(b) The dispensing is done on premises not open to the
public.
(c) The motor vehicles are owned or operated by a com-
mercial, industrial or governmental agency.
(d) The dispensing hose does not exceed 50 feet in length.
(e) The dispensing nozzle is a listed automatic-closing
type without a latch-open device.
(f) An inspection of the premises and operations has been
made and approval granted by the Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention.
(5) Accurate inventory records shall be maintained and
reconciled on all Class I liquid storage tanks for possible indi-
cation of leakage from tanks or piping.
b. SPECIAL ENCLOSURES.
(1) When installation of underground tanks in accordance
with section 16.23 is impractical because of property or building
limitation, tanks for flammable or combustible liquids may be
installed in buildings if enclosed and upon specific approval of
the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
(2) The enclosure shall be substantially liquid and vapor
tight without backfill. Sides, top, and bottom of the enclosure
shall be of reinforced concrete at least 6 inches thick, with
openings for inspection through the top only. Tank connections
shall be so piped or closed that neither vapors nor liquid can
escape into the enclosed space. Means shall be provided where-
134
DIV. VII SERVICE STATIONS SEC. 16.75
by portable equipment may be employed to discharge to the
outside any vapors which might accumulate should leakage
occur.
(3) At automotive service stations provided in connection
with tenant or customer parking facilities at or below grade level
beneath large buildings of commercial, mercantile or residential
occupancy, tanks containing Class I liquids installed of neces-
sity in accordance with section 16.73b(2) shall not exceed
6,000 gallons individual or 18,000 gallons aggregate capacity.
C. INSIDE BUILDINGS.
(1) Except where stored in tanks as provided in section
16.73b, no Class I liquid shall be stored within any service
station building except in approved closed containers of aggre-
gate capacity not exceeding 120 gallons. One container not
exceeding 60 gallons capacity equipped with an approved pump
is permitted.
(2) Class I liquids may be transferred from one container to
another in lubrication or service rooms of a service station
building providing the electrical installation complies with sec-
tion 16.77b and provided that any heating equipment complies
with the provisions of section 16.78, as applicable.
(3) Class II or III liquids may be stored and dispensed in-
side service station buildings from tanks of not more than 120
gallons capacity each.
d. LABELING. No sale or purchase of any Class I, II or III
liquids shall be made in containers unless such containers are
clearly marked with the name of the product contained therein.
e. DISPENSING INTO CONTAINERS. NO delivery of any Class I
liquids shall be made into portable containers unless the container
is constructed of metal or is approved by the Chief of the Bureau
of Fire Prevention, has a tight closure with screwed or spring cover
and is fitted with a spout or so designed that the contents can be
poured without spilling.
Section 16.74. Attendance or Supervision of Dispensing.
Each service station open to the public shall have an attendant
or supervisor on duty whenever the station is open for business.
Section 16.75. Dispensing Systems.
a. LOCATION. Dispensing devices at automotive service stations
135
SEC. 16.75 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
shall be so located that all parts of the vehicle being served will be
on the premises of the service station.
(1) INSIDE LOCATION. Approved dispensing units may be
located inside of buildings upon specific approval of the Chief of
the Bureau of Fire Prevention. The dispensing area shall be
separated from other areas in a manner approved by the Chief
of the Bureau of Fire Prevention. The dispensing unit and its
piping shall be mounted either on a concrete island or protected
against collision damage by suitable means and shall be located
in a position where it cannot be struck by a vehicle that is out
of control descending a ramp or other slope. The dispensing
area shall be provided with an approved mechanical or gravity
ventilation system. When dispensing units are located below
grade, only approved mechanical ventilation shall be used and
the entire dispensing area shall be protected by an approved
automatic sprinkler system. Ventilating systems shall be elec-
trically interlocked with the gasoline dispensing units so that
the dispensing units cannot be operated unless the ventilating
fan motors are energized.
b. EMERGENCY POWER CUT-OFF. Clearly identified and easily
accessible switches or circuit breakers shall be provided at a
location remote from the dispensing devices, including remote
pumping systems, to shut off the power to all dispensing devices
in the event of an emergency.
C. DISPENSING UNITS.
(1) Class I liquids shall be transferred from tanks by means
of fixed pumps so designed and equipped as to allow control of
the flow and to prevent leakage or accidental discharge. ,.
(2) Dispensing devices for Class I liquids shall be of ap-
proved type.
43) Class I liquids shall not be dispensed by pressure from
drums, barrels, and similar containers. Approved pumps taking
suction through the top of the container or approved self-closing
faucets shall be used.
(4) The dispensing units, except those attached to con-
tainers, shall be mounted either on a concrete island or pro-
tected against collision damage by suitable means.
d. REMOTE PUMPING SYSTEMS.
(1) SCOPE. Remote pumping systems shall apply to systems
for dispensing Class I liquids where such liquids are transferred
136
DIV. VII SERVICE STATIONS SEC. 16.75
from storage to individual or multiple dispensing units by pumps
located elsewhere than at the dispensing units.
(2) PUMPS. Pumps shall be designed or equipped so that no
part of the system will be subject to pressures above its allow-
able working pressure. Pumps installed abovegrade, outside of
buildings, shall be located not less than ten feet from lines of
adjoining property which may be built upon, and not less than
five feet from any building opening. When an outside pump
location is impractical, pumps may be installed inside of build-
ings as provided for dispensers in section 16.75a(1), or in pits
as provided in section 16.75d(3). Pumps shall be substantially
anchored and protected against physical damage by vehicles.
(3) PITS. Pits for subsurface pumps or piping manifolds of
submersible pumps shall withstand the external forces to which
they may be subjected without damage to the pump, tank, or
piping. The pit shall be no larger than necessary for inspection
and maintenance and shall be provided with a tight fitting
cover.
(4) CONTROLS.
(a) A control shall be provided that will permit the pump
to operate only when a dispensing nozzle is removed from its
bracket on the dispensing unit and the switch on this dispens-
ing unit is manually actuated. This control shall also stop the
pump when all nozzles have been returned to their brackets.
(b) An approved impact valve, incorporating a fusible
link, designed to close automatically in event of severe impact
or fire exposure shall be properly installed in the dispensing
supply line at the base of each individual dispensing device.
(5) TESTING. After the completion of the installation includ-
ing any paving, that section of the pressure piping system be-
tween the pump discharge and the connection for the dispensing
facility, shall be tested for at least thirty minutes at the maxi-
mum operating pressure of the system. Such tests shall be re-
peated at five year intervals thereafter.
e. DELIVERY NOZZLES.
(1) Hose nozzle valves of either the manual or automatic
type for dispensing Class I liquids into a fuel tank or into a con-
tainer shall be manually held open during the dispensing opera-
tion except as provided in section 16.75e(2).
137
SEC. 16.76 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(2) On any service station dispenser accessible to the public
an approved automatic-closing type nozzle with hold-open latch
shall be permitted only when all dispensing of Class I liquids
is to be done by the service station attendant.
(3) If the dispensing of Class I liquids at a service station
available and open to the public is to be done by a person other
than the service station attendant, the nozzle shall be an ap-
proved automatic-closing type without a hold-open latch.
f. SPECIAL TYPE DISPENSERS.
(1) Approved special dispensing devices such as, but not
limited to, coin-operated, card-operated, and remote preset
types are permitted at service station, provided there is at least
one qualified attendant on duty while the station is open to the
public. The attendant's primary function shall be to supervise,
observe and control the dispensing of Class I liquids while said
liquids are being dispensed. It shall be the responsibility of the
attendant to prevent the dispensing of Class I liquids into port-
able containers not in compliance with section 16.73e, control
sources of ignition, and to immediately handle accidental spills
and fire extinguishers if needed.
(2) The attendant or supervisor on duty shall be capable
of performing the functions and assuming the responsibilities
covered in section 16.75f(1).
(3) Emergency controls shall be installed at a location
acceptable to the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, but
controls shall not be more than 100 feet from dispensers.
(4) Instructions for the operation of dispensers shall be
conspicuously posted.
Section 16.76. Marine Service Stations.
a. The dispensing area shall be located away from other struc-
tures so as to provide room for safe ingress and egress of craft
to be fueled. Dispensing units shall in all cases be at least 20 feet
away from any activity not associated with the handling of fuel.
(1) Dispensing shall be by approved dispensing units with
or without integral pumps and may be located on open piers,
wharves or floating docks or on shore or on piers of the solid
fill type.
(2) Dispensing nozzles shall be automatic-closing without a
hold-open latch.
b. Tanks, and pumps not integral with the dispensing unit, shall
138
DIV. VII SERVICE STATIONS SEC. 16.77
be on shore or on a pier of the solid fill type, except as provided
in sections 16.76b(1) and 16.76b(2).
(1) Where shore location would require excessively long
supply lines to dispensers, the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention may authorize the installation of tanks on a pier
provided that applicable portions of division II relative to
spacing, diking and piping are complied with and the quantity
so stored does not exceed 1,100 gallons aggregate capacity.
(2) Shore tanks supplying marine service stations may be
located aboveground, where rock ledges or high water table
make underground tanks impractical.
(3) Where tanks are at an elevation which would produce
gravity head on the dispensing unit, the tank outlet shall be
equipped with a pressure control valve positioned adjacent to
and outside the tank block valve specified in section 16.22j(2)
so adjusted that liquid cannot flow by gravity from the tanks in
case of piping or hose failure.
c. Piping between shore tanks and dispensing units shall be as
specified in division III, except that, where dispensing is from a
floating structure, suitable lengths of oil-resistant flexible hose may
be employed between the shore piping and the piping on the float-
ing structure as made necessary by change in water level or shore
line.
(1) A readily accessible valve to shut off the supply from
shore shall be provided in each pipeline at or near the approach
to the pier and at the shore end of each pipeline adjacent to the
point where flexible hose is attached.
(2) Piping shall be located so as to be protected from
physical damage.
(3) Piping handling Class I liquids shall be grounded to con-
trol stray currents.
Section 16.77. Electrical Equipment.
a. This section shall apply to areas where Class I liquids are
stored or handled.
b. All installations of electrical wiring and equipment shall be
reasonably safe to persons and property. For Class I liquids where
electrical wiring and equipment are installed, evidence that such
wiring and equipment are of the type approved for use within the
hazardous areas as set forth in Table 16.77b and that such wiring
and equipment have been installed in accordance with the appli-
cable standard specified for this section 16.77b in article 31 of
139
TABLE 16.77b FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Table 16.77b. Electrical Equipment for Hazardous
Areas—Service Stations.
NEC
Class I,
Group D
Location Division Extent of Classified Area
1 Any pit,box or space below grade level,any
part of which is within the Division 1 or 2
classified area.
UNDERGROUND TANK—
Fill Opening 2 Up to 18 inches above grade level within a
horizontal radius of 10 feet from a loose fill
connection and within a horizontal radius
of 5 feet from a tight fill connection.
1 Within 3 feet of open end of vent,extending
in all directions.
UNDERGROUND TANK—
Vent,Discharging Upward 2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet of open end
of vent,extending in all directions.
DISPENSER— 1 Any pit,box or space below grade level,any
Pits part of which is within the Division 1 or 2
classified area.
DISPENSER— 1 The area 4 feet vertically above base within
Dispenser Enclosure the enclosure and 18 inches horizontally in
all directions.
DISPENSER— 2 Up to 18 inches above grade level within 20
Outdoor feet horizontally of any edge of enclosure.
DISPENSER— 2 Up to 18 inches above grade or floor level
Indoor with Mechanical within 20 feet horizontally of any edge of
Ventilation enclosure.
DISPENSER— 2 Up to 18 inches above grade or floor level
Indoor with Gravity within 25 feet horizontally of any edge of
Ventilation enclosure.
1 Any pit, box or space below grade level if
any part is within a horizontal distance of
10 feet from any edge of pump.
REMOTE PUMP—
Outdoor 2 Within 3 feet of any edge of pump,extend-
ing in all directions. Also up to 18 inches
above grade level within 10 feet horizontally
from any edge of pump.
1 Entire area within any pit.
REMOTE PUMP—
Indoor 2 Within 5 feet of any edge of pump,extend-
ing in all directions.Also up to 3 feet above
floor or grade level within 25 feet hori-
zontally from any edge of pump.
1 Entire area within any pit.
LUBRICATION OR SERVICE
Roots 2 Area up to 18 inches above floor or grade-
level within entire lubrication room.
140
DIv. VII SERVICE STATIONS SEC. 16.78
Table 16.77b. Electrical Equipment for Hazardous
Areas—Service Stations.
NEC
Class I,
Group D
Location Division Extent of Classified Area
LUBRICATION OR SERVICE 2 Within 3 feet of any fill or dispensing point,
Room— extending in all directions.
Dispenser for Class I Liquids
SPECIAL ENCLOSURE INSIDE 1 Entire enclosure.
BUILDING PER SECTION
16.73b
SALES,STORAGE AND REST Ordinary If there is any opening to these rooms
Rooms within the extent of a Division I area, the
entire room shall be classified as Division I.
this Code shall be evidence that such wiring and equipment are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
c. In Table 16.77b a classified area shall not extend beyond the
unpierced wall, roof or other solid partition.
d. For area classifications not covered in section 16.77b and not
listed in Table 16.77b, the Chief of the Fire Prevention Bureau
shall have the authority to classify the extent of the hazardous
area.
Section 16.78. Heating Equipment.
a. Heating equipment shall be installed as provided in sections
16.78b through f.
b. Heating equipment may be installed in the conventional or
ordinary manner in an area except as provided in sections 16.78c
through 16.78f.
c. Heating equipment may be installed in a special room sepa-
rated from areas classified by Table 16.77b by walls having a fire
resistance rating of at least one hour and without any openings in
the walls less than eight feet above the floor into an area classified
in Table 16.77b except sales, storage or rest rooms which have
no such openings. The room containing the heating equipment
shall not be used for combustible storage and all air for com-
bustion purposes shall come from outside of the building.
d. Heating equipment using gas or oil fuel, may be installed in
the lubrication, sales or service room, where there is no dispensing
or transferring of Class I liquids provided the bottom of the com-
bustion chamber is at least 18 inches above the floor and the
heating equipment is protected from physical damage by vehicles.
141
SEC. 16.79 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
e. Heating equipment using gas or oil fuel approved for use in
garages may be installed in the lubrication or service room where
Class I liquids are dispensed provided the equipment is installed at
least eight feet above the floor.
f. Electrical heating equipment shall be installed to conform
with section 16.77.
Section 16.79. Drainage and Waste Disposal.
Provision shall be made in the area where Class I liquids are
dispensed to prevent spilled liquids from flowing into the interior
of service station buildings. Such provision may be by grading
driveways, raising door sills, or other equally effective means.
Crankcase drainings and flammable or combustible liquids shall
not be dumped into sewers, but shall be stored in tanks or drums
outside of any building until removed from the premises.
Section 16.791. Source of Ignition.
In addition to the previous restrictions of this division, the fol-
lowing shall apply: There shall be no smoking or open flames in
the areas used for fueling, servicing fuel systems for internal com-
bustion engines, or receiving or dispensing of flammable or com-
bustible liquids. Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting smoking
shall be posted within sight of the customer being served. The
motors of all equipment being fueled shall be shut off during the
fueling operation.
Section 16.792. Fire Control.
Each service station shall be provided with at least one fire ex-
tinguisher having a minimum classification of 5 B,C located so
that an extinguisher will be within 75 feet of each pump, dis-
penser, underground fill pipe opening and lubrication or service
room. Other fire control devices shall be provided as required by
the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
DIVISION VIII
REFINERIES, CHEMICAL PLANTS AND DISTILLERIES
Section 16.81. Location.
No permit shall be issued for the construction of a refinery,
other plant storing or handling crude petroleum, chemical plant,
or distillery until approval has been given for the proposed loca-
tion with respect to topography, nearness to places of assembly,
142
DIV. VIII REFINERIES SEC. 16.86
residential or mercantile occupancies, and adequacy of water sup-
ply for fire control.
Section 16.82. Storage.
a. Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in tanks,
in containers, or in portable tanks. Tanks shall be installed in
accordance with division II of this article.
b. Outside aboveground tanks for the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids in tank farms and in locations other than
process areas shall be located with respect to property lines and
public ways and to each other in accordance with sections 16.22b
and 16.22c.
Section 16.83. Wharves.
a. Wharves handling flammable or combustible liquids shall
be in accordance with section 16.65.
Section 16.84. Fired and Unfired Pressure Vessels.
Fired and unfired pressure vessels shall be constructed so as
to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that fired
and unfired pressure vessels have been constructed in accordance
with the applicable standards specified for this section in 16.84 in
article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that vessels are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
Section 16.85. Location of Process Units.
Process units shall be located so that they are accessible from
at least one side for the purpose of fire control. Where topo-
graphical conditions are such that flammable liquids may flow
from a processing area so as to constitute a fire hazard to property
• of others, provisions shall be made to divert or impound the flow
by curbs, drains, or other suitable means.
Section 16.86. Fire Control.
a. Portable fire extinguishment and control equipment shall
provide reasonable safety to persons and property. Evidence that
portable fire extinguishment is in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 16.86a in article 31 of this
Code shall be evidence that such equipment provides reasonable
safety to persons and property.
b. Water shall be available in volume and at adequate pres-
sure to supply water hose streams, foam producing equipment,
143
SEC. 16.91 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
automatic sprinklers or water spray systems as the need is indi-
cated by the special hazards of operation and storage.
c. Special extinguishing equipment such as that utilizing foam,
inert gas, or dry chemical shall be provided as the need is indicated
by the special hazards of operation and storage.
DIVISION IX
TANK VEHICLES FOR FLAMMABLE
AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Section 16.91. Scope.
This division shall apply to tank motor vehicles to be used
for the transportation of asphalt or normally stable flammable and
combustible liquids with a flashpoint below 200°F.
Section 16.92. Definitions.
a. Cargo tank shall mean any container having a liquid ca-
pacity in excess of 100 gallons, used for the carrying of flammable
or combustible liquids or asphalt and mounted permanently or
otherwise upon a tank vehicle. The term "cargo tank" does not
apply to any container used solely for the purpose of supplying
fuel for the propulsion of the tank vehicle upon which it is
mounted.
b. Tank vehicle shall mean any vehicle other than railroad
tank cars and boats, with a cargo tank mounted thereon or built as
an integral part thereof used for the transportation of flammable
or combustible liquids. Tank vehicles include self-propelled ve-
hicles, and full trailers and semi-trailers without motive power
and with wheels carrying either part or all of the load.
Section 16.93. Permit Required.
No person shall engage in the business of delivering flam-
mable or combustible liquids from tank vehicles without a permit.
Section 16.94. Tank Vehicle Design.
a. Cargo tanks used for transporting flammable and combus-
tible liquids at temperatures equal to or above their boiling points
shall be constructed so as to be reasonably safe to persons and
property. Evidence that cargo tanks are constructed in accordance
with the applicable standards specified for this section 16.94a in
article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such cargo tanks
are reasonably safe to persons and property.
144
DIV. IX TANK VEHICLES SEC. 16.98
b. Cargo tanks used for transporting flammable and combus-
tible liquids at a temperature below their boiling points shall be
constructed so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property.
Evidence that cargo tanks are constructed in accordance with the
applicable standards specified for this section 16.94b in article
31 of this Code shall be evidence that such cargo tanks are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
c. The material used in the construction of the cargo tanks
shall be compatible with the chemical characteristics of the flam-
mable or combustible liquid to be transported.
d. Any tank vehicle designed or used for transporting materials
at liquid temperatures above ambient temperature shall have a
red warning sign permanently attached to the vehicle containing
at least the following:
"Maximum allowable cargo temperature is . . . .°F."
This maximum allowable cargo temperature shall be specified by
the manufacturer of the vehicle.
Section 16.95. Tires.
All tank motor vehicles shall be equipped with rubber tires on
all wheels.
Section 16.96. Static Protection.
a. Cargo tanks and vehicle chassis shall be electrically bonded.
b. Provision shall be made in the tank structure of the vehicle
for the bonding of the vehicle to the fill pipe during truck loading
operations.
Section 16.97. Protection Against Collision or Overturn.
a. Draw-off valves or faucets projecting beyond the frame at
the rear of a tank vehicle shall be adequately protected against
collision by bumpers or similar means.
b. On tank vehicles constructed hereafter, all closures for
filling openings shall be protected from damage in the event of
overturning of the tank vehicle by being enclosed within the body
of.the tank, or a dome attached thereto, or by the use of suitable
metal guards securely attached to the tank or the frame of the
tank vehicle.
Section 16.98. Lighting.
No lighting device other than electric lights shall be used on
tank vehicles. Lighting circuits shall have suitable overcurrent
145
SEC. 16.99 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
protection (fuses or automatic circuit breakers). The wiring shall
have sufficient carrying capacity and mechanical strength, and
shall be secured, insulated, and protected against physical damage.
Section 16.99. Full Trailers and Semi-Trailers.
a. Trailers shall be firmly and securely attached to the vehicle
drawing them, in a manner conforming with accepted engineering
practice.
b. Each full trailer, and semi-trailer, shall be equipped with
reliable brakes on all wheels, and adequate provision shall be made
for their efficient operation from the driver's seat of the vehicle
drawing the trailer,or semi-trailer.
c. Trailer connections shall be such as to prevent the towed
vehicle from whipping or swerving from side to side dangerously or
unreasonably and shall cause the trailer to follow substantially in
the path of the towing vehicle.
Section 16.991. Marking.
Every tank vehicle used for the transportation of any flam-
mable liquid, regardless of the quantity being transported, or
whether loaded or empty, shall be conspicuously and legibly
marked on each side and the rear thereof, in letters at least 3
inches high on a background of sharply contrasting color, op-
tionally as follows:
(1) With a sign or lettering on the motor vehicle with the
word "Flammable."
(2) With the common name of the flammable liquid being
transported.
Section 16.992. Fire Control.
a. Each tank vehicle shall be provided with at least one port-
able fire extinguisher having at least a 10 B,C rating or when more
than one is provided, each extinguisher shall have at least a 5 B,C
rating.
b. Fire extinguishers shall be kept in good operating condi-
tion at all times, and they shall be located in an accessible place
on each tank vehicle.
Section 16.993. Operation of Tank Vehicles.
a. Drivers shall be thoroughly instructed in the proper method
of operating tank vehicles.
b. Tank vehicles shall not be operated unless they are in
146
DIV. IX TANK VEHICLES SEC. 16.994
proper repair, devoid of accumulation of grease, oil or other flam-
mables, and free of leaks.
c. Dome covers shall be closed and latched while the tank
vehicle is in transit.
d. No tank vehicle shall be operated with a cargo tempera-
ture above the maximum allowable cargo temperature specified on
the warning sign required by section 16.94d.
e. No material shall be loaded into or transported in a tank
vehicle at a temperature above its ignition temperature, unless
properly safeguarded in an approved manner.
f. Flammable and combustible liquids which are loaded at or
above their boiling points or may reach their boiling point temper-
ature during transit shall be loaded only into cargo tanks con-
structed in accordance with section 16.94a.
g. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be loaded only
into cargo tanks constructed of material that is chemically com-
patible with the chemical characteristics of the liquid. The flam-
mable and combustible liquid being loaded shall also be compatible
with the liquid hauled on the previous load unless the cargo tank
has been cleaned.
h. No tank vehicle, or any compartment thereof, which has
been utilized for Class I liquid, shall be loaded with Class II or
III liquid until such tank or compartment and all piping, pumps,
meters and hose connected thereto have been completely drained.
A tank, compartment, piping, pump, meter or hose which does not
drain completely shall be flushed at the loading point with a
quantity of Class II or Class III liquid equal to twice the capacity
of piping, pump, meter and hose, to clear any residue of Class I
liquid from the system.
Section 16.994. Filling and Discharging Tank Vehicles.
a. The driver, operator or attendant of any tank vehicle shall
not remain in the vehicle but shall not leave the vehicle while it is
being filled or discharged. Delivery hose, when attached to a tank
vehicle shall be considered to be a part of the tank vehicle.
b. Motors of tank trucks or tractors shall be shut down during
making and breaking hose connections. If loading or unloading
is done without the use of a power pump, the tank truck or tractor
motor shall be shut down throughout such operations.
c. The cargo tank shall be bonded to the fill-stem or some
part of the rack structure electrically interconnected with the fill
stem piping, except tank vehicles handling asphalt, tank vehicles
loading any flammable liquid through bottom connections, and
147
SEC. 16.995 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
tank vehicles used exclusively for transporting Class II or III
liquids when loaded at locations where no Class I liquids are
handled.
d. The bond-wire connection shall be made prior to opening
the dome covers. It shall be maintained in place during the entire
filling operation and the dome covers shall be securely closed be-
fore the bond-wire is disconnected from the cargo tank.
e. No external bond-wire connection nor bond-wire integral
with a hose are needed for the unloading of flammable or com-
bustible
liquids into underground tanks.
f. No cargo tank or compartment thereof used for the trans-
portation of any flammable or combustible liquid or asphalt shall
be loaded liquid full. Sufficient space (outage) shall be left vacant
in every case to prevent leakage from or distortion of such tank
or compartment by expansion of the contents due to rise in
temperature in transit and in no case less than one percent.
g. Simultaneous delivery to underground tanks from two or
more hoses shall be made by means of tight connections between
the hose and the fill pipe.
h. Cargo tanks shall be free of all water before they are loaded
with hot asphalt.
Section 16.995. Ignition Sources.
a. Smoking by tank vehicle drivers, helpers, repairmen, or
other personnel is prohibited while they are driving, making deliv-
eries, filling, or making any repairs to tank vehicles.
b. Open flames shall not be used near manholes or vents.
Section 16.996. Parking and Garaging.
a. Except in an emergency no tank vehicle shall be left unat-
tended on any street, highway, avenue or alley, provided that this
shall not prevent a driver from the necessary absence from the
truck in connection with the delivery of his load, except that during
actual discharge of the liquid some responsible person shall be
present at the vehicle, nor shall it prevent stops for meals during
the day or night if the street is well lighted at point of parking.
b. Tank vehicles containing flammable or combustible liquids
shall not be parked out of doors at any one point for longer than
one hour, except off the streets, and at least 25 feet from any
buildings used for assembly, institutional or residential occupancy.
c. Tank vehicles shall not be parked or garaged in any build-
ings other than those specifically approved for such use by the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
148 t1
i
FRUIT RIPENING PROCESSES SEC. 17.4
ARTICLE 17
FRUIT RIPENING PROCESSES
Section 17.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to the process of ripening green
bananas or citrus fruits in tightly closed rooms heated with direct
fired heaters and shall include those processes where ethylene gas
is introduced into the room to assist the ripening process.
Section 17.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for any fruit ripening process.
Section 17.3. Use of Ethylene.
a. The location of buildings in which fruit ripening processes
utilizing ethylene are conducted shall be approved by the Chief
of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
b. Ethylene shall be introduced by some means under positive
control and measured so that the quantity introduced does not
exceed 1 part ethylene to 1,000 parts of air.
c. Containers storing ethylene shall be constructed so as to
be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that con-
tainers storing ethylene are constructed in accordance with the
applicable standards specified for this section 17.3c in article 31 of
this Code shall be evidence that such containers are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
d. Containers other than those connected for use shall be
stored outside of the building or in a special building except that
not more than two portable DOT containers not connected for use
may be stored inside the building premises. Such inside rooms or
portions of buildings used for storage of these containers shall be
constructed in accordance with sections 30.17d and 30.17e.
e. Ethylene piping shall be of iron pipe. Flexible connectors
and hose, when used, shall be of approved type. Tubing shall be
of brass or copper with not less than 0.049 inch wall thickness.
Section 17.4. Electrical Equipment.
a. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be installed so as to
be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that elec-
trical wiring and equipment are installed in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 17.4a in article 31 of
149
SEC. 17.5 FRUIT RIPENING PROCESSES
this Code shall be evidence that such wiring and equipment are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
b. Lighting shall be by electricity.
Section 17.5. Heating.
a. Heating of ripening rooms shall be by indirect means with
low pressure steam, hot water, or warm air; approved electric
heaters; or approved gas heaters or approved kerosene heaters
both of which shall have sealed combustion chambers.
b. Steam and hot water pipes and radiators shall have a clear-
ance of at least one inch to combustible material.
c. Gas heaters and their vents shall be installed so as to be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that gas
heaters and their vents are installed in accordance with the ap-
plicable standards specified for this section 17.5c in article 31 of
this Code shall be evidence that such gas heaters and vents are
reasonably safe to persons and property. Gas heaters shall be
equipped with an automatic pilot device to shut off the gas supply
whenever the flame is extinguished.
d. Burners for gas or kerosene heaters shall be installed so that
air for combustion is taken from outside the ripening room and
the products of combustion are discharged to the outside.
e. Kerosene heaters shall be installed in accordance with the
applicable provisions of article 24, Oil Burning Equipment.
f. Electric heaters shall be of a type having no exposed surface
at a temperature higher than 800°F and with thermostatic
elements which produce no sparks and shall be of a type approved
for use in hazardous locations.
g. A protective guard shall be provided around any heater to
prevent the possibility of its being knocked over by other equip-
ment such as vehicles or lift trucks.
Section 17.6. Open Flames.
a. Open flame heaters and open lights shall not be permitted
in ripening rooms.
b. "No Smoking" signs shall be posted at every entrance and
smoking shall be prohibited in the ripening rooms.
Section 17.7. Housekeeping.
Ripening rooms shall be frequently cleared of all combustible
material.
150
FUMIGATION & INSECTICIDAL FOGGING SEC. 18.3
ARTICLE 18
FUMIGATION AND THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING
Section 18.1. Scope.
This article applies to fumigation and thermal insecticidal
fogging operations which shall conform to all other applicable
requirements of this code, as well as the following provisions.
Section 18.2. Definitions.
a. Fumigant shall mean a substance or mixture of substances
which is a gas, or is rapidly or progressively transformed to the
gaseous state, even though some nongaseous or particulate matter
may remain and be dispersed in the treatment space and which
is intended to be effective against one or more pest organisms in
the space being treated. This definition excludes aerosols, fogs, or
smokes which are particulate suspensions of liquids or solids dis-
persed in air.
b. Fumigation shall mean the application of a fumigant to a
tightly closed treatment space using a definite dosage with a
definite exposure period.
c. Thermal insecticidal fogging liquid shall mean any insecti-
cidal liquid specifically designed for emission from a thermal fog
generating unit in the form of an aerosol fog which is lethal to
pest organisms and insects.
d. Thermal insecticidal fogging shall mean the application of
any insecticidal liquid by discharging through a thermal fog-gen-
` erating unit, by means of heat, pressure and turbulence, in the
form of an aerosol fog or mist that is blown into an area to be
treated.
Section 18.3. Permit Required.
a. A permit shall be required for any person performing any
fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging which is dangerous,
noxious or poisonous to the life or health of human beings, or
which constitutes a fire hazard. All persons actually engaged in
the work shall require a fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging
"operators" permit.
b. Applicants for fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging
"operators" permits shall be required to appear in person before
the authority granting the permit for such questioning as will
151
SEC. 18.4 FUMIGATION & INSECTICIDAL FOGGING
show the training, experience, qualifications, character and reputa-
tion of the applicant in regard to fumigation or thermal insecticidal
fogging. Applicants shall demonstrate knowledge of the properties
of the fumigants and thermal insecticidal fogging liquids used and
shall be familiar with the proper first aid measures to be used in
case of emergencies.
Section 18.4. Sources of Ignition.
a. All fires, open flames and similar sources of ignition shall
be eliminated from the space utilizing flammable fumigants or
flammable thermal insecticidal fogging liquids. Heating if needed,
shall be by indirect means with steam or hot water.
b. When utilizing flammable fumigants or flammable thermal
insecticidal fogging liquids, electricity shall be shut off except cir-
culating fans may be used provided such equipment does not create
an ignition hazard. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be de-
signed and installed so as to be reasonably safe to persons and
property. Evidence that electrical wiring and equipment has been
designed and installed in accordance with the applicable standard
specified for this section 18.4b in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
Section 18.5. Notification of Fumigation or Thermal Insecti-
cidal Fogging.
a. The holder of a fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging
permit shall notify the Bureau of Fire Prevention at least 24
hours prior to the beginning of a usual fumigation or fogging
operation except at least 2 hours shall be required for fumiga-
tion in public health emergencies or on shipboard. Notification
shall give the location of the building, ship or enclosed space to
be fumigated or fogged as well as its character and use, the fumi-
gants or insecticides to be used, the person or persons in charge
of the operation, permit holders name, address and emergency
telephone and the date and time when it will be started and com-
pleted.
b. Notice of any fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging
shall be served with sufficient advance notice upon the occupants
of any building or other enclosed space involved in the operation
to enable them to evacuate the premises by a specified time. Occu-
pants shall be notified not to re-enter the premises until the
operator in charge of fumigation gives his approval.
c. Prior to fumigation or fogging warning signs shall be posted
152
FUMIGATION & INSECTICIDAL FOGGING SEC. 18.9
on all doors or entrances to buildings, permanent fumigation
rooms, vaults or tanks to be fumigated; upon all gangplanks or
ladders from the dock, pier, or land to a marine vessel; and on
doors of wheeled transit vehicles. Each building or other fumiga-
tion operation shall be provided with at least one sign on each side
and such signs shall not be more than 75 feet apart. Warning
signs shall be printed with the words DANGER and POISON
GAS in red on a white background, all capitalized, in letters at
least 2 inches high. The FUMIGANT NAME shall be in red on
a white background, all capitalized, in letters at least 1 inch high.
Other information required on warning signs relative to fumigant
hazards, persons to contact in emergency, date and time of fumi-
gation or fogging, or other data shall be approved by the Chief of
the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 18.6. Thermal Insecticidal Fogging Liquids.
No thermal insecticidal fogging liquid used for fogging a
building or enclosure shall be a Class I liquid.
Section 18.7. Protective Equipment and Breathing Apparatus.
All persons engaged in the business of fumigation or thermal
insecticidal fogging shall maintain and have available approved
protective equipment and breathing apparatus as may be required.
Section 18.8. Watchman Required During Fumigation.
During the period fumigation is in process, except when fumi-
gation is conducted in a gas-tight vault or tank, a capable, alert
watchman or watchmen shall remain on duty at the entrance or
entrances to the building, ship, or enclosed space fumigated until
after the fumigation is completed and until the premises are prop-
erly ventilated and again safe for human occupancy. Sufficient
watchmen shall be provided to prevent any person from entering
the building, ship or enclosed space under fumigation without be-
ing observed.
Section 18.9. Thermal Insecticidal Fogging.
When conducting thermal insecticidal fogging indoors, not
more than one gallon of insecticide shall be used for each 50,000
cubic feet of space. The fog shall not be blasted directly against
any combustible object or material.
153
SEC. 19.1 GARAGES
ARTICLE 19
GARAGES
Section 19.1. General.
Garages shall conform to all applicable requirements of this
code, as well as to the provisions of this article.
Section 19.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for any person using any building,
shed or enclosure as a place of business for the purpose of servic-
ing or repairing any motor vehicle therein.
Section 19.3. Cleaning with Flammable Liquids.
No Class I liquid shall be used in any garage for washing parts
or removing grease or dirt, unless in a special closed machine ap-
proved for the purpose or in a separate well ventilated room
enclosed by walls having a fire resistance rating of not less than
two hours with openings therein protected by approved fire doors
or fire windows, and with no opening from such room to any
upper or lower story.
Section 19.4. Handling of Gasoline and Oils.
a. The fuel tanks of motor vehicles shall be filled directly
through hose from approved pumps attached to approved portable
tanks or drawing from underground storage tanks. Storage and '^
handling of flammable or combustible liquids shall conform to
article 16. The transfer of gasoline in any garage shall not be made
in any open container.
b. Garage floors shall drain to oil separators or traps dis-
charging to sewer. Contents of oil separators or traps of floor
drainage systems shall be collected at sufficiently frequent inter- g
vals and removed from the.premises to prevent oil from being
carried into the sewers. Self-closing metal cans shall be used for
all oily waste or waste oils.
154
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC. 20.2
ARTICLE 20
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
Section 20.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to materials not otherwise covered in
this code which are highly flammable, or which may react to cause
fires or explosions, or which by their presence create or augment a
fire or explosion hazard, or which because of their toxicity, flam-
mability, or liability to explosion render fire fighting abnormally
dangerous or difficult; also to materials and formulations which are
chemically unstable and which may spontaneously form explosive
compounds, or undergo spontaneous or exothermic reactions of
explosive violence or with sufficient evolution of heat to be a fire
hazard. Hazardous chemicals shall include such materials as cor-
rosive liquids, flammable solids, highly toxic materials, oxidizing
materials, poisonous gases, radioactive materials, and unstable
chemicals, as defined in section 20.2.
Section 20.2. Definitions.
a. Corrosive liquid shall mean and include those acids, alka-
line caustic liquids, and other corrosive liquids which when in
contact with living tissue, will cause severe damage of such tissue
by chemical action; or in case of leakage will materially damage
or destroy other containers of other hazardous commodities by
chemical action and cause the release of their contents; or are
liable to cause fire when in contact with organic matter or with
certain chemicals.
b. Flammable solid shall mean and include a solid substance,
other than one classified as an explosive, which is liable to cause
fires through friction, through absorption of moisture, through
spontaneous chemical changes, or as a result of retained heat from
manufacturing or processing. Examples are: white phosphorous,
metallic sodium and potassium, and zirconium powder.
c. Highly toxic material shall mean a material so toxic to man
as to afford an unusual hazard to life and health during fire fighting
operations. Examples are: parathion, TEPP (tetraethyl phos-
phate), HETP (hexaethyl tetraphosphate), and similar insecti-
cides and pesticides.
d. Oxidizing material shall mean any solid, liquid, or gaseous
substance which yields oxygen readily to support combustion or
155
SEC. 20.3 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
which reacts readily to oxidize fuels or other combustible mate-
.
rials.
e. Poisonous gas shall mean and include any noxious gas of
such nature that a small amount of the gas in air is dangerous
to life: Examples are: chlorine, cyanogen, fluorine, hydrogen
cyanide, nitric oxide, nitrogen tetraoxide and phosgene.
f. Radioactive material shall mean and include any material
or combination of material that spontaneously emits ionizing radi-
ation.
g. Sealed source shall mean a quantity of radiation so en-
closed as to prevent the escape of any radioactive material but at
the same time permitting radiation to come out for use.
h. Storage, isolated shall mean storage in a separate detached
building located away from hazardous occupancies, important
exposures, and inhabited buildings.
i. Storage, segregated shall mean storage in the same fire area
but physically detached from incompatible materials by partitions
or walls or when contained in a tank.
j. Storage, separated shall mean storage in the same fire area
but physically detached by space from incompatible materials,
using sills or curbs to maintain spacing or by using intervening
storage of nonhazardous, compatible commodities.
k. Unstable (reactive) chemical shall mean any substance,
other than one classified as an explosive or blasting agent, which
will vigorously and energetically react, is potentially explosive, will
polymerize, decompose instantaneously, undergo uncontrollable
auto-reaction or can be exploded by heat, shock, pressure or corn-
binations thereof. Examples are: organic peroxides, nitromethane, �►
and ammonium nitrate.
Section 20.3. Permit Required.
a. A permit shall be required for the storage or handling of
more than 55 gallons of corrosive liquids; or more than 50 pounds
of oxidizing materials; or more than 10 pounds of organic perox- �.
ides; or more than 500 pounds of nitromethane; or 1,000 pounds
or more of ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate fertilizers and
fertilizer mixtures defined in section 20.10a or any amount of
highly toxic material or poisonous gas.
b. A permit shall be required for the storage or handling at ti
any installation of more than one microcurie of radium not con-
y
tamed in a sealed source; or more than one millicurie of radium or
other radioactive material in a sealed source or sources, or any
amount of radioactive material for which a specific license from
156
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC. 20.4
the United States Atomic Energy Commission is required so as
to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that a
specific license for the radioactive material has been obtained from
the United States Atomic Energy Commission in accordance with
the applicable standard specified for this section 20.3b in article
31 of this Code shall be evidence that such license represents
reasonable procedure for safety to persons and property.
c. Before authorizing the issuance of any permit, the Chief
of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may require the applicant to
submit in writing one or more of the following:
(1) A report from an approved testing laboratory setting
forth the physical and chemical properties of the chemical in
question, whenever such properties are not readily available
in published references or from other recognized sources.
(2) Evidence that the manner of manufacture, processing,
storage, use or transportation of the hazardous chemicals in
question is in accordance with nationally recognized safe prac-
tices and that no undue hazard to life or property is involved.
(3) Qualification, experience and knowledge of the person
who is to supervise the operations involving the particular
material.
Reports concerning materials or processes may be marked for
the confidential information of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention, who shall use the data contained therein to evaluate
the fire and explosion hazard.
Section 20.4. General Requirements.
a. The manufacture, storage, handling and use of hazardous
chemicals shall be safeguarded with such protective facilities as
public safety requires.
b. The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may require
the separation, or isolation of any chemical that in combination
with other substances may bring about a fire or explosion or may
liberate a flammable or poisonous gas. The Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention may require separation from other storage facili-
ties, dwellings, places of assembly, educational occupancies, rail-
roads and public highways, when the quantity stored constitutes
a material hazard. Limitations on storage quantities shall be con-
sidered with regard to proximity of these exposures and congested
commercial and industrial districts.
c. Defective containers which permit leakage or spillage shall
be disposed of or repaired, in accordance with recognized safe
157
SEC. 20.5 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
practices; no spilled materials shall be allowed to accumulate on
floors or shelves.
d. Where kept for retail sale in containers or packages usual
to the retail trade, storage shall be neat and orderly and shelves
shall be of substantial construction.
Section 20.5. Oxidizing Materials.
a. Packaged oxidizing materials shall be stored in dry loca-
tions and separated from organic and other combustible materials.
Bulk oxidizing materials shall not be stored on or against wooden
surfaces.
b. Oxidizing materials that have a severe fire hazard and may
deflagrate on exposure to fire, shock, or friction, but which are not
expected to detonate shall be in segregated or isolated storage.
Segregation shall be by walls having a fire resistance rating of not
less than 2 hours. Automatic sprinklers shall be provided where
the building is not adequately isolated.
c. Oxidizing materials that may detonate on exposure to fire,
shock, or friction shall comply with the requirements of section
20.8 Organic Peroxides.
Section 20.6. Radioactive Materials.
a. Durable, clearly visible signs warning of radiation dangers
shall be placed at all entrances to areas or rooms where radio-
active materials are used or stored. In addition, each container in
which radioactive materials are used, stored, or transported shall
bear a durable, clearly visible, appropriate warning sign. Such
signs shall be posted to provide reasonable safety to persons and
property. Evidence that such signs are in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 20.6a in article 31 of
this Code shall be evidence that such signs provide reasonable
safety to persons and property.
b. Signs are not required for storage of manufactured articles
other than liquids, such as instruments or clock dials or electronic
tubes or apparatus of which radioactive materials are a component
part, and luminous compounds, when securely packed in strong
containers, provided the gamma radiation at any surface of the
package is less than 10 milliroentgens in 24 hours.
c. When not in use, radioactive materials shall be kept in ade-
quately shielded fire-resistant containers of such design that the
gamma radiation will not exceed 200 milliroentgens per hour or
equivalent at any point of readily accessible surface.
158
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC. 20.8
Section 20.7. Unstable (Reactive) Chemicals.
a. Storage location for unstable chemicals, such as organic
peroxides, nitromethane and ammonium nitrate shall be subject to
approval by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention with re-
spect to nearness to dwellings, places of assembly, educational
occupancies, institutional occupancies, railroads and public high-
ways. Limitations on storable quantities shall be considered with
regard to proximity of these exposures and congested commercial
or industrial districts.
b. Unstable chemicals shall be stored away from all incom-
patible chemicals and contaminating and sensitizing materials.
Such chemicals shall be kept away from all heat-producing ap-
pliances and electrical devices and shall be protected from external
heat, fire and explosion. Unstable reactive chemicals shall not be
stored in the same building with or in close proximity to explosives
and blasting agents except that ammonium nitrate may be stored
with explosives and blasting agents in accordance with article 12.
Good housekeeping shall be maintained. Uncontaminated contents
of broken or cracked bags, packages or other containers shall be
transferred to new and clean containers before storing. Other
spilled materials and discarded containers shall be promptly
gathered up and destroyed in an approved manner. All electric
bulbs shall be equipped with guards to prevent breakage. Open
lights or flames and smoking shall be prohibited in or near storage
areas. Internal combustion motor vehicles or lift trucks shall not
be parked or stored in the room or compartment where such
chemicals are located.
c. Unstable chemicals that are unstable (reactive) liquids,
such as organic peroxides and nitromethane shall in addition to
complying with the applicable provisions of this article 20 shall
comply with the applicable provisions of division II or article 16.
Section 20.8. Organic Peroxides.
a. Organic peroxide storage shall comply with section 20.7
and this section 20.8.
b. Organic peroxides of 50 pounds or more shall be stored
in a detached,well isolated, ventilated, and unheated storage build
ing constructed of materials having a fire resistance rating of not
less than two hours with a noncombustible floor and a light weight
insulated roof. If not adequately protected by a fast-acting deluge
type automatic sprinkler system, the storage building shall be
located the following minimum distances from flammable liquid
159
SEC. 20.9 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
storage, combustible materials in the open and from any other
building or highway:
Weight of Organic Peroxide Distance
Pounds Feet
50 to 100 75
100 to 500 100
500 to 1000 125
1000 to 3000 200
3000 to 5000 300
5000 to 10,000 400
c. Stock supplies stored inside production buildings shall be
limited to 50 pounds at any one time.
d. The organic peroxides shall be stored in the original ship-
ping containers (DOT containers). Care shall be taken to avoid
rough handling or contamination of these chemicals. Readily
legible warning signs and placards shall be prominently placed
in the storage and processing areas.
Section 20.9. Nitromethane.
a. Nitromethane storage shall comply with section 20.7 and
this section 20.9.
b. Nitromethane storage shall be in a suitable isolated out-
door area with no hazardous processing in the vicinity of the
storage area.
c. Nitromethane shall be stored in the drums in which it is
received or in an underground tank with suitable corrosion pro-
tection and a minimum of 2 feet of earth over the tank or in
barricaded tanks aboveground. If the drum storage is not ade-
quately protected by a fast-acting deluge type automatic sprinkler
system, the storage of 2,000 pounds or more shall be located the
following minimum distances from inhabited buildings:
Weight Approximate
Pounds Pounds Number Distance
over not over of Drums Feet
Beginning at 2,000 4 100
2,000 to 10,000 20 200
10,000 to 20,000 40 300
20,000 to 40,000 80 400
40,000 to 80,000 160 500
d. Care shall be taken to avoid rough handling or contamina-
160
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC. 20.10
tion of this chemical. Readily legible warning signs and placards
shall be prominently placed in the storage and processing areas.
Section 20.10. Ammonium Nitrate.
a. Ammonium nitrate in the form of crystals, flakes, grains
or prills shall include technical grade, fertilizer grade as deter-
mined by applicable test procedures and apparatus specified for
this section 20.10a in article 31 of this Code, nitrous oxide grade,
dynamite grade, and other mixtures containing 60% or more
ammonium nitrate; but shall not include blasting agents.
b. Ammonium nitrate storage shall comply with section 20.7
and this section 20.10. Approval of large quantity storage shall
be subject to due consideration of fire, explosion, and possible
toxic vapors from burning or decomposing ammonium nitrate.
Ammonium nitrate shall be considered capable of undergoing
detonation with about half the blast effect of explosives, if heated
under confinement that permits high pressure build-up, or if
subjected to strong shocks, such as from an explosion.
c. Ammonium nitrate storage areas shall be separated by a
space of 30 feet, with sills or curbs, or by approved type walls
with a fire resistance rating of not less than one hour, from stocks
of organic chemicals, corrosive liquids, flammable compressed
gases, flammable and combustible materials, such as coal, sawdust,
charcoal, or flour where storage of such materials is permitted with
ammonium nitrate. Walls referred to in this section 20.1Oc need
extend only to the underside of the roof. All flooring in storage and
handling areas shall be of noncombustible material and shall be
without drains, traps, pits or pockets into which any molten
ammonium nitrate could flow and be confined in event of fire.
d. Sulphur and finely divided metals, explosives and blasting
agents shall not be stored in the same building with ammonium
nitrate except when stored so as to be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Evidence that sulphur and finely divided metals,
explosives and blasting agents when stored with ammonium nitrate
are in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this
section 20.10d in article 31 of the Code shall be evidence that
such storage is reasonably safe to persons and property.
e. Ammonium nitrate shall not be accepted for storage where
the temperature of the product exceeds 130°F.
f. In areas where lightning storms are prevalent, approved
lightning protection shall be provided.
g. BAGGED STORAGE:
(1) Bagged ammonium nitrate exceeding 60 tons total
161
SEC. 20.10 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
weight shall be stored in a well-ventilated building of fire-
resistive or noncombustible construction or in buildings of
other types of construction equipped with an approved auto-
matic sprinkler system.
(2) Quantities of 2500 tons or more shall be stored in
well-ventilated buildings of fire-resistive or noncombustible
construction equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler
system.
(3) Sprinkler protection shall be required for the storage
of less than 2500 tons of ammonium nitrate where the location
of the storage buildings or industrial occupancy or the_presence
of other stored materials may present a special hazard.
(4) Each storage pile of bags or other authorized pack-
ages and containers of such materials shall not exceed 20 feet
in width and 50 feet in length. The length is not limited if
the building is of fire-resistive or noncombustible construction
or sprinkler protected. For pile heights exceeding 15 feet,
a hydraulically engineered sprinkler system shall be required.
Such pile units shall be separated by a clear space of not
less than 36 inches in width from the base to the top of the
piles, serving as cross-aisles. At least one service or main aisle
in the storage area shall be not less than 4 feet in width. A
clearance of not less than 30 inches shall be maintained from
building walls and partitions and of not less than 36 inches from
ceilings or roof structural members with a minimum of 18
inches from sprinklers.
(5) Automatic sprinkler systems, when required by section
20.1Og shall provide reasonable safety to persons and property.
Evidence that automatic sprinkler systems have been designed
and installed in accordance with applicable standard specified
for this section 20.1Og(5) in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such automatic sprinkler systems provide reason-
able safety to persons and property.
h. BULK STORAGE:
(1) Bulk storage of various grades of ammonium nitrate,
which are described in section 20.10a, shall be permitted only
after due consideration has been given to location in regard to
heavily populated and built-up centers, including marine termi-
nals and other waterfront facilities, and after specific approval
by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
(2) Ammonium nitrate shall be stored in an isolated loca-
tion; in bins in warehouses, away from incompatible materials;
162
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC. 20.10
or in silo-type or other detached outdoor enclosed structures.
Such storage facilities shall be well-ventilated.
(3) Height or depth of pile shall be limited by the pres-
sure setting tendency of the product. The range of humidity and
temperature changes, and the pellet quality of the product
in the storage space shall be considered in determining the
pressure setting tendency. Temperature cycles through 90°F
and high atmospheric humidity shall be considered undesirable
for storage in depth. Pile height shall be at least 36 inches
below ceilings or roof structural members with a minimum
of 18 inches from sprinklers and shall be so sized and arranged
that all material is moved out periodically.
(4) Galvanized iron, copper, lead and zinc shall not be
used in bin structure unless suitably protected. Wooden bins
or aluminum bins protected against impregnation by ammo-
nium nitrate may be permitted. Bins and storage areas shall be
clear and free of materials which may contaminate ammonium
nitrate. Suitable provisions shall be made to prevent conveyor-
system lubricants from dripping onto storage areas.
(5) If a facility in a permitted location provides a low
hazard exposure through isolation, it may be considered ac-
ceptable without sprinkler protection when all other fire pro-
tection safeguards are met.
(6) Dynamite, other explosives and blasting agents shall
not be used to break up or loosen caked ammonium nitrate.
i. All electrical installations shall be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Evidence that electrical installations have been
installed in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 20.10i in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence
that such electrical installations are reasonably safe to persons and
property. All electrical wiring and equipment shall be approved
for the purpose and, where necessary, designed to minimize dam-
age from corrosion by any means, including ammonium nitrate
dust.
j. Exposed ignition sources, such as open lights, flames, and
smoking shall be prohibited at all storage and bulk handling
facilities.
k. All internal combustion motor vehicles, lift trucks, tractors,
and other specialized bulk-handling and cargo-conveying equip-
ment shall not be permitted to remain overnight in a building
where ammonium nitrate is stored, unless parked in an area ap-
proved exclusively for such parking purposes. All such vehicles
shall be refueled in a safe outside location.
163
SEC. 20.11 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
1. All points of entry to commercial warehouses storing am-
monium nitrate shall be identified with a prominently displayed,
durable sign worded "Ammonium Nitrate," with letters at least
2 inches high in colors contrasting with the background, with a
caution notice about open lights, flames, and smoking near such
storage areas.
m. Ammonium nitrate shall be stored so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Evidence that ammonium nitrate
has been stored in accordance with the applicable standard speci-
fied for this section 20.10m in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such ammonium nitrate storage is reasonably safe to
persons and property.
n. Housekeeping and maintenance in all warehousing or stor-
age facilities and marine terminals shall be regularly conducted to
provide reasonable safety to persons and property. Evidence that
housekeeping and maintenance in marine terminals has been con-
ducted in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this
section 20.1On in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that
such housekeeping and maintenance provide reasonable safety
to persons and property.
Section 20.11. Highly Toxic Materials.
a. Highly toxic materials shall be separated from other chem-
icals and combustible and flammable substances by storage in
a room or compartment separated from other areas by walls and
floor and ceiling assemblies having a fire resistance rating of not
less than one hour. The storage room shall be provided with ade-
quate drainage facilities and natural or mechanical ventilation to
the outside atmosphere.
b. Legible warning signs and placards stating the nature and
location of the highly toxic materials shall be posted at all en-
trances to areas where such materials are stored or used.
Section 20.12. Poisonous Gases.
a. Storage of poisonous gases shall be in rooms with walls, and
floor and ceiling assemblies having a fire resistance rating of not
less than one hour and having natural or mechanical ventilation
adequate to remove leaking gas. Such ventilation shall not dis-
charge to a point where the gases may endanger any person.
b. Legible warning signs stating the nature of hazard shall be
placed at all entrances to locations where poisonous gases are
stored or used.
164
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC. 20.14
Section 20.13. Corrosive Liquids.
Satisfactory provisions shall be made for containing and neu-
tralizing or safely flushing away leakage of corrosive liquids which
may occur during storage or handling.
Section 20.14. Motor Vehicle Transportation of Hazardous
Chemicals and Other Dangerous Articles
a. The transportation of hazardous chemicals and other dan-
gerous articles by motor vehicles shall comply with DOT Regula-
tions.
b. Owners of vehicles involved in intrastate shipments shall
obtain a permit to transport hazardous chemicals and other dan-
gerous articles on designated routes within the municipality. Such
application shall certify that said vehicles meet all equipment
requirements of DOT Regulations. Owners of vehicles involved
only in interstate shipments and complying with DOT Regulations
shall register with the Chief of Bureau of Fire Prevention for the
purpose of assuring due notification and use of officially desig-
nated routes, approved stopping and parking places, and inspec-
tion stops.
165
SEC. 21.1 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
ARTICLE 21
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
Section 21.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to all storage and handling of lique-
fied petroleum gas and the installation of all equipment pertinent
to systems for such uses.
Section 21.2. Definitions.
a. Liquefied petroleum gas shall mean any material which
is composed predominantly of any of the following hydrocarbons,
or mixtures of them: propane, propylene, butane (normal butane
or iso-butane) and butylenes.
b. Liquefied petroleum gas equipment shall mean all contain-
ers, apparatus, piping (not including utility distribution piping
systems) and equipment pertinent to the storage and handling of
liquefied petroleum gas. Gas consuming appliances shall not be
considered as being liquefied petroleum gas equipment.
c. Total water capacity shall mean allowable tank capacity in
gallons or pounds of water.
Section 21.3. Permits and Reports of Installations.
a. A permit shall be obtained for each installation of lique-
fied petroleum gas employing a container or an aggregate of inter-
connected containers of over 2,000 gallons water capacity, and for
each permanent installation, irrespective of size of containers,
made at buildings in which people congregate for civic, political,
educational, religious, social or recreational purposes. Such build-
ings shall include schools, churches, hospitals, institutions, hotels,
and restaurants, each having a capacity of 20 or more persons.
b. Where the nature of adjoining occupancy, proximity of
adjacent buildings or unusual conditions indicate the need, the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may require the submittal
of plans to the Bureau of Fire Prevention prior to making the
installation and if compliance with the requirements of this code
is shown by said plans, a permit shall be issued.
c. Installers shall maintain a record of all installations for
which a permit is not required by section 21.3a (but not including
installation of gas burning appliances and replacing of portable
166
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES SEC. 21.6
cylinders) and have it available for inspection by the Bureau-of
Fire Prevention.
Section 21.4. Inspection of Installations.
It shall be the duty of the Bureau of Fire Prevention to inspect
a reasonable number of liquefied petroleum gas installations to
determine if the provisions of this article are being complied with.
Section 21.5. Installation of Equipment.
All installations of liquefied petroleum gas equipment including
such equipment installed at utility gas plants, shall be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Liquefied petroleum gas installa-
tions which conform to the applicable provisions of this code shall
be deemed to be reasonably safe to persons and property; on
matters not covered in this code or in other laws or regulations
legally in effect, conformity of liquefied petroleum gas installations
to the applicable standards specified for this section 21.5 in article
31 of this Code shall be evidence that such liquefied petroleum
gas installations are reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 21.6. Location of Containers.
a. Within the limits established by law restricting the bulk
storage of liquefied petroleum gas for the protection of heavily
populated or congested commercial areas, the aggregate capacity of
any one installation shall not exceed 2,000 gallons water capacity;
except that in particular installations this capacity limit may be
altered at the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention after consideration of special features such as topo-
graphical conditions, nature of occupancy and proximity to build-
ings, capacity of proposed tanks, degree of private fire protection
to be provided, and facilities of the local fire department.
b. Multiple container installations with a total storage water
capacity of more than 180,000 gallons (approximately 150,000
gallons LP-Gas capacity) shall be subdivided into groups contain-
ing not more than 180,000 gallons in each group. Such groups
shall be separated by a distance of not less than 50 feet, unless
the tanks are (1) buried or mounded in an approved manner, or
(2) protected with approved insulation on such areas that may
be subject to impingement of ignited gas from pipelines or other
leakage or (3) protected by fire walls of approved construction,
or (4) protected by an approved system for application of water,
or (5) protected by other approved means. Where one of these
167
SEC. 21.7 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
forms of protection is provided, the separation shall not be less
than 25 feet between such container groups.
Section 21.7. LP-Gas in Buildings.
a. Vapor shall not be piped into any building at pressures in
excess of 20 psig except as follows:
(1) Buildings, or separate areas of buildings, used exclu-
sively to house equipment for vaporization, pressure reduction,
gas mixing, gas manufacturing, or distribution, or to house
internal combustion engines, industrial processes, research and
experimental laboratories, or equipment and processes using
such gas and having similar hazard; and when such buildings, or
separate areas thereof, are constructed in accordance with
section 21.5.
(2) Buildings, structures, or equipment under construction
or undergoing major renovation.
b. Liquid shall be permitted in buildings provided:
(1) The requirements of section 21.7a(1) are met.
(2) Buildings, structures, or equipment under construction
or undergoing major renovation provided the temporary piping
meets the following conditions:
(a) Installations of liquid piping, hydrostatic relief valves,
and flexible connectors shall comply with section 21.5. All
such piping shall be protected against construction hazards.
Liquid piping inside buildings shall be kept to a minimum.
Such piping shall be securely fastened to walls or other
surfaces so as to provide adequate protection from breakage
and so located as to subject the liquid line to lowest ambient
temperatures.
(b) A shut-off valve shall be installed in each intermediate
branch line where it takes off the main line and shall be
readily accessible. A shut-off valve shall also be placed at the
appliance end of the intermediate branch line. Such shut-off
valve shall be upstream of any flexible connector used with
the appliance.
(c) Suitable excess flow valves shall be installed in the
container outlet line supplying liquid LP-Gas to the building.
A suitable excess flow valve shall be installed immediately
downstream of each shut-off valve. Suitable excess flow valves
shall be installed where piping size is reduced and shall be
sized for the reduced size piping.
(d) The use of hose to carry liquid between the container
168
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES SEC. 21.8
and the building or at any point in the liquid line, except as
the appliance connector, shall be prohibited.
(e) Release of fuel when any section of piping or appli-
ances is disconnected shall be minimized by either of the
following methods:
[1] Using an approved automatic quick-closing coupling
(a type closing in both directions when coupled in the
fuel line), or
[2] Closing the valve nearest to the appliance and
allowing the appliance to operate until the fuel in the line
is consumed.
c. Portable containers shall not be taken into buildings except
as provided in section 21.8.
Section 21.8. Location of Containers and Regulating Equip-
ment Inside Buildings.
a. Containers, and first stage regulating equipment if used,
shall be located outside of buildings, except under one or more of
the following:
(1) In buildings used exclusively for container charging,
vaporization, pressure reduction, gas mixing, gas manufacturing
or distribution.
(2) LP-Gas vehicles or tank vehicles as parked or garaged
in accordance with section 21.10.
(3) In use for a motor fuel.
(4) In storage awaiting use or resale.
(5) When portable use is necessary.
b. The following provisions shall apply for portable use under
section 21.8a(5).
(1) SMALL CONTAINERS. Containers having a maximum
water capacity of 21/2 pounds (nominal 1 pound LP-Gas
capacity) are permitted to be used inside of buildings as part
of approved self-contained hand torch assemblies or similar
appliances.
(2) PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS OR DEMONSTRATIONS. Containers
having a maximum water capacity of 12 pounds (nominal 5
pounds LP-Gas capacity) are permitted to be used temporarily
inside of buildings for public exhibition or demonstration pur-
poses, including use for classroom demonstrations.
169
SEC. 21.8 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
(3) BUILDINGS FREQUENTED BY THE PUBLIC:
(a) When buildings frequented by the public are open
to the public, containers are permitted to be used for repair
or minor renovation, as follows:
[1] The maximum water capacity of individual con-
tainers shall be 50 pounds (nominal 20 pounds LP-Gas
capacity).
[2] The number of LP-Gas containers shall not exceed
the number of workmen assigned to using the LP-Gas.
[3] Containers having a water capacity greater than 21
pounds (nominal 1 pound LP-Gas capacity) shall not be
left unattended in such buildings.
(b) When buildings frequented by the public are not
open to the public, containers are permitted to be used for
repair or minor renovations, as follows:
[1] The provisions of section 21.8b(4) shall apply
except that containers having a water capacity greater
than 21/2 pounds (nominal 1 pound LP-Gas capacity)
shall not be left unattended in such buildings.
(4) BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES UNDER CONSTRUCTION OR
UNDERGOING MAJOR RENOVATION: Containers are permitted to
be used in buildings or structures under construction or under-
going major renovation when such buildings or structures are
not occupied by the public, as follows:
(a) The maximum water capacity of individual containers
shall be 245 pounds (nominal 100 pounds LP-Gas capacity).
(b) For temporary heating such as curing concrete, dry-
ing plaster and similar applications, heaters (other than
integral.heater-container units) shall be located at least 6
feet from any LP—Gas container. This shall not prohibit the
use of heaters specifically designed for attachment to the
container or to a supporting standard, provided they are
designed and installed so as to prevent direct or radiant heat
application from the heater onto the container. Blower and
radiant type heaters shall not be directed toward any LP-Gas
container within 20 feet.
(e) If two or more heater-container units, of either the
integral or nonintegral type, are located in an unpartitioned
area on the same floor, the container or containers of each
unit shall.be separated from the container or containers of
any other unit by at least 20 feet.
170
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES SEC. 21.8
(d) When heaters are connected to containers for use in
an unpartitioned area on the same floor, the total water
capacity of containers manifolded together for connection to
a heater or heaters shall not be greater than 735 pounds
(nominal 300 pounds LP-Gas capacity). Such manifolds
shall be separated by at least 20 feet.
(e) On floors on which heaters are not connected for use,
containers are permitted to be manifolded together for con-
nection to a heater or heaters on another floor, provided (a)
the total water capacity of containers connected to any one
manifold is not greater than 2,450 pounds (nominal 1,000
pounds LP-Gas capacity) and (b) where more than one
manifold having a total water capacity greater than 735
pounds (nominal 300 pounds LP-Gas capacity) are located
in the same unpartitioned area, they shall.be separated by
at least 50 feet.
(f) When compliance with the provisions of section
21.8b(4)(d) and (e) is impractical, they may be altered by
the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
(g) Storage of containers awaiting use or resale shall
comply with section 21.5.
(5) INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES FOR PROCESSING, RESEARCH
OR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES: Containers are permitted to be
used in industrial occupancies for processing, research or experi-
mental purposes as follows:
(a) The maximum water capacity of individual containers
shall be 245 pounds (nominal 100 pounds LP-Gas capacity).
(b) Containers connected to a manifold shall have a total
water capacity not greater than 735 pounds (nominal 300
pounds LP-Gas capacity) and not more than one such mani-
fold may be located in the same room unless separated at
least 20 feet from a similar unit.
(c) The amount of LP-Gas in containers for research and
experimental use shall be limited to the smallest practical
quantity.
(6) INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES UTILIZING PORTABLE EQUIP-
MENT FOR SPACE HEATING: Containers are permitted to be
used in industrial occupancies with essentially noncombustible
contents where portable equipment for space heating is essential
and where a permanent heating installation is not practical, as
follows:
171
SEC. 21.8 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
(a) Containers and heaters shall comply with and be
used in accordance with section 21.8b(4).
(7) EMERGENCY HEATING: Containers are permitted to be
used in buildings for temporary emergency heating purposes, if
necessary to prevent damage to the buildings or contents, when
the permanent heating system is temporarily out of service, as
follows:
(a) Containers and heaters shall comply with and be used
in accordance with section 21.8b(4).
(b) The temporary heating equipment shall not be left
unattended.
(8) EDUCATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCIES FOR
NONCLASSROOM RESEARCH OR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES: Con-
tainers are permitted to be used in educational and institutional
laboratory occupancies for research or experimental purposes,
but not in classrooms, as follows:
(a) The maximum water capacity of individual containers
shall be 50 pounds (nominal 20 pounds LP-Gas capacity)
when used in educational occupancies. The maximum water
capacity of individual containers shall be 12 pounds (nominal
5 pounds LP-Gas capacity) when used in institutional occu-
pancies.
(b) If more than one such container is located in the
same room, the containers shall be separated by at least 20
feet.
(c) Containers not connected for use shall be stored in
accordance with section 21.5, except that they shall not be
stored in a laboratory room.
(9) TEMPORARY USE FOR TRAINING PURPOSES: Containers
are permitted to be used temporarily in buildings for training
purposes related in installation and use of LP-Gas systems, as
follows:
(a) The maximum water capacity of individual containers
shall be 245 pounds (nominal 100 pounds LP-Gas capacity),
but the maximum quantity of LP-Gas that may be placed
in each container shall be 20 pounds.
(b) If more than one such container is located in the
same room, the containers shall be separated by at least 20
feet.
(c) The training location shall be acceptable to the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
172
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES SEC. 21.11
(d) Containers shall be removed from the building when
the training class has terminated.
Section 21.9. Marking Cargo Vehicles.
Every tank vehicle used for the transportation of liquefied
petroleum gas shall be marked on each side and rear, thereof,
on a sharply contrasting background, with FLAMMABLE COM-
PRESSED GAS or FLAMMABLE GAS in block letters at least
three inches high, and in block letters at least two inches high,
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS, or BUTANE or PROPANE
- as appropriate.
Section 21.10. Parking and Garaging.
a. Except in an emergency, no tank vehicle shall be left unat-
tended on any street, highway, avenue or alley, provided that this
shall not prevent a driver from the necessary absence from the
• truck in connection with the delivery of his load,except that during
actual discharge of the liquid some responsible person shall be
present at the vehicle, nor shall it prevent stops for meals during
the day or night if the street is well lighted at point of parking.
b. Tank vehicles containing flammable or combustible liquids
shall not be parked out of doors at any one point for longer than
one hour, except off the streets, and at least 50 feet from any
buildings used for assembly, institutional or residential occupancy.
c. Tank vehicles shall not be parked or garaged in any build-
ings other than those specifically approved for such use by the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 21.11. Marine and Pipeline Terminals, Natural Gas
Processing Plants, Refineries,and Tank Farms.
Liquefied petroleum gas installations (including refrigerated
storage) at marine and pipeline terminals, natural gas processing
plants, refineries and tank farms, where tank farms do not include
storage at industrial locations, shall be designed and installed so
as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that
liquefied petroleum gas installations at marine and pipeline ter-
minals, natural gas plants, refineries, and tank farms, have been
designed and installed in accordance with the applicable standard
specified for this section 21.11 in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such liquefied petroleum gas installations are reason-
ably safe to persons and property.
173
SEC. 22.1 LUMBER YARDS & WOODWORKING PLANTS
ARTICLE 22
LUMBER YARDS AND WOODWORKING PLANTS
Section 22.1. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for the storage of lumber exceeding
100,000 board feet.
Section 22.2. Open Yard Storage.
a. Lumber shall be piled with due regard to stability of piles
and in no case higher than 20 feet.
b. Driveways between and around lumber piles shall be at
least 15 feet wide and maintained free from accumulation of
rubbish, equipment or other articles or materials. Driveways shall
be so spaced that a maximum grid system unit of 50 feet by 150
feet is produced.
c. Permanent lumber storage exceeding 100,000 board feet shall
be surrounded with a suitable fence at least 6 feet high, unless
storage is within a building.
Section 22.3. Operational Fire Hazard in Lumber Yards.
a. The burning of shavings, sawdust and refuse materials
shall be permitted only under boilers, in furnaces, or in incinera-
tors or refuse burners safely constructed and located. Stacks shall
be provided with approved spark arresters having openings not
greater than 3/4-inch, or other effective means provided which will
eliminate the danger from sparks, such as an expansion chamber,
baffle walls or other effective arrangement. At boiler or other
points where sawdust or shavings are used as fuel, a storage
bin constructed of noncombustible materials with raised sill, shall
be provided.
b. Smoking shall be prohibited except in specified safe loca-
tions in buildings. Large "No Smoking" signs shall be painted on
exterior building walls and on signs, erected at driveways' edges.
"No Smoking" signs shall be posted throughout all buildings ex-
cept in specific locations designated as safe for smoking purposes.
c. Weeds shall be kept down throughout the entire yard and
shall be sprayed as often as needed with a satisfactory weed killer
or cut or grubbed out. Dead weeds shall be removed.
d. Debris such as sawdust, chips and shorts shall be removed
174
LUMBER YARDS & WOODWORKING PLANTS SEC. 22.5
regularly from piling areas and not less frequently than quarterly.
Proper housekeeping shall be maintained at all times.
Section 22.4. Fire Control in Open Yards and Buildings.
Portable fire extinguishing equipment suitable for the fire
hazard involved shall be provided at convenient conspicuous ac-
cessible locations in open yards. When used, approved Class A
portable fire extinguishers, properly protected against freezing
where necessary, shall be provided so that the travel distance to
the nearest unit does not exceed 75 feet. In buildings, fire ex-
tinguishing equipment shall be provided as specified by the Chief
of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 22.5. Woodworking Plants.
a. Sawmills, planing mills and other woodworking plants
shall be equipped with refuse removal systems which will collect
and remove sawdust and shavings as produced; or suitable metal
or metal-lined bins, provided with normally closed covers or auto-
matically closing covers, shall be.installed at or near such ma-
chines, and shavings and sawdust shall be swept up and deposited
in such bins at sufficiently frequent intervals as to keep the prem-
ises clean. Blower and exhaust systems shall be installed so as to
•
be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that blower
and exhaust systems have been installed in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 22.5a in article 31 of
this Code shall be evidence that such blower and exhaust systems
are reasonably safe to persons and property.
b. Fire fighting equipment, either portable fire appliances or
small hose supplied from a suitable water system, shall be pro-
vided near any machine producing shavings or sawdust.
c. Woodworking plants shall be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Woodworking plants which conform to the appli-
cable provisions of this code shall be deemed to be reasonably safe
to persons and property; on matters not covered in this code, con-
formity of woodworking plants to the applicable standard specified
for this section 22.5c in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence
that such plants are reasonably safe to persons and property.
175
SEC. 23.1 MAGNESIUM
ARTICLE 23
MAGNESIUM
Section 23.1. Scope.
This article applies to the storage, handling and processing
of magnesium.
Section 23.2. Definition.
Magnesium shall mean the pure metal and alloys of which the
major part is magnesium.
Section 23.3. Permit Required.
A permit shall be obtained for the melting, casting, heat treat-
ing, machining, or grinding, of more than 10 pounds of magnesium
per working day.
Section 23.4. Storage of Pigs, Ingots and Billets.
a. Storage of magnesium pigs, ingots and billets out of doors
shall be in piles not exceeding 1,000,000 pounds each, separated
by aisles not less in width than 1/2 the height of pile, and separated
from combustible material or buildings on the same or adjoining
property by a distance of not less than the height of the nearest
pile.
b. Storage of pigs, ingots and billets in buildings shall be on
floors of noncombustible material, in piles not larger than 500,000
pounds each, separated by aisles not less in width than 1/2 the
height of the pile.
Section 23.5. Melting Pots.
Floors under and around melting pots shall be of noncombus-
tible material.
Section 23.6. Storage of Magnesium Articles in Foundries and
Processing Plants.
The size of storage piles of magnesium articles in foundries
and processing plants shall not exceed 1,250 cubic feet and shall
be separated by aisles not less in width than 1/2 the height of tt
pile.
176
MAGNESIUM SEC. 23.8
Section 23.7. Heat Treating Ovens.
Approved means shall be provided for control of magnesium
fires in heat treating ovens.
Section 23.8. Magnesium Processing Operations.
a. At each grinding, buffing or wire brushing operation on
magnesium, not including rough finishing of castings, dust shall
be collected by means of suitable hoods or enclosures connected to
a liquid precipitation type of separator, such that the dust will be
converted to sludge without contact in a dry state with any high
speed moving parts.
b. Connecting ducts or suction tubes shall be completely
grounded and as short as possible, with no unnecessary bends.
Ducts shall be carefully fabricated and assembled, with a smooth
interior and with internal lap joints pointing in the direction of
air flow, and without unused capped side outlets, pockets or other
•
dead-end spaces which might allow an accumulation of dust.
c. Each machine shall be equipped with its individual dust
separating unit, except that with multi-unit machines not more
than two dust-producing units may be served by one separator.
Not more than four portable dust-producing units in a single en-
closure or stand may be served by one separator unit.
d. Power supply to dust-producing machines shall be inter-
locked with the motor driving the exhaust blower and the liquid
level controller of the wet collector in such a way that improper
functioning of the dust collecting system will shut down the
machine it serves. A time delay switch or equivalent device shall
be provided in the dust producing machine to prevent the starting
of its motor drive until the wet collector is in complete operation
and several changes of air have swept out any residual hydrogen.
e. All electrical wiring, fixtures and equipment in the im-
mediate vicinity of and attached to dust-producing machines, in-
k eluding those used in connection with separator equipment, shall
be reasonably safe to persons and property. In the immediate
vicinity of and attached to dust-producing machines, including
those used in connection with separator equipment, evidence that
all electrical wiring, fixtures and equipment is of a type approved
for Class II, Group E hazardous locations and has been installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 23.8e in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such
electrical wiring, fixtures and equipment are reasonably safe to
persons and property.
177
SEC. 23.9 MAGNESIUM
f. All equipment shall be securely grounded by permanent
ground wires.
Section 23.9. Fire Control.
A supply of approved extinguishing powder in a substantial
container with a hand scoop or shovel for applying powder on
magnesium fires or an approved extinguisher unit designed for use
with such powder shall be kept within easy reach of every operator
performing a machining, grinding or other processing operation
on magnesium.
Section 23.10. Storage of Magnesium Articles in Warehouses
and Stores.
a. Magnesium storage in quantity greater than 50 cubic feet
shall be separated from storage of other materials that are either
combustible or in combustible containers, by aisles equal in width
to not less than the height of the piles of magnesium.
b. Magnesium storage in quantity greater than 1,000 cubic
feet shall be separated into piles each not larger than 1,000 cubic
feet with aisles between equal in width to not less than the height
of the piles.
c. Where storage in quantity greater than 1,000 cubic feet is
in a building of combustible construction, or the magnesium is
packed in combustible crates or cartons, or there is other combus-
tible storage within 30 feet of the magnesium, the storage area
shall be protected by automatic sprinklers.
Section 23.11. Handling of Magnesium Fines (Fine Magnesium
Scrap).
a. Chips, turnings and other fine magnesium scrap shall be
collected from the pans or spaces under machines and from other
places where they collect at least once each working day, and
placed in a covered, vented steel container and removed to a safe
location.
b. Magnesium fines shall be kept separate from other corn-
bustible materials.
c. Storage in quantity greater than 50 cubic feet of fine mag-
nesium scrap (six 55-gallon steel drums) shall be separated from
other occupancies by fire-resistive construction without window
openings or by an open space of at least 50 feet.
d. Storage in quantity greater than 1,000 cubic feet shall be
separated from all buildings other than those used for magnesium
scrap recovery operations by a distance of not less than 100 feet.
178
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT SEC. 24.3
ARTICLE 24
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
Section 24.1. Scope.
This article applies to oil burning equipment except com-
bustion engines, oil lamps, and portable devices such as blow
torches, melting pots, and weed burners.
Section 24.2. Definitions.
a. Conversion range oil burner shall mean an oil burner de-
signed to burn kerosene, range oil or similar fuel. This burner
is intended primarily for installation only in a stove or range, a
portion or all of which originally was designed for the utilization
of solid fuel and which is flue-connected.
b. Fuel oil shall mean kerosene or any hydrocarbon oil spe-
cified in the standard for this section 24.2b in article 31 of this
Fire Prevention Code and having a flash point not less than
100°F.
c. Heating and cooking appliance shall mean an oil-fired ap-
pliance not intended for central heating. These appliances include
kerosene stoves, oil stoves, and conversion range oil burners.
d. Oil Burner shall mean a device for burning oil in heating
appliances such as boilers, furnaces, water heaters, ranges and the
like. A burner of this type may be furnished with or without a
primary safety control; and it may be a pressure atomizing gun
type, a horizontal or vertical rotary type, or a mechanical or
natural draft vaporizing type.
e. Oil burning equipment shall mean an oil burner of any
type together with its tank, piping, wiring, controls and related
devices and shall include all oil burners, oil-fired units, and heating
and cooking appliances but exclude those exempted by section
24.1.
f. Oil-fired unit shall mean a heating appliance equipped with
one or more oil burners and all the necessary safety controls,
electrical equipment and related equipment manufactured for
assembly as a complete unit. This definition does not include
kerosene stoves or oil stoves.
Section 24.3. Permit Required.
A single permit shall be required for the initial installation of
179
SEC. 24.4 OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
an oil burner and a fuel oil tank used in connection therewith that
is in excess of 25 gallons in a building or in excess of 60 gallons
outside of a building. A separate permit shall be required for the
replacement of either the oil burner or a fuel oil tank connected to
an oil burner.
Section 24.4. Use of Approved Equipment.
Oil burning equipment shall be of approved type.
Section 24.5. General Installation Requirements.
a. The installation shall be made in accordance with the in-
structions of the manufacturer.
b. The installation shall be such as to provide reasonable ac-
cessibility for cleaning heating surfaces, removing burners, replac-
ing motors, controls, air filters, draft regulators and other working
parts and for adjusting, cleaning and lubricating parts requiring
such attention.
c. After installation of the oil burning equipment, operation
tests shall be conducted to make certain that the burner is oper-
ating in a safe and acceptable manner and that all safety devices
function properly.
Section 24.6. Electrical Wiring and Equipment.
Electrical wiring and equipment used in connection with oil
burning equipment shall be installed so as to be reasonably safe
to persons and property. Evidence that electrical wiring and
equipment has been installed in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 24.6 in article 31 of this Code
shall be evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 24.7. Fuel Oil.
The grade of fuel oil used in a burner shall be that for which
the burner is approved and as stipulated by the manufacturer.
Crankcase oil or any oil containing gasoline shall not be used.
Section 24.8. Design, Construction, and Installation of Fuel
Oil Tanks.
a. MATERIALS.
(1) Tanks shall be built of steel except as provided in section
24.8a(2) through 24.8a(5).
(2) Tanks for underground service may be built of material
other than steel.
180
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT SEC. 24.8
(3) Tanks built of materials other than steel shall be
designed to specifications embodying principles recognized as
good engineering design for the material used and shall be
approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
(4) Unlined concrete tanks may be used for above-
ground or underground service for fuel oils having a gravity
of 40 degrees API or heavier. Concrete tanks shall be built in
accordance with sound engineering practice.
(5) Tanks may have combustible or noncombustible linings.
b. FABRICATION.
(1) Tanks may be of any shape or type consistent with
sound engineering design.
(2) Metal tanks shall be welded, riveted and caulked,
brazed, or bolted, or constructed by use of a combination of
these methods. Filler metal used in brazing shall be nonfer-
rous metal or an alloy having a melting point above 1000°F
and below that of the metal joined.
C. ATMOSPHERIC TANKS.
(1) Atmospheric tanks shall be built so as to be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that an atmospheric
tank has been built in accordance with the applicable standards
specified for this section 24.8c(1) in article 31 of this Code
shall be evidence that such atmospheric tanks are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
(2) Steel tanks designed for underground service not exceed-
ing 2500 gallons capacity may be used aboveground.
(3) Atmospheric tanks built according to Underwriters'
Laboratories, Inc., standards in section 24.8c(1) may be used
for operating pressures not exceeding 1 psig. Atmospheric
aboveground tanks shall be limited to 2.5 psig under emergency
venting conditions.
(4) The tank shall be designed for the maximum static
head which will be imposed when the vent or fill pipe is filled
with oil. The maximum static head so imposed on tanks built
in accordance with Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. standards
in section 24.8c(1) shall not exceed 10 psig at the bottom of
the tank.
(5) Pressure tanks, if required to conform to section 24.8c
(4) shall be built so as to be reasonably safe to persons and
property. Evidence that a pressure vessel has been built in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
181
SEC. 24.8 OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
tion 24.8c(5) in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that
such pressure vessels are reasonably safe to persons and prop-
erty. If such tanks are larger than 550 gallons or are to be
buried underground, all openings in such tanks shall be
located above the highest normal liquid level.
d. An outside aboveground tank not larger than 60 gallons
capacity may be a DOT-5 Shipping Container (drum) and so
marked or may be an approved safety can.
e. The installation of fuel oil tanks shall comply, where ap-
plicable, with section 16.22 through 16.27 except as provided in
sections 24.8f through 24.81.
f. An unenclosed inside fuel oil supply tank shall have a
capacity of not more than 550 gallons. Not more than one 550
gallon tank or two tanks of aggregate capacity of 550 gallons or
less shall be connected to one oil burning appliance and the aggre-
gate capacity of such tanks installed in the lowest story, cellar or
basement of a building shall not exceed 1100 gallons unless separa-
tion is provided for each 550 gallons of tank capacity. Such separa-
tion shall consist of an unpierced masonry wall or partition extend-
ing from the lowest floor to the ceiling above the tank or tanks and
shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours.
g. A supply tank larger than 550 gallons capacity shall be en-
closed when installed inside of a building.
(1) Except as provided in section 24.8g(2) enclosed tanks
in buildings shall be in accordance with the following:
(a) In buildings of other than fire-resistive construction
the gross capacity of the tank(s) shall be not more than
10,000 gallons.
(b) In buildings of fire-resistive construction the gross
capacity of the tank(s) shall be not more than 15,000 gallons.
(c) The enclosure for tanks in sections 24.8g(1)(a) and
24.8g(1)(b) shall be constructed of walls, floor and top
having a fire resistance rating of not less than 3 hours with
the walls bonded to the floor. If the walls of such enclosure
extend to and are bonded to the underside of a concrete floor
or roof above which has a fire resistance rating of not less.
than 3 hours a separate top is not required for the tank
enclosure.
(2) The gross capacity of tanks shall be limited to 50,000
gallons in any building provided:
182
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT SEC. 24.8
(a) The individual capacity of any tank is not more than
25,000 gallons.
(b) The tank(s) are in an enclosure constructed of walls,
floor and top having a fire resistance rating of not less than 3
hours with walls bonded to the floor.
(c) The tank enclosure is located in a room or area of the
building cut off vertically and horizontally from other areas
and floors of the building by construction having a fire resist-
ance rating of not less than 2 hours. Access into the room
shall be by an opening protected by an approved, self-closing
fire door. The top and walls of the tank enclosure shall be in-
dependent of the building construction except that an exterior
building wall having a fire resistance rating of not less than 3
hours may serve also as a wall of the tank enclosure.
(3) The tank shall be supported at least four inches above
the floor by masonry saddles at least 12 inches thick, spaced
not more than eight feet on centers and extending the full width
of the tank. At least 15 inches clearance shall be provided be-
_
r tween the tank and the top and walls of the tank enclosure for
the purpose of inspection and repair..
(4) All connections to an enclosed supply tank having a
capacity of more than 550 gallons shall be made through the
top of the tank, and the transfer of oil shall be by pump only
and through continuous piping to and from the consuming
appliances.
(5) Each tank enclosure shall be provided with an approved,
self-closing fire door and a noncombustible liquid-tight sill or
ramp at least.six inches high. If the sill or ramp is more than
six inches high, the walls to a height corresponding to the level
of oil that will be-retained shall be built to withstand the lateral
pressure due to the liquid head.
h. Stoves which are designed for barometric feed shall not be
connected to separate oil supply tanks.
i. Non-flue connected stoves shall be equipped with integral
tanks of capacity not more than 2 gallons.
j. Gravity oil supply tanks installed in conversion range oil
burners shall not exceed one 6 gallon metal tank or two 3 gallon
glass bottles.
k. Supply or storage tanks located above the lowest story,
cellar or basement shall not exceed 60 gallons capacity and the
total capacity of tanks so located shall not exceed 60 gallons.
1. Oil supply tanks other than those furnished as an integral
part of the stove or range shall not be located within 5 feet, hori-
183
SEC. 24.9 OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
zontally, of any fire or flame; except that tanks not over 6 gallons
capacity may be within this distance but not within 2 feet of the
stove or range in which the burner is installed, provided the tem-
perature rise of the oil supply at this distance is not excessive
when the burner is operated at full capacity.
Section 24.9. Piping Materials and Design.
a. All piping shall be wrought iron, steel, or brass pipe, or
brass or copper tubing except as provided in section 24.9b. Wall
thicknesses of wrought iron and wrought steel pipe shall be such
that they are reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence
that wall thicknesses of pipe are in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 24.9a in article 31 of this Code
shall be evidence that such wall thicknesses are reasonably safe to
persons and property. Approved flexible metal hose may be used
to reduce the effect of jarring and vibration or where rigid con-
nections are impracticable and shall be installed in full compliance
with its approval.
b. Piping may be of materials other than those specified in
section 24.9a if used underground. Such piping shall be designed
to specifications embodying principles recognized as good engineer-
ing design for the material used and shall be approved by the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
c. Piping used in the installation of oil burners and appliances
other than conversion range oil burners shall be not smaller than
3/s in. iron pipe size or 3/s OD tubing except that 1/4 in. pipe or
/16 OD tubing may be used in the suction line of systems where
the top of the tank is below the level of the oil pump. Copper
tubing shall have 0.035 in. nominal and 0.032 in. minimum wall
thickness.
d. Piping between conversion range oil burners and tanks
shall be standard steel, wrought iron or brass pipe not smaller than
1/4 inch in size or brass or copper tubing not less than 5/6 inch
OD with a wall thickness not less than 0.049 inch.
e. Pipe shall be connected with standard fittings and tubing
with fittings of approved type. Connectors shall not be used inside
of buildings or aboveground outside of buildings. If used below-
ground outside of buildings, connectors shall be of approved type
and installed in accordance with the conditions of their approval.
All threaded joints and connections shall be made tight with suit-
able lubricant or pipe compound. Unions requiring gaskets or
packing, right and left couplings, and sweat fittings employing
184
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT SEC. 24.11
solder having a melting point of less than 1000°F shall not be used
in oil lines.Cast iron fittings shall not be used.
f. Piping shall be substantially supported and protected against
physical damage and where necessary protected against corrosion.
All buried piping except copper piping shall be protected against
corrosion.
g. Proper allowance shall be made for expansion, contraction,
jarring and vibration. Pipe lines, other than tubing, connected to
underground tanks, except straight fill lines and test wells, shall
be provided with double swing joints arranged to permit the tanks
to settle without impairing the tightness of the pipe connections.
Section 24.10. Fill and Return Piping.
a. A fill pipe on a tank larger than 60 gallons shall terminate
outside of a building at least two feet from any building opening.
Every fill terminal shall be equipped with a tight metal cover.
b. A return line from a burner or pump to a supply tank shall
enter the top of the tank.
c. An auxiliary tank shall be filled by a pump transferring oil
through continuous piping from the supply tank.
Section 24.11. Supply Connections.
a. All piping, except the burner supply line from a tank hav-
ing a capacity not over 550 gallons and the cross connection be-
tween two such tanks having an aggregate capacity of 550 gallons
or less, shall be connected into the top of the supply tank.
b. The burner supply connection to tank or tanks having a
capacity of more than 550 gallons shall be connected to the top
of the tank except in commercial and industrial installations
the burner supply connection may be below the liquid level but
each such connection shall be provided with an internal or external
shutoff valve located as close as practicable to the shell of the
tank. External valves and their connections to the tank shall be
of steel.
c. A transfer pump may be used to deliver oil from a supply
tank to a burner or to an auxiliary tank. Except in commercial,
industrial or centralized oil distribution installations, such a pump
shall be connected to tankage having a capacity of not more than
550 gallons or to two tanks having an aggregate capacity of not
over 550 gallons.
d. The pressure at the oil supply inlet to an appliance shall not
be greater than 3 psi.
e. Where supply tanks are set below the level of the burner,
185
SEC. 24.12 OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
the oil piping shall be so laid as to pitch toward the supply tank
without traps.
f. Air or other gases shall not be used to pressurize tanks.
g. All tanks in which a constant oil level is not maintained
by an automatic pump shall be equipped with an approved method
of determining the oil level.
Section 24.12. Vent Piping.
Vent pipes shall terminate outside of buildings not less than
two feet measured vertically or horizontally from any window or
other building opening. Vent terminals shall terminate in a
weather-proof vent cap which shall have a minimum free open
area equal to the cross-sectional area of the vent pipe. If the static
head of the vent pipe filled with oil exceeds 10 psi, the tank shall
be designed for the maximum static head which will be imposed.
Section 24.13. Oil Pumps.
a. An oil pump not a part of an approved burner shall be a ti
positive displacement type .which automatically shuts off the oil
supply when stopped.
b. An automatic pump not an integral part of a burner shall
be an approved type installed in full compliance with its approval.
Section 24.14. Valves.
a. Readily accessible manual shut-off valves shall be installed
at each point where required to properly control the flow of fuel
in normal operation and where required to avoid oil spillage during
servicing. The valve shall be installed to close against the supply.
b. Where a shutoff is installed in the discharge line of an oil
pump not an integral part of a burner, a pressure relief valve
shall be connected into the discharge line between the pump and
the shut-off valve and arranged to return surplus oil to the supply
tank or to bypass it around the pump, unless the pump includes
an internal bypass.
c. Where oil is supplied to a burner requiring uniform flow
by gravity feed and _a constant level valve is not incorporated in
the burner assembly or the oil is not supplied by an automatic
pump, a constant level valve shall be installed in the supply line
at the gravity tank or as close thereto as practicable, to insure
uniform delivery of oil to the burner. The vent opening of such
constant level valve shall be connected by piping or tubing to the
outside of the building, unless the constant level valve is provided
186
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT SEC. 24.15
with an anti-flooding device. Vent piping or tubing of constant
level valves shall not be connected to tanks or tank vents.
Section 24.15. Installation of Oil Burners and Oil-Fired Units.
a. Oil burners other than oil stoves with integral tanks, shall
be provided with some means for manually stopping the flow of
oil to the burner. Such device or devices shall be placed in a con-
venient location at a safe distance from the burner.
b. Oil burners for which a competent attendant will not be
constantly on duty in the room where the burner is located while
the burner is in operation shall be equipped with a primary safety
control of a type specifically approved for the burner with which
it is used. When primary safety controls are installed in connection
with other oil burners such automatic devices shall be of a type
specifically approved for use with the burner to which they are
attached.
c. Each appliance fired by oil burners and each oil-fired unit
shall be provided with automatic limit controls which will prevent
unsafe pressure or low water in a steam boiler or overheating
within a hot-water boiler, furnace or heater.
d. Limiting controls and low-water shutoffs intended to pre-
vent unsafe operation of heating equipment by opening an elec-
trical circuit to the burner or oil shut-off device shall be so ar-
ranged as to effect the direct opening of that circuit, whether the
switching mechanism is integral with the sensing element or remote
from same.
e. A water heater shall be provided with water pressure,
temperature and vacuum relief devices. Means shall be provided
to prevent siphoning in any boiler or tank to which any circulating
water heater is attached.
f. Electric motor-driven oil burners of the type not equipped
with primary safety controls with integral oil pumps and electric
motor-driven pump sets for use with such burners not equipped
with integral pumps, shall be provided with a motor controller
incorporating no-voltage protection to be wired into the power
supply to the motor.
g. In systems where either steam or air is used for atomizing
the oil or where air for combustion is supplied by a source which
may be interrupted without shutting off the oil supply, the oil and
atomizing or air supply shall be interlocked in a manner to imme-
diately shut off the oil supply upon failure of the atomizing or
air supply.
h. When automatically-operated burners are used in installa-
187
SEC. 24.16 OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
tions equipped with forced or induced draft fans or both, means
shall be provided to immediately shut off the oil supply upon fan
failure.
i. Oil burners not equipped to provide safe automatic restart-
ing after shut down shall require manual restarting after any con-
trol functions to extinguish the burner flame.
j. Oil-fired appliances shall be installed in rooms that are large
compared with the size of the appliance except that an appliance
specifically approved for installation in a confined space such as
an alcove or closet may be so installed when the installation is in
compliance with the approval. In alcove and closet installations,
the clearances from the appliance to the walls and ceiling shall be
not less than as specified in the approval, regardless of the type
of construction.
k. Oil burning appliances shall be installed so as to be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that oil burning
appliances have been installed in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 24.15k in article 31 of this Code
shall be evidence that such oil burning appliance are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
Section 24.16. Installation of Heating and Cooking Appli-
ances.
a. Kerosene and oil stoves shall be equipped with a primary
safety control furnished as an integral part of the appliance by
the manufacturer to stop the flow of oil in the event of flame
failure. Barometric oil feed shall not be considered a primary
safety control.
b. A conversion range oil burner shall be equipped with a
thermal (heat actuated) valve in the oil supply line, located in the
burner compartment of the stove.
c. Small heating and cooking appliances shall be installed so
as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that
small heating and cooking appliances have been installed in ac-
cordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
24.16c in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such small
heating and cooking appliances are reasonably safe to persons and
property.
188
ORGANIC COATINGS SEC. 25.4
ARTICLE 25
ORGANIC COATINGS, MANUFACTURE OF
Section 25.1. Scope.
a. This article shall apply to (1) processes manufacturing
protective and decorative finishes or coatings (paints) for indus-
trial, automotive, marine, transportation, institutional, household
or other purposes and (2) the handling of flammable and com-
bustible liquids, certain combustible solids and potential dust ex-
plosion conditions.
b. This article shall not apply to (1) processes manufactur-
ing nonflammable or water thinned coatings or (2) operations
applying coating materials.
Section 25.2. Definition.
Organic coating shall mean a liquid mixture of binders such
as alkyd, nitrocellulose, acrylic, or oil, and flammable and com-
bustible solvents such as hydrocarbon, ester, ketone, or alcohol,
which when spread in a thin film convert to a durable protective
and decorative finish.
Section 25.3. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for any organic coating manufac-
turing operation making more than one gallon of an organic
coating on any working day.
Section 25.4. Location.
a. Each organic coating manufacturing operation within 50
feet of the line of adjoining property that may be built upon or
public thoroughfare shall have the exposing wall constructed as
indicated in the schedule below.
Distances in Feet from Line
of Adjoining Property That Construction of Exposing Wall
May Be Built Upon or Expressed in Terms of Fire
Public Thoroughfare Resistance Rating
Less than 10 at least 4 hours
10 to 30 at least 3 hours
Over 30 but less than 50 at least 2 hours
When approved automatic sprinkler systems are installed, a 50 per
189
SEC. 25.5 ORGANIC COATINGS
cent reduction in the distances to property lines and the fire resist-
ance ratings of the exposing walls may be made.
b. An organic coating manufacturing operation shall not be
located in the same building with other occupancies. Operations
incidental to or in connection with organic coating manufacturing
shall not be classed as "other occupancies" for the purpose of this
provision.
c. An organic coating manufacturing operation shall be ac-
cessible from at least one side for the purpose of fire control.
d. Where topographical conditions are such that flammable and
combustible liquids may flow from the organic coating manufac-
turing operation so as to constitute a fire hazard to properties of
others, drainage facilities shall be provided in accordance with
sections 25.6h and 25.6i.
Section 25.5. Storage of Raw Materials and Finished Products.
a. The storage, handling and use of flammable and combustible
liquids shall be in accordance with division II and IV of article 16.
b. Tank storage for flammable and combustible liquids inside
of buildings shall be permitted only in storage areas at or above-
grade which are detached from the processing area or cut off from
the processing area by noncombustible construction having a fire
resistance rating of at least two hours and openings shall be
equipped with approved fire doors. This is not intended to prevent
processing equipment from containing flammable and combustible
liquids or storage in such quantities as are essential to the con-
tinuity of operations.
c. Tank car and tank vehicle loading and unloading stations
for Class I liquids shall be separated from the processing area,
other plant buildings, nearest line of adjoining property that may
be built upon or public thoroughfare by a clear distance of not
less than 25 feet.
d. Loading and unloading structures and platforms for flam-
mable and combustible liquids shall be designed and installed in
accordance with section 16.64.
e. Tank cars for flammable liquids shall be unloaded so as
to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that such
tank cars have been unloaded in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 25.5e in article 31 of this Code
shall be evidence that such tank car unloading is reasonably safe
to persons and property.
f. Tank vehicles for flammable and combustible liquids shall
190
ORGANIC COATINGS SEC. 25.6
be loaded and unloaded in accordance with division IX of article
16.
g. Finished products that are flammable or combustible liquids
shall be stored outside of buildings, in a separate building, or in a
separate room cut off from the processing area by a noncom-
' bustible wall or partition having a fire resistance rating of at least
two hours and openings shall be equipped with approved fire
doors. The storage of finished products shall be in tanks or in
closed containers in accordance with divisions II and IV of article
16.
h. The nitrocellulose storage shall be in a separate building
or in a room cut off by noncombustible construction having a fire
resistance rating of at least two hours and openings shall be
equipped with approved fire doors. The nitrocellulose storage area
shall be used for no other purpose. Electrical wiring and equip-
ment installed in such rooms or buildings shall be reasonably safe
to persons and property. In nitrocellulose storage rooms or build-
ings evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a type
approved for Class I, Division 2 hazardous locations and has been
installed in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 25.5h in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that
such electrical wiring and equipment are reasonably safe to persons
and property.
i. Nitrocellulose shall be stored only in closed containers.
4 Barrels shall be stored on end and, if tiered, not more than two
high. Barrels or other containers of nitrocellulose shall not be
opened in the main storage building but at the point of use or
other location set aside for the purpose.
j. Spilled nitrocellulose shall be promptly wetted with water
and disposed of by use or by burning in the open at a suitable
detached location.
k. The storage of organic peroxides shall be in accordance
with sections 20.7 and 20.8.
1. The size of the package containing the organic peroxide shall
be selected so that, as nearly as practical, full packages are utilized
at one time. Any peroxide spilled shall be promptly cleaned up
and disposed of as recommended by the supplier.
Section 25.6. Process Buildings.
a. Buildings shall be of fire resistive or noncombustible con-
struction without load bearing walls and without basements or
pits.The first floor shall be at or above grade.
191
SEC. 25.7 ORGANIC COATINGS
b. Raw material and finished stock storage buildings shall be
limited to one story in height and either detached or cut off from
manufacturing buildings by noncombustible construction having.
a fire resistance rating of at least two hours and openings shall
be equipped with approved fire doors.
c. Stairway enclosures and structures housing elevators shall
be enclosed by noncombustible walls having a fire resistance rating
of at least two hours, and be equipped with approved fire doors.
d. Each manufacturing room shall have at least two exits, well
separated, one of which shall be directly to the outside. Access
to all exits shall be kept clear and doors shall open in the direction
of travel. Door fastenings shall be of the safety release type. Super-
visory management offices, change and locker rooms located in
manufacturing buildings shall be provided with adequate exits.
e. Structures in which Class I liquids or finely divided flam-
mable solids are processed shall be provided with explosion vent-
ing.
f. Enclosed buildings in which Class I liquids are processed
or handled shall be ventilated at a rate of not less than 1/2 cubic
foot per minute per square foot of solid floor area. This shall be
accomplished by exhaust fans preferably taking suction at floor
levels, and discharging to a safe location outside the building.
Provision shall be made for introduction of noncontaminated in-
take air in such a manner that all portions of solid floor areas
will be subject to continuous uniformly distributed movement of
air.
g. Heating in hazardous areas, if required, shall be provided
by indirect means. Ignition sources such as open flames, or elec-
trical heating elements, except as provided in section 25.11 shall
not be used within the building.
h. Drainage facilities shall be provided to direct flammable
and combustible liquid leakage and fire protection water to a safe
location away from the building, any other important structure or
storage, or adjoining property.
i. Emergency drainage systems containing flammable and com-
bustible liquids connected to public sewers or discharging into
public waterways shall be equipped with traps or separator tanks.
Section 25.7. Process Mills, Mixers, and Kettles.
a. Mills operating with close clearances and used for the proc-
essing of flammable and heat sensitive materials, such as nitro-
cellulose, shall be located in a detached building or in a non-
192
ORGANIC COATINGS SEC. 25.8
combustible structure without other occupancy. The amount of
nitrocellulose or other flammable material brought into the area
shall be no more than that required for a batch.
b. Mixers shall be of the enclosed type or, if of the open type
shall be provided with properly fitted covers. Where gravity flow
is used, a shut-off valve shall be installed as close as practical to
the mixer and a control valve shall be provided near the end of the
fill pipe.
c. Open kettles shall be located in an outside area, provided
with a protective roof or in a separate building of noncombustible
construction or separated from other areas by means of a non-
combustible wall or partition having a fire resistance rating of
at least two hours.
d. The vaporizer section of heat transfer systems heating closed
kettles containing solvents shall be remotely located. Contact
heated kettles containing solvents shall be equipped with safety
devices that in case of fire can turn the process heat off, turn the
cooling medium on, and inject inert gas into the kettle.
e. The kettle and thin-down tank shall be instrumented, con-
trolled and interlocked so that any failure of the controls will
result in a safe condition. The kettle shall be provided with a
pressure rupture disc in case the normal vent becomes inoperative.
The vent piping from the rupture disc shall be of minimum length
and shall discharge to a safe location. The thindown tank shall be
adequately vented. Thinning operations shall be provided with an
adequate vapor removal system.
Section 25.8. Process Piping.
a. All piping, valves and fittings shall be designed for the
working pressures and structural stresses to which they may be
subjected. They shall be of steel or other material approved for
the service intended.
b. Valves shall be of an indicating type. Terminal valves on
remote pumping systems shall be of the "dead-man" type which
will shut off both the pump and the flow of solvent.
c. Piping systems shall be substantially supported and protected
against physical damage. Piping shall be pitched to avoid unin-
tentional trapping of liquids or suitable drains shall be provided.
d. Approved flexible connectors may be used where vibration
exists or where frequent movement is necessary. Approved hose
shall be used at dispensing stations.
e. Before being placed in service, all piping shall be free of
leaks when tested to not less than 11/2 times the working pressure
193
SEC. 25.9 ORGANIC COATINGS
or a minimum of not less than 5 psig at the highest point in the
system. Tests shall continue for a minimum of 30 minutes.
Section 25.9. Transfer of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
In Process Areas.
a. The transfer of large quantities of flammable and combus-
tible liquids shall be through piping by means of pumps. The use
of compressed air as a transfer medium shall be prohibited.
b. Pumps shall be selected for the flammable and combustible
liquid used, the working pressures and the structural stresses to
which they may be subjected.
c. Where solvents are pumped from storage to points of use,
approved switches shall be provided in the processing areas and
at the pumps to shut down the pumps in case of fire.
d. Empty and filled containers shall be stored outside the
filling area.
Section 25.10. Raw Materials in Process Areas.
a. The amount of nitrocellulose brought into the operating
area shall not exceed that required for a shift. Any nitrocellulose
which may be spilled on the floor or elsewhere shall be promptly
swept up, put into a pail of water, and removed at the end of the
day or shift and disposed of by use or by burning in the open at a
suitable detached location.
b. Organic peroxides brought into the operating area shall be
in the original shipping container and shall not exceed the quantity
required for a shift. When in the operating area the peroxide shall
not be placed in locations exposed to ignition sources, heat or
mechanical shocks.
Section 25.11. Electrical Equipment.
a. All electrical wiring and equipment within storage or proc-
essing areas shall be installed so as to be reasonably safe to
persons and property.
b. Where Class I liquids are exposed to the air, the design of
equipment and ventilation of buildings shall be such as to limit
the Class I, Division 1 locations to pits, the interior of equipment
and the "immediate vicinity" of pumps or equipment locations
such as dispensing stations, open centrifuges, plate and frame
filters, opened vacuum filters, change cans, and the surfaces• of
open equipment. Immediate vicinity means a zone extending from
the vapor liberation point 20 feet horizontally in all directions
194
ORGANIC COATINGS SEC. 25.13
and vertically from the floor to a level 6 feet above the highest
point of vapor liberation.
c. All locations not covered by section 25.11b where Class I
liquids are handled shall be Class I, Division 2. If the flash point
of the liquid processed is higher than ambient temperature and at
least 100°F, ordinary electrical equipment may be used though
care shall be used in locating electrical apparatus to prevent hot
metal from falling into open processing equipment.
d. Ordinary electrical equipment, including switch gear, may
be used if installed in a room which is maintained under positive
pressure with respect to the hazardous area. Air or other media
for pressurization shall be taken from a location where entrain-
ment of flammable vapor is improbable.
e. Evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a type
approved as provided in section 25.11a through 25.11e and has
been installed in accordance with the applicable standard specified
for this section 25.11e in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence
that such electrical wiring and equipment are reasonably safe to
persons and property.
Section 25.12. Protection Against Static Electricity and Light-
ning.
a. All equipment such as tanks, machinery and piping, where
an ignitible mixture may be present shall be bonded and connected
to a ground. The bond or ground or both shall be physically
applied or shall be inherently present by the nature of the instal-
lation. This electrically conductive path shall have a resistance
of not more than one million ohms.
b. Electrically isolated sections of metallic piping or equipment
shall be bonded to the other portions of the system or grounded.
c. Tank vehicles loaded or unloaded through open connections
shall be grounded and bonded to the receiving system.
d. When a flammable mixture is transferred from one portable
container to another, a bond shall be provided between the two
containers.
e. Steel framing of buildings shall be grounded with resistance
of not more than five ohms.
Section 25.13. Fire Control and Detection.
a. Important manufacturing and storage buildings shall be
protected by a sprinkler system or a water spray system. Sprinkler
systems or water spray systems shall be installed to provide rea-
sonable safety to persons and property. Evidence that such
195
SEC. 25.14 ORGANIC COATINGS
sprinkler systems or water spray systems are installed in accord-
ance with the applicable standards specified for this section 25.13a
in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such sprinkler
systems or water spray systems provide reasonable safety to per-
sons and property.
b. An adequate supply of portable fire extinguishers suitable
for flammable liquid fires shall be provided.
c. Standpipe and hose shall be provided in important operating
buildings.
d. Where good public fire protection facilities are not readily
available, private fire protection facilities shall be provided.
e. A suitable fire alarm system shall be provided.
f. All plant fire protection facilities shall be adequately main-
tained, periodically inspected and tested.
Section 25.14. Maintenance.
a. The cleaning of tanks or vessels which have contained
flammable or combustible liquids shall only be done under the
supervision of persons who understand the fire and explosion
potential.
b. When necessary to make repairs involving "hot work" the
work shall be authorized by the responsible individual in charge
before the work is started.
c. When necessary to enter a tank, pit, manhole or other con-
fined spaces, such entry shall be authorized by the responsible
individual in charge.
d. Power operated industrial trucks shall be of a type ap-
proved for the location.
e. Open flames and direct-fired heating devices shall be pro-
hibited in areas where flammable vapor-air mixtures may exist.
f. Smoking shall be prohibited except in designated safe areas.
g. Empty containers previously used for flammable or com-
bustible liquids shall be removed to a well detached, outside loca-
tion and if not cleaned on the premises, removed from the plant
as soon as practical.
h. Full containers stored outside shall be kept a safe distance
from buildings or other exposures.
i. Adequate aisles shall be maintained for unobstructed move-
ment of personnel and so that fire protection equipment can be
brought to bear in all parts of processing and storage areas of
buildings.
196
OVENS AND FURNACES SEC. 26.4
ARTICLE 26
OVENS AND FURNACES
Section 26.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to the location, design, construction
and operation of industrial processing ovens and furnaces operat-
ing at approximately atmospheric pressures and temperatures not
exceeding 1400°F which are heated with oil or gas fuel or which
during operation contain flammable vapors from the material in
the oven or catalytic combustion system. It is the intent of this
article to provide for the operation of these ovens and furnaces
within certain limitations of control depending on oven or furnace
design, flammable formulations and ventilation needs, the dis-
regard of which may cause them to function in an unsafe manner,
thereby becoming liable to destruction by fire or explosion.
Section 26.2. Definition.
Catalytic combustion system shall mean an oven heater of
any construction that employs catalysts to accelerate oxidization
or combustion of fuel-air or fume-air mixtures for eventual release
of heat to an oven process.
Section 26.3. Permits and Plans Required.
a. No oven or furnace to which this code applies shall be
operated without a permit from the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention.
b. Application for a permit shall be accompanied by plans
showing all essential details as to location, design, construction,
controls and calculations for safe operation. The process and ma-
terials involved shall be fully described. Catalytic combustion sys-
tems utilized for the oxidization or combustion of the exhaust
gases or vapors shall be described.
Section 26.4. Location and Construction.
a. Ovens, furnaces and related equipment shall be located
with due regard to the possibility of fire resulting from overheating
or from the escape of fuel gas or fuel oil and the possibility of
damage to the building and injury to persons resulting from explo-
sion.
b. Ovens and furnaces shall be located at or above grade, or
197
SEC. 26.5 OVENS AND FURNACES
if in basements at least fifty per cent of the wall area of the room
in which the oven or furnace is located shall be above grade.
c. Ovens and furnaces shall be so located as to be readily acces-
sible for inspection and maintenance and with adequate clearances
to permit the proper functioning of explosion vents. Roofs and
floors of ovens and furnaces shall be sufficiently insulated and
ventilated to keep temperatures at combustible ceilings and floors
below 160°F.
d. Ovens and furnaces shall be constructed of noncombustible
materials throughout except where the maximum oven operating
temperature is not over 160°F. If the outside surface temperature
of the oven exceeds 160°F adequate guards shall be provided to
protect personnel. The metal frames of ovens or furnaces shall be
electrically grounded.
e. Ovens and furnaces which may contain flammable air-gas
mixtures shall be equipped with relief vents for freely relieving
internal explosion pressures, and all explosion-venting panels or
doors shall be arranged so that when open, the full vent opening
will be an effective relief area.
f. All duct work shall be constructed of noncombustible ma-
terial. Ducts shall be made tight throughout and shall have no
openings other than those required for the proper operation and
maintenance of the system. Ducts passing through combustible
walls, floors, or roofs shall have adequate insulation and clear-
ances to prevent surface temperatures from exceeding 160°F. Ex-
haust ducts shall not discharge near doors, windows or other air
intakes in a manner that will permit re-entry of vapors into the
building.
Section 26.5. Ventilation.
a. Ovens and furnaces in which flammable or toxic vapors are
liberated or through which products of combustion are circulated
shall be ventilated by the introduction of a supply of fresh air and
proper exhaust to outdoors. Discharge pipes shall not terminate
within 10 feet measured horizontally from any door, window or
wood frame walls of any building. Such ventilation shall be ar-
ranged to provide vigorous and well distributed air circulation
within the oven or furnace to insure that the flammable vapor
concentration will be safely below the lower explosion limit at
all times. Unless the oven or furnace is operated in accordance
with specific approval specifying particular solvents and rate of
ventilation, the rate of ventilation shall not be less than 10,000
cubic feet of fresh air per gallon of solvent evaporated in con-
198
OVENS AND FURNACES SEC. 26.8
tinuous process ovens or furnaces and not less than 380 cubic feet
per minute per gallon of flammable solvent evaporated in batch
process ovens or furnaces.
b. Exhaust duct openings shall be located in the area of great-
est concentration of vapors.
c. All exhaust shall be by mechanical means using power
driven fans.
Section 26.6. Design and Installation-.
Ovens and furnaces including catalytic combustion systems
shall be designed and installed so as to be reasonably safe to per-
sons and property. Evidence that ovens and furnaces including
catalytic combustion systems have been designed and installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 26.6 in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such
ovens and furnaces including catalytic combustion systems are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 26.7. Safety Controls.
a. Safety controls shall be sufficient in number, and substan-
tially constructed and arranged to maintain the required condi-
tions of safety and prevent the development of fire and explosion
hazards.
b. Ventilation controls suitably interlocked, shall be provided
which will insure the required pre-ventilation and ventilation of
the system.
c. Fuel safety controls, suitably interlocked and arranged to
minimize the possibility of dangerous accumulations of explosive
• air-fuel mixtures in the heating system, shall be provided.
d. Excess temperature controls shall be provided to maintain
a safe operating temperature within the oven or furnace.
e. Conveyor interlocks shall be provided in conveyor ovens
or furnaces having a flammable vapor hazard, so that the conveyor
cannot move unless ventilating fans are operating and discharging
the required amount of air.
Section,26.8.. Fire Control.
a. Ovens, furnaces and exhaust ducts containing or processing
sufficient combustible materials to sustain a fire shall be equipped
with automatic sprinklers as required by the Chief of the Bureau
of Fire Prevention.
b. Approved portable fire extinguishers shall be installed near
the oven, furnace, and related equipment to provide reasonable
199
SEC. 26.8 OVENS AND FURNACES
safety to persons and property. Evidence that approved portable
fire extinguishers have been provided in accordance with the ap-
plicable standard specified for this section 26.8b in article 31 of
this Code shall be evidence that such portable fire extinguishers
provide reasonable safety to persons and property.
200
PLACES OF ASSEMBLY SEC. 27.3
ARTICLE 27
PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
Section 27.1. Definitions.
a. Decorative material shall include all such material as cur-
tains, draperies, streamers, surface coverings applied over the
building interior finish for decorative, acoustical or other effect,
and also cloth, cotton batting, straw,vines,leaves, trees and plastics
used for decorative effect, but it shall not include floor coverings,
ordinary window shades, nor materials one fortieth* of an inch
or less in thickness applied directly to and adhering tightly to a
noncombustible base.
b. Place of assembly shall mean a room or space used for
assembly or educational occupancy for 100 or more occupants or
which has a floor area of 1,500 square feet or more used for such
purposes. Such room or space shall include any similar occupied
connecting room or space in the same story, or in a story or
stories above or below, where entrance is common to the rooms
or spaces.
Section 27.2. Permit Required.
No place of assembly as defined in section 27.1b shall be main-
tained, operated or used as such without a permit, except that no
permit shall be required for any place of assembly used solely as a
place of religious worship.
Section 27.3. Decorative Material.
a. No decorative material shall be used which as applied will
ignite and allow flame to spread over the surface or allows burning
particles to drop when exposed to a match flame test applied to a
piece removed from the material and tested in a safe place. The
piece shall be held in a vertical position and the bottom edge ex-
posed to a flame from a common match held in a horizontal posi-
tion, one-half inch underneath the piece, and at a constant location
for a minimum of 12 seconds.
b. Treatments used to accomplish this flameproofing shall be
*May be measured by folding a piece to 5 thicknesses and measuring to
see if the thickness of 5 layers exceeds 1/s inch.
201
SEC. 27.4 PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
renewed as often as may be necessary to maintain the flameproof
effect.
Section 27.4. Pyroxylin Coated Fabric.
Pyroxylin coated fabric used as a decorative material in ac-
cordance with section 27.3, or as a surface covering on fixed fur-
nishings, shall be limited as follows: Such fabrics containing 1.4
ounces or more of cellulose nitrate per square yard shall not be
used in excess of a total amount equivalent to one square foot
of fabric surface to 15 cubic feet of room volume. Each square
foot of such fabric which contains 1.7 ounces or more of cellulose
nitrate per square yard shall be counted as two square feet in mak-
ing this computation.
Section 27.5. Motion Picture Screens.
In places of assembly no motion picture screen or screen mask-
ing shall be used which will ignite and allow flame to spread over
the surface when exposed to the match flame test described in
section 27.3a.
Section 27.6. Exit Doors.
During the period of occupancy, no exit door shall be locked,
bolted, or otherwise fastened or obstructed by any means, so that
the door cannot be opened from the inside by the use of the ordi-
nary door latch or knob or by pressure on the door or on a panic
release device.
Section 27.7. Aisles.
In each room where chairs, or tables and chairs, are used, the
arrangement shall be such as will provide for ready access by
aisles to each exit doorway. Aisles leading directly to exit door-
ways shall have not less than 36 inches clear width which shall not
be obstructed by chairs, tables or other objects.
Section 27.8. Use of Exit Ways.
No part of a stairway, whether interior or exterior, nor of a
hallway, corridor, vestibule, balcony or bridge leading to an exit
way shall be used for any purpose which will interfere with its
value as an exit way.
Section 27.9. Plan of Exit Ways and Aisles.
A.plan showing the capacity and location of exit ways and of
aisles leading thereto shall be submitted for approval to the Bureau
202
PLACES OF ASSEMBLY SEC. 27.13
of Fire Prevention and an approved copy shall be kept on display
in the premises.
Section 27.10. Marking and Lighting of Exit Ways.
All exit ways in places of assembly shall be marked and lighted
in accordance with sections 11.2 and 11.3.
Section 27.11. Number of Occupants Permitted.
Each place of assembly shall be posted with a legible sign in
contrasting colors conspicuously located stating the maximum
number of occupants permitted. The number shall be determined
by the capacity of exit ways provided.
Section 27.12. Fire Control.
All fire protection equipment required under article 14 shall
be kept in working condition. Extinguishers and hose and similar
appliances shall be visible and convenient at all times. It shall be
the duty of the owner and the tenant of each building, or part
of a building, occupied as a place of assembly to properly train
sufficient regular employees in the use of fire appliances so that
such appliances can be quickly put in operation.
Section 27.13. Ash Trays.
Where smoking is permitted, there shall be provided on each
table and at other convenient places suitable noncombustible ash
trays or match receivers.
203
t
SEC. 28.1 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL
ARTICLE 28 t
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL
Section 28.1. Bonfires and Outdoor Rubbish Fires.
a. PERMIT REQUIRED. No person shall kindle or maintain any
bonfire or rubbish fire or authorize any such fire to be kindled or
maintained without a permit or other proper authorization. During j
construction or demolition of buildings or structures no waste
materials or rubbish shall be disposed of by burning on the prem-
ises or in the immediate vicinity without having obtained a permit
or other proper authorization.
b. LOCATION RESTRICTED. No person shall kindle or maintain
any bonfire or rubbish fire or authorize any such fire to be kindled
or maintained on any private land unless (1) the location is not
less than 50 feet from any structure and adequate provision is
made to prevent fire from spreading to within 50 feet of any J
structure, or (2) the fire is contained in an approved waste burner
located safely not less than 15 feet from any structure.
C. ATTENDANCE OF OPEN FIRES. Bonfires and rubbish fires
shall be constantly attended by a competent person until such fire
is extinguished. This person shall have a garden hose connected to
the water supply, or other fire extinguishing equipment readily
available for use.
d. CHIEF MAY PROHIBIT. The chief of the Fire Department
may prohibit any or all bonfires and outdoor rubbish fires when
atmospheric conditions or local circumstances make such fires
hazardous.
Section 28.2. Matches. S
a. PERMIT REQUIRED. No person shall manufacture matches
without a permit. No person shall store matches exceeding in
aggregate 25 cases of matches without a permit.
b. WHOLESALE STORAGE. At wholesale establishments and
wherever matches exceeding 25 cases are stored, shipping con-
tainers containing matches shall be arranged in piles not exceeding
18 feet in height nor 25,000 cubic feet in volume. Such pile units
shall be separated from each other and from other combustible
204
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL SEC. 28.4
material by a clear space of not less than 4 feet. In storage rooms
where shipping containers containing matches are open, the broken
containers and contents shall be neatly piled with other match
stock in a portion devoted to match storage exclusively.
Section 28.3. Smoking Prohibited Under Certain Conditions.
a. Smoking shall mean and include the carrying of lighted
pipe, cigar, cigarette or tobacco in any form.
b. Where conditions are such as to make smoking a hazard in
any areas of piers, wharves, warehouses, stores, industrial plants,
institutions, places of assembly, and in open spaces where combus-
tible materials are stored or handled, the Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention is empowered and authorized to order the owner
or occupant in writing to post "No Smoking" signs in each build-
ing, structure, room or place in which smoking shall be prohibited.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall designate specific
safe locations, if necessary, in any building, structure or place in
which smoking may be permitted.
c. "No Smoking" signs of approved sized lettering and loca-
tion required in accordance with section 28.3b shall read "By
Order of the Fire Chief."
d. It shall be unlawful for any person to remove any legally
required "No Smoking" sign or to smoke in any place, where such
signs are posted.
Section 28.4. Use of Torches for Removing Paint and Sweating
Pipe Joints.
a. Any person using a torch or other flame-producing device for
removing paint from any building or structure shall provide one
approved fire extinguisher or water hose connected to a water
supply in the area where such burning is done. In all cases, a fire
watcher shall remain on the premises for one hour after the torch
or flame-producing device has been used.
b. Any person using a torch or other flame-producing device for
sweating pipe joints in any building or structure shall have avail-
able in the immediate vicinity where the sweating is done one
approved fire extinguisher or water hose connected to a water
supply. Combustible material in the close proximity of flame shall
be protected against ignition by shielding, wetting, or other ap-
proved means. In all cases, a fire watcher shall remain in the
vicinity of the sweating operation for 1/2 hour after the torch or
flame-producing device has been used.
205
SEC. 28.5 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL
Section 28.5. Hot Ashes and Other Dangerous Materials.
No person shall deposit hot ashes or cinders, or smouldering
coals, or greasy or oily substances liable to spontaneous ignition,
into any combustible receptacle, or place the same within ten feet
of any combustible materials, except in metal or other noncom-
bustible receptacles. Such receptacles, unless resting on a non-
combustible floor or on the ground outside the building, shall be
placed on noncombustible stands, and in every case shall be kept
at least two feet away from any combustible wall or partition or
exterior window opening. t
Section 28.6. Accumulations of Waste Materials.
Roofs, courts, yards, vacant lots and open spaces shall be kept
free and clear of deposits or accumulations of waste paper, hay,
grass, straw, weeds, litter or combustible waste or rubbish of any
kind. All weeds, grass, vines or other growth, when same endan-
gers property, or is liable to be fired, shall be cut down and
removed by the owner or occupant of the property.
Section 28.7. Handling Readily Combustible Materials.
No person making, using, storing or having in charge, or un-
der his control any shavings, excelsior, rubbish, sacks, bags, litter,
hay, straw or combustible waste materials shall fail or neglect at
the close of each day to cause all such material which is not com-
pactly baled and stacked in an orderly manner to be removed from
the building or stored in suitable vaults or in metal or metal lined,
covered, receptacles or bins. The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention shall require suitable baling presses to be installed in
stores, apartment buildings, factories and similar places where
accumulations of paper and waste materials are not removed at
least every second day.
Section 28.8. Storage of Readily Combustible Materials.
a. PERMIT REQUIRED. No person shall store in any building
or upon any premises in excess of 2,500 cubic feet gross volume of
combustible empty packing cases, boxes, barrels or similar con-
tainers, or rubber tires, or baled cotton, rubber or cork, or other
similarly combustible material without a permit.
b. STORAGE REQUIREMENTS. Storage in buildings shall be
orderly, shall not be within two feet of the ceiling, shall be sep-
arated from heaters or heating devices by distance or shielding
so that ignition cannot occur, and not so located as to endanger
206
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL SEC. 28.13
exit from the building. Storage in the open shall not be more than
twenty feet in height, shall be so located, with respect to adjacent
buildings, as not to constitute a hazard, and shall be compact and
orderly.
Section 28.9. Flammable Decorative Materials in Buildings of
Mercantile and Institutional Occupancy.
Highly flammable materials such as cotton batting, straw, dry
vines, leaves, trees, artificial flowers or shrubbery and foam plastic
materials shall not be used for decorative purposes in show win-
dows or other parts of mercantile and institutional occupancies
unless first rendered flameproofed in accordance with section 27.3.
Electric light bulbs in mercantile and institutional occupancies shall
not be decorated with paper or other combustible materials unless
such materials shall first have been rendered flameproofed.
Section 28.10. Storage or Display in Roofed-over Malls
No combustible goods, merchandise, or decorations shall be
displayed or stored in a roofed-over mall unless approved by the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 28.11. Open Flames or Lights Restricted.
a. No person shall take an open flame or light into any build-
ing, barn, vessel, boat or any other place where highly flammable,
combustible, or explosive material is kept, unless such light or
flame shall be well secured in a glass globe, wire mesh cage or
similar approved device.
b. No heating or lighting apparatus or equipment capable of
igniting flammable material of the type stored or handled shall be
used in the storage area of any warehouse storing rags, excelsior,
hair or other highly flammable or combustible material; nor in the
work area of any shop or factory used for the manufacture, repair
or renovating of mattresses or bedding; nor in the work areas of
any establishment used for the upholstering of furniture.
Section 28.12. Kindling of Fire on Land of Others Restricted.
No person shall kindle a fire upon the land of another without
permission of the owner thereof or his agent.
Section 28.13. Maintenance of Chimneys, Vents, Heat Pro-
ducing Appliances, and Exhaust Systems.
a. Chimneys, flues or similar devices for conveying products of
207
SEC. 28.13 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL
combustion or hot gases to the exterior of the building shall be
maintained in a manner as not to create a hazardous condition.
(1) Existing masonry chimneys which upon inspection are
found to be without flue liner and with open mortar joints
which will permit smoke or gases to be discharged into the
building, or which are cracked as to be dangerous shall be made
safe by means of a fire clay liner, fire brick, a corrosion resistant
metal pipe and otherwise repaired if necessary, or the chimney
shall be removed. Metal pipe liners shall be one inch less in
diameter than the least dimension of the flue and entire space
between the metal liner and the walls of the chimney filled with
cement mortar.
(2) Existing chimneys and vents of metal which are corroded
or improperly supported shall be replaced, unless suitable re-
pairs are made.
(3) Existing chimney and vent connectors of metal which
are corroded or improperly supported shall be replaced.
b. All heat producing appliances, including boilers, furnaces,
incinerators, ovens, and restaurant type cooking appliances shall
be installed and maintained so as to be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Evidence that heat producing appliances are installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
28.13b in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such heat
producing appliances are installed so as to be reasonably safe to
persons and property.
c. Exhaust systems provided for restaurant cooking equipment
shall be maintained in a manner such as not to create a hazardous
condition. •
(1) Hoods, grease removal devices, fans, ducts and other
devices shall be inspected periodically and cleaned as needed
to remove grease and deposits of residues.
(2) Fire extinguishing systems shall be inspected periodically
and checked for proper operation. These inspections shall in-
clude a check that the supply of extinguishing agent in the
system is adequate, and all actuation components are operating
satisfactorily. Fusible links, if employed, shall be replaced or
properly cleaned. Instructions for manually operating the system
shall be posted conspicuously in the kitchen and employees
checked for their knowledge of procedures.
(3) Any fire dampers shall be tested periodically to insure
proper functioning of all parts.
d. Commercial, industrial and flue-fed incinerators shall be
208
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL SEC. 28.16
provided with approved spark arrestors or other effective means
for arresting sparks and fly ash.
Section 28.14. Trapdoors to be Closed.
All trapdoors, except those which are automatic in their opera-
tion, in any factory building or building used for storage shall be
closed at the completion of the business of each day.
Section 28.15. Shaftways to be Marked.
Every outside window in a building used for manufacturing
purposes or for storage which opens directly on any hoistway or
other vertical means of communication between two or more floors
in such building, shall be plainly marked with the word "SHAFT-
WAY" in red letters at least six inches high on a white back-
ground; such warning sign to be so placed as to be easily discern-
ible from the outside of the building. Every door or window
opening on such shaftway from the interior of the building, unless
the construction of the partition surrounding the shaftway is of
such distinctive nature as to make its purpose evident at a glance,
shall be similarly marked with the warning word, "SHAFTWAY"
so placed as to be easily visible to any one approaching the shaft-
way from the interior of the building.
Section 28.16. Fire Lanes on Private Property, Devoted to
Public Use.
a. The marking of fire lanes on private property, devoted to
public use, shall be approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention and the Chief of Police.
b. Parking of motor vehicles or otherwise obstructing fire lanes
shall be prohibited at all times.
209
}
SEC. 29.1 TENTS
j
ARTICLE 29
TENTS
Section 29.1. Permit Required.
No tent covering an area in excess of 120 square feet shall be
erected, maintained, operated or used without a permit.
Section 29.2. Fire Watchers to be Employed.
One or more qualified persons to serve as fire watchers shall
be employed by all circuses, carnivals, or other exhibitions where
large crowds assemble. They shall familiarize themselves with all
fire protection facilities and fire prevention features and with the
condition of exits, and shall patrol the entire tent area during the
time of occupancy. They shall see that aisles and exitways are
kept open and that "No Smoking" rules are enforced.
Section 29.3. Tents for Assembly to Conform to Recognized
Good Practice.
The design, construction, flameproofing, location, maintenance
and use of tents for assembly shall be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Evidence that the design, construction, flame-
proofing, location, maintenance, and use of tents are in accordance
with the applicable standard specified for this section 29.3 in article
31 of this Code shall be evidence that such tents are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
210
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC. 30.2
ARTICLE 30
WELDING OR CUTTING, ACETYLENE GENERATORS,
AND CALCIUM CARBIDE
Section 30.1. Scope.
a. This article shall apply to:
(1) Installation and operation of oxygen-fuel gas welding
and cutting systems; fuel gases when used with oxygen for
welding, cutting, heating, and heat-treating operations; utiliza-
tion of gaseous fuels generated from flammable liquids under
pressure when such fuels are used with oxygen; or electric-arc
welding or cutting or any combination thereof, or
(2) Storage of calcium carbide and gases used in welding,
cutting or heat treating.
Section 30.2. Definitions.
a. Acetylene, low pressure shall mean acetylene at a pressure
not exceeding 1 psig.
b. Acetylene, medium pressure shall mean acetylene at pres-
sures exceeding 1psig but not exceeding 15 psig.
c. Fuel Gas shall mean acetylene, hydrogen, natural gas, LP-
Gas, methylacetylene-propadiene, stabilized and other liquefied
and nonliquefied flammable gases which are stable because of
their composition or because of the conditions of storage and
utilization stipulated in this article.
d. Hydraulic back-pressure valve as a term is used interchange-
ably with "hydraulic seal" and "hydraulic valve."
e. Machine shall mean a device in which one or more torches
using fuel gas and oxygen are incorporated.
f. Manifold shall mean an assembly of pipe and fittings for
connecting two or more cylinders for the purpose of supplying
gas to a piping system or directly to a consuming device.
g. Methylacetylene-propadiene, Stabilized shall mean a mix-
ture of gases which, in the liquid phase, contains not more than
68 mole percent of the compounds methylacetylene and propa-
diene in combination, and which contains at least 6 mole percent
butanes and at least 18 mole percent other saturated hydrocarbon
diluents. The mixture shall contain not more than 10 mole percent
propylene nor more than 2 mole percent butadiene.
211
SEC. 30.3 WELDING OR CUTTING
h. Oxygen manifold, high-pressure shall mean a manifold con-
necting oxygen containers having a DOT service pressure exceed-
ing 200 psig.
i. Oxygen manifold, low-pressure shall mean a manifold con-
necting oxygen containers having a DOT service pressure not
exceeding 200 psig.
j. Piping shall mean pipe or tubing or both for any purpose
and made of any material that is acceptable under this article.
Pipe shall mean a rigid conduit.
Tubing shall mean a semi-rigid conduit.
k. Portable outlet header shall mean an assembly of piping
and fittings used for service-outlet purposes which is connected to
the permanent service piping by means of hose or other non-rigid
conductors. �
1. Station outlet shall mean the point at which gas is with- 1
drawn from the service piping system.
m. Total water capacity shall mean allowable tank capacity in
gallons or in pounds of water. (735 pounds water capacity is
equivalent to about 309 pounds of propane, 368 pounds of
methylacetylene-propadiene, stabilized, or 375 pounds of butane.)
Section 30.3. Permit Required for Welding or Cutting. 4
a. A permit shall be required of each company, corporation,
copartnership or owner-operator performing welding or cutting
operations except as provided in section 30.3b. This permit shall
not be required for each welding or cutting job location. The
company, corporation, copartnership or owner-operator shall
notify the Bureau of Fire Prevention in advance where such work
is taking place, except where such work is done in response to an
emergency call that does not allow time for the Bureau of Fire
Prevention to be notified in advance of the work.
b. A permit shall not be required of any company, corpora-
tion, copartnership or owner-operator:
(1) Where the welding or cutting is performed in areas
approved for the purpose, or
(2) Having an approved permit system established for con-
trol of the fire hazards involved.
c. Application for a permit required by this article shall be
made by the company, corporation, copartnership or owner-opera-
tor performing the welding or cutting operation or by his duly
authorized agent.
d. A permit for welding or cutting operations shall not be
212
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC. 30.6
issued unless the individuals in charge of performing such opera-
tions are capable of doing such work in a safe manner. Demonstra-
'F tion of a working knowledge of the provisions of this article shall
constitute acceptable evidence of compliance with this requirement.
e. Companies, corporations, copartnerships and owner-opera-
tors required to have a permit shall maintain a record of all loca-
tions where welding or cutting operations are performed and have
it available for inspection by the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 30.4. Equipment.
Approved equipment shall be used in welding and cutting.
Section 30.5. Installation and Operation of Welding and
Cutting Equipment.
a. Welding and cutting equipment shall be installed and
operated so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property.
Evidence that welding and cutting equipment has been installed
and is operated in accordance with the applicable standards speci-
fied for this section 30.5a in article 31 of this Code shall be
evidence that such welding and cutting equipment and operations
thereof are reasonably safe to persons and property.
b. The use of liquid acetylene is prohibited.
c. Fuel gases in the liquid phase shall not be piped into any
building except when used exclusively to house equipment for
vaporization, pressure reduction, or gas mixing or in buildings used
exclusively for research and experimental laboratories.
Section 30.6. Fire Control.
a. Before welding or cutting operations are begun in areas not
designed or approved for the purpose, specific authorization shall
be obtained from the owner of the premises or his duly authorized
agent.
b. When welding or cutting operations are performed above, or
within 35 feet of combustible construction or material exposed
to the operation, or within 35 feet of floor, ceiling or wall open-
ings so exposed:
(1) Such combustible construction or material shall be pro-
tected by noncombustible shields or covers from possible sparks,
hot metal or oxide.
(2) Such floor, ceiling or wall openings shall be protected
by noncombustible shields or covers.
(3) A fire watcher shall be provided to watch for fires,
make use of portable fire extinguishers or fire hose, and per-
. 213
SEC. 30.7 WELDING OR CUTTING
form similar fire prevention and protection duties. The fire
watcher shall remain on the job at least thirty minutes after
the welding or cutting operations have been completed to insure
that no fire exists. A signed inspection report attesting to that
fact shall be filed and available for inspection by the Bureau of
Fire Prevention.
c. One or more portable fire extinguishers of approved type
and size shall be kept at the location where welding or cutting is to
be done.
d. Welding or cutting shall not be done in or near rooms or
locations where flammable gases, liquids or vapors, lint, dust, or >
loose combustible stocks are present when sparks or hot metal
from the welding or cutting operations may cause ignition or
explosion of such materials.
e. Except as provided in section 30.6f, welding or cutting shall
not be performed on containers and equipment which contain
or have contained flammable liquids, gases or solids until these
containers and equipment have been thoroughly cleaned or inerted
or purged.
f. "Hot tapping" may be permitted on tanks and pipe lines
provided such operations are performed by companies, corpora-
tions, copartnerships or owner-operators not required to have a
permit under section 30.3b(2).
g. Sprinkler protection shall not be shut off while welding or
cutting work is being performed. When welding or cutting is done
close to automatic sprinkler heads, sheet asbestos or damp cloth
guards may be used to shield the individual heads but shall be
removed when the work is completed.
Section 30.7. Permit Required for Cylinder and Container
Storage.
A permit shall be required for the storage of cylinders or con-
tainers used in conjunction with welding or cutting operations
when more than 2,000 cubic feet of flammable compressed gas
other than liquefied petroleum gas, or a total water capacity of 735
pounds of liquefied petroleum gas or methylacetylene-propadiene,
stabilized, or 6,000 cubic feet of nonflammable compressed gas is 1
stored.
Section 30.8. Storage of Cylinders and Containers.
a. Fuel gas cylinders stored inside of buildings, except those
in actual use or attached ready for use, shall be limited to a total
capacity of 2,000 cubic feet of gas, or a total water capacity of 735
214
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC. 30.8
pounds of liquefied petroleum gas or methylacetylene-propadiene,
stabilized. Storage exceeding these amounts shall be in a separate
room in accordance with sections 30.17d and 30.17e, or cylinders
shall be stored outside or in a separate building.
b. Separate rooms or buildings for fuel gas storage shall be
well ventilated. Heating systems, electrical equipment and con-
trol of sources of ignition shall comply with sections 30.17h
through 30.17j.
c. Cylinders of dissolved acetylene shall be stored with the
valve end up to minimize possibility of solvent being discharged
as liquid.
d. Oxygen cylinders shall not be stored in inside acetylene
generator rooms.
e. Oxygen cylinders stored in outside generator houses shall
be separated from the generator or carbide storage rooms by a
noncombustible partition having a fire resistance rating of at
least one hour. This partition shall be without openings and shall.
be gastight.
f. Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be separated from fuel
gas cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or grease),
a minimum distance of 20 feet or by a noncombustible barrier at
least 5 feet high having a fire resistance rating of at least 1/2 hour.
g. Cylinders permitted inside of buildings shall:be stored at
least 20 feet from highly combustible materials. and where they
will not be exposed to excessive rise in temperature; physical
damage, or tampering by unauthorized persons.
h. Empty cylinders shall have their valves closed while in
storage and during shipment.
i. Where caps are provided for valve protection, such caps
shall be in place except when-the cylinders are in service or con-
nected ready for service.
j. Welding or cutting work shall not be supported by com-
pressed gas cylinders.
k. Gas shall not be transferred from one cylinder°to another
or mixed with another gas in a cylinder.
1. Pressure adjusting screws on regulators shall be fully released
before the regulator is attached to a cylinder and the cylinder
valve opened.
m. Valves on cylinders. of compressed gas shall be opened
slowly.
n. Before a regulator is removed from a cylinder valve, the
cylinder valve shall be closed and the gas released from the
regulator.
215
SEC. 30.9 WELDING OR CUTTING
o. High-pressure oxygen cylinders shall be used only with
pressure-regulating devices approved and marked for use with
oxygen.
p. As oxygen under high pressure may react violently with
oil or grease, every possible precaution shall be taken to prevent
oxygen from coming in contact with oil or grease. Oxygen cyl-
inders, valves, regulators, hose, and other apparatus shall be kept
free from oil or grease and shall not be handled with oily hands,
oily gloves, or with greasy equipment.
q. Fuel gas shall not be used from cylinders through torches
or other devices equipped with shut-off valves without reducing the
pressure through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder
valve or manifold.
Section 30.9. Manifolding of Cylinders.
a. Except as provided in section 30.9b, fuel gas cylinders
connected to one manifold inside a building shall be limited to a
total capacity not exceeding a total water capacity of 735 pounds
of liquefied petroleum gas or methylacetylene-propadiene, stabil-
ized or 3000 cubic feet of other fuel gas. More than one such
manifold with connected cylinders may be located in the same
room provided the manifolds are at least 50 feet apart.
b. Fuel gas cylinders connected to one manifold having an
aggregrate capacity exceeding a total water capacity of 735 pounds
of liquefied petroleum gas or methylacetylene-propadiene, stabilized
or 3000 cubic feet of other fuel gas shall be located outdoors, or
in a separate building or room constructed in accordance with
section 30.17d and 30.17e.
c. Separate manifold buildings or rooms may also be used
for the storage of drums of calcium carbide and cylinders con-
taining fuel gases. Such buildings or rooms shall have no open
flames for heating or lighting and shall be well ventilated.
d. High-pressure fuel gas manifolds shall be provided with
approved pressure regulating devices.
e. Oxygen manifolds shall not be located in an acetylene
generator room. Oxygen manifolds shall be separated from fuel
gas cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or grease),
a minimum distance of 20 feet or by a noncombustible barrier at
least 5 feet high having a fire resistance rating of at least 1/2 hour.
f. Except as provided in section 30.9g, oxygen cylinders con-
nected to one manifold shall be limited to a total gas capacity of
6000 cubic feet. More than one such manifold with connected
216
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC. 30.9
cylinders may be located in the same room provided the manifolds
are at least 50 feet apart.
g. An oxygen manifold, to which cylinders having an aggre-
gate capacity of more than 6000 cubic feet of oxygen are con-
nected, shall be located outdoors or in a separate noncombustible
building. Such a manifold, if located inside a building having
other occupancy, shall be located in a separate room constructed
of noncombustible materials and having a fire resistance rating of at
least lh hour or in an area with no combustible material within 20
feet of the manifold.
h. High-pressure oxygen manifolds shall be provided with
approved pressure-regulating devices.
i. Low-pressure oxygen manifolds shall be suitable for use
with oxygen at a pressure of 250 psig, have a minimum bursting
pressure of 1000 psig and be protected by a safety relief device
which will relieve at a maximum pressure of 500 psig. The fol-
lowing sign shall be conspicuously posted at each low pressure
oxygen manifold:
LOW-PRESSURE MANIFOLD
DO NOT CONNECT HIGH-PRESSURE CYLINDERS
MAXIMUM PRESSURE-250 PSIG
j. Portable outlet headers shall not be used indoors except
for temporary service where the conditions preclude a direct sup-
ply from outlets located on the service piping system.
k. Each outlet on the service piping from which oxygen or
fuel gas is withdrawn to supply a portable outlet header shall be
equipped with a readily accessible shutoff valve.
1. Master shutoff valve for both oxygen and fuel gas shall be
provided at the entry end of the portable outlet header.
m. Portable outlet headers for fuel gas service shall be pro-
vided with an approved hydraulic back-pressure valve installed
at the inlet and preceding the service outlets, unless an approved
pressure-reducing regulator, an approved back-flow check valve,
or an approved hydraulic back-pressure valve is installed at each
outlet. Outlets provided on headers for oxygen service may be
fitted for use with pressure-reducing regulators or for direct hose
connections.
n. The pressure in the gas cylinders connected to and dis-
charged simultaneously through a common manifold shall be
approximately equal.
217
SEC. 30.10 WELDING OR CUTTING
Section 30.10. Service Piping Systems for Fuel Gases and
Oxygen.
a. Piping and fittings shall be reasonably safe to persons and
property, and comply with sections 30.10b through 30.10d. Evi-
dence that piping and fittings are in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 30.10a in article 31 of this Code
shall be evidence that said piping and fittings are reasonably safe
to persons and property.
b. Pipe shall be at least schedule 40 and fittings shall be at
least standard weight in sizes not over six inches in nominal size.
c. Copper tubing shall be Type K or L so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Evidence that copper tubing is in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
30.10c in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that said copper
tubing is reasonably safe to persons and property.
d. Piping shall be steel, wrought iron, brass or copper pipe,
or seamless copper, brass or stainless steel tubing except as pro-
vided in sections 30.10e and 30.10f.
e. Oxygen piping and fittings at pressure in excess of 700
psig shall be stainless steel or nonferrous metal.
f. Pipe for acetylene or methylacetylene-propadiene, stabilized,
shall be steel or wrought iron, except that unalloyed copper may
be used in listed equipment.
g. Acetylene shall not be piped (except in approved cylinder
manifolds) or utilized at a pressure in excess of 15 psig.
h. Joints in steel or wrought iron piping shall be welded,
threaded or flanged. Fittings, such as ells, tees, couplings and
unions, may be rolled, forged or cast steel, malleable iron or
nodular iron. Gray or white cast-iron fittings are prohibited.
i. Joints in brass or copper pipe shall be welded, brazed,
threaded or flanged. If of the socket type, they shall be brazed
with silver-brazing alloy or similar high melting point filler metal.
j. Joints in seamless copper, brass, or stainless steel tubing
shall be approved gas tubing fittings or the joints shall be brazed.
If of the socket type, they shall be brazed with silver-brazing
alloy or similar high melting point filler metal.
k. Threaded connections in oxygen pipe shall be tinned or
made up with litharge and glycerine, litharge and water, or other
joint compound approved for oxygen service applied to the male
threads only.
1. Piping shall be run as directly ,as practicable, protected
against corrosion and physical damage, and allowance made for
expansion, contraction, jarring and vibration.
218
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC. 30.12
m. Readily accessible gas valves shall be provided to shut off
the gas supply to buildings, in the discharge from generators, gas
holders, manifolds or other sources of supply.
n. Underground pipe and tubing and outdoor ferrous pipe
and tubing shall be covered or painted with a suitable corrosion
resisting material.
o. All piping shall be tested and proved tight at one and one-
half times its maximum working pressure. Any medium used for
testing oxygen lines shall be oil-free and nonflammable.
Section 30.11. Protective Equipment.
a. Service piping systems shall be protected by pressure relief
devices set to function at not more than the design pressure of
the systems and discharging to a safe location.
b. Approved protective equipment shall be installed in the
fuel gas piping to prevent: (1) backflow of oxygen into the fuel
gas supply system; (2) passage of a flash back into the fuel gas
supply system; and (3) excessive back pressure of oxygen in the
fuel gas supply system.
c. The protective equipment shall be located in the main
supply line, or at the head of each branch line, or at each location
where gas is withdrawn.
d. Backflow protection shall be provided by an approved device
that will prevent oxygen from flowing into the fuel gas system.
e. Flash-back protection shall be provided by an approved
device that will prevent flame from passing into the fuel gas
system.
f. Back-pressure protection shall be provided by an approved
pressure-relief device set at a pressure not greater than the pres-
sure rating of the backflow or the flash-back protection device,
whichever is lower. The pressure-relief device shall be located on
the downstream side of the backflow and flash-back protection
devices.
g. Fuel gas for use with equipment not requiring oxygen
shall be withdrawn upstream of the piping protective devices.
Section 30.12. Station Outlet Protective Equipment.
a. A check valve, pressure regulator, hydraulic seal, or com-
bination of these devices shall be provided at each station outlet,
including those on portable headers, to prevent backflow.
b. A shutoff valve shall be installed at each station outlet and
shall be located on the upstream side of other station outlet equip-
ment.
219
SEC. 30.13 WELDING OR CUTTING
Section 30.13. Hose and Hose Connections.
Hose for oxygen and fuel gas service including hose used to
connect portable outlet headers to service piping shall be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that hose for oxygen
and fuel gas service including hose used to connect portable outlet
headers is in accordance with the applicable standard specified
for this section 30.13 in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence
that said hose is reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 30.14. Pressure Reducing Regulator.
Regulators or automatic reducing valves shall be used only for
the gas for which they are intended.
Section 30.15. Permit Required for Acetylene Generators.
No person shall operate an acetylene generator having a carbide
capacity exceeding 5 pounds without a permit. •
Section 30.16. Acetylene Generators.
a. Acetylene shall not be generated at a pressure in excess of
15 psig.
b. Portable generators shall not be operated within 10 feet of
combustible material other than floors.
c. Portable generators shall be taken outdoors for cleaning,
charging or purging.
Section 30.17. Outside Generator Houses and Inside Genera-
tor Rooms for Stationary Acetylene Generators.
a. Outside generator houses shall be of noncombustible con-
struction. Openings in any outside generator house shall not be
located within 5 feet of any opening in another building.
b. Exit doors shall be located so as to be readily accessible in
case of emergency.
c. Buildings in which acetylene generators are located shall
not exceed one story in height except that they may be installed
on the top floor or roof of a multi- or single-story building. •
d. Generators installed inside buildings shall be enclosed in a
separate room of ample size. The walls, partitions, floors, and ceil-
ings of inside generator rooms shall be of noncombustible con-
struction having a fire resistance rating of at least one hour. The
walls or partitions shall be continuous from floor to ceiling and
shall be securely anchored. At least one wall of the room shall be
an exterior wall.
220
9
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC. 30.17
e. Openings from an inside generator room to other parts of
the building shall be protected by an approved swinging type,
self-closing fire door. Windows in partitions shall be wired glass in
approved metal frames with fixed sash. Fire doors and windows
shall be installed so as to be reasonably safe to persons and prop-
erty. Evidence that fire doors and windows have been installed in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
30.17e in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such fire
doors and windows are reasonably safe to persons and property.
f. Explosion venting for outside generator houses and inside
generator rooms shall be provided in exterior walls or roofs. The
venting area shall be not less than one square foot per 50 cubic
feet of room volume and may consist of any one or any combina-
tion of the following: walls of light, noncombustible material
preferably single-thickness, single-strength glass; lightly fastened
hatch covers;lightly fastened swinging doors in exterior walls open-
ing outward; lightly fastened walls or roof designed to relieve at a
maximum pressure of 25 pounds per square foot.
g. Inside generator rooms or outside generator houses shall
be well ventilated with vents located at floor and ceiling levels.
h. Heating shall be by steam, hot water, or other indirect
means. Heating by flames or fires shall be prohibited in outside
generator houses or inside generator rooms, or in any enclosure
communicating with them.
i. All electrical wiring and equipment in outside generator
houses or inside generator rooms shall be reasonably safe to
persons and property. When electrical wiring and equipment
are used in outside generator houses or inside generator rooms,
evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a type approved
for Class I, Division 2 hazardous locations and has been installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 30.17i in article 31 of this Code shall be evidence that such
electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably safe to persons and
property.
j. Source of ignition shall be prohibited in outside generator
houses or inside generator rooms.
k. Operating instructions shall be posted in a conspicuous
place near the generator or kept in a suitable place available for
ready reference. When recharging generators the order of opera-
tions specified in the instructions supplied by the manufacturer
shall be followed.
221
SEC. 30.18 WELDING OR CUTTING
Section 30.18. Permit Required for Storage of Calcium
Carbide.
A permit shall be required to store or keep calcium carbide
in excess of two hundred pounds.
Section 30.19. Containers for Calcium Carbide.
Calcium carbide shall be contained in metal packages of
sufficient strength to prevent rupture. The packages shall be pro-
vided with a screw top or equivalent and shall be constructed
water- and air-tight. Solder shall not be used in such a manner
that the package would fail if exposed to fire. Packages shall be
conspicuously marked "Calcium Carbide—Dangerous If Not Kept
Dry" or with equivalent warning.
Section 30.20. Storage of Calcium Carbide in Buildings.
a. Storage of calcium carbide inside buildings shall be in a
dry, waterproof and well-ventilated location.
b. Calcium carbide not exceeding 600 pounds may be stored
inside buildings or in the same room with fuel gas cylinders.
c. Calcium carbide exceeding 600 pounds but not exceeding
5000 pounds shall be stored in accordance with section 30.20d, or
in an inside generator room or outside generator house, or, in a
separate room in a one-story building which may contain other
occupancies, but without cellar or basement beneath the carbide
storage section. Such rooms shall be constructed in accordance
with section 30.17d and 30.17e. These rooms shall be used for
no other purpose.
d. Calcium carbide in excess of 5000 pounds shall be stored
in one story buildings without cellar or basement and used for no
other purpose, or in outside generator houses. The location of
such storage building shall be away from congested mercantile
and manufacturing districts. If the storage building is of non-
combustible construction, it may adjoin other one-story build-
ings if separated therefrom by unpierced fire walls; if it is detached
less than 10 feet from such building or buildings, there shall be no
opening in any of the mutually exposing sides of such buildings
within 10 feet. If the storage building is of combustible construc-
tion, it shall be at least 20 feet from any other one- or two-story
building, and at least 30 feet from any other building exceeding
two stories.
222
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC. 30.22
Section 30.21. Storage of Calcium Carbide Outside Buildings.
Calcium carbide in unopened metal containers may be stored
outdoors. Storage areas shall be at least 10 feet from lines of ad-
joining property that may be built upon.
Section 30.22. Electric Arc-Welding and Cutting.
a. The frame or case of the welding machine except internal
combustion engine driven machines shall be grounded. Ground
connections shall be mechanically strong and electrically adequate
for the required current.
b. Welding current return circuits from the work to the machine
shall have proper electrical contact at all joints and periodic in-
spection shall be made to ascertain that proper electrical contact
is maintained.
c. When electric arc-welding or cutting is to be discontinued
for any substantial period of time, such as during lunch hour or
overnight, all electrodes shall be removed from the holders, the
holders shall be carefully located so that accidental contact cannot
occur, and the machines shall be disconnected from the power
source.
223
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
ARTICLE 31
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Compliance with the standards or publications listed under the
section numbers in this article shall be evidence of compliance
with the section of the code referring to this article.
The abbreviations preceding these standards and publications
shall have the following meaning and are the organizations issuing
the standards and publications listed.
American Insurance Association
85 John Street, New York, N.Y. 10038
120 South La Salle Street, Chicago, Ill. 60603
465 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94104
API—American Petroleum Institute
1271 Avenue of the Americas, New York,N.Y. 10020
ANSI—American National Standards Institute
1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018
ASME—American Society of Mechanical Engineers
345 East 47th Street, New York,N.Y. 10017
ASTM—American Society for Testing and Materials
1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
CGA—Compressed Gas Association, Inc.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10036
MCA—Manufacturing Chemists' Association
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009
NFPA—National Fire Protection Association
60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. 02110
NPFI—National Plant Food Institute
1700 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006
RMA—Rubber Manufacturers Association
444 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022
SD—Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20025
U.L.,Inc.—Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.
207 East Ohio Street, Chicago, Ill.60611
333 Pfingsten Road,Northbrook, Ill. 60062
224
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
1285 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, Long Island, N.Y. 11746
1655 Scott Blvd., Santa Clara, Calif. 95050
USBM—United States Bureau of Mines
4800 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
Sections 5.3 and 5.4
NFPA No. 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose
Nitrate Motion Picture Film, 1967 edition.
Section 8.4
Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 171 through 178,
Department of Transportation Regulations, 1969 edition.
Copies available from the Superintendent of Documents.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Pressure
Vessels, 1968 edition with 1968 and 1969 addenda.
ANSI Z48.1, Method for Marking Portable Compressed Gas Con-
tainers to Identify the Material Contained, 1954 edition.
Section 8.5a
NFPA No. 56, Code for the Use of Flammable Anesthetics, 1968
edition.
Section 8.6
NFPA No. 565, Standard for Nonflammable Medical Gas Systems,
1967 edition.
CGA Pamphlet P-2, Characteristics and Safe Handling of Medical
Gases.
Section 8.7
NFPA No. 566, Standard for the Installation of Bulk Oxygen
Systems at Consumer Sites, 1965 edition.
Section 8.8
ANSI K 61.1, Safety Requirements for the Storage and Handling
of Anhydrous Ammonia, 1966 edition.
Section 8.9
NFPA No. 50A, Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at
Consumer Sites, 1969 edition.
NFPA No. 50B, Standard for Liquefied Hydrogen Systems at
Consumer Sites, 1968 edition.
225
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 9.4e
NFPA No. 91, Standard for the Installation of Blower and Exhaust
Systems for Dust, Stock and Vapor Removal or Conveying,
1961 edition.
Sections 9.8a, 9.8b and 10.3f
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1968 edition.
Section 10.3g
NFPA No. 60, Standard for the Installation and Operation of
Pulverized-Fuel Systems, 1961 edition.
NFPA No. 61A, Standard for the Prevention of Dust Explosions
in Starch Factories, 1962 edition.
NFPA No. 61B, Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in
Terminal Grain Elevators, 1959 edition.
NFPA No. 61C, Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in
Flour and Feed Mills, 1962 edition.
NFPA No. 62, Standard for Pulverizing Sugar and Cocoa, 1967
edition.
NFPA No. 63, Principles for Prevention of Dust Explosions in
Industrial Plants, 1964 edition.
NFPA No. 64, Code for the Prevention of Dust Ignitions in
Country Grain Elevators, 1959 edition.
NFPA No. 65, Code for the Processing and Finishing of Alumi-
num, 1963 edition.
NFPA No. 651, Standard for the Prevention of Dust Explosions
in the Manufacture of Aluminum Powder, 1967 edition.
NFPA No. 652, Standard for Explosion and Fire Protection in
Plants Producing or Handling Magnesium Powder, 1968 edi-
tion.
NFPA No. 653, Standard for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in
Coal Preparation Plants, 1959 edition.
NFPA No. 654, Standard for the Prevention of Dust Explosions
in the Plastics Industry, 1963 edition.
NFPA No. 655, Standard for the Prevention of Sulfur Fires and
Explosions, 1968 edition.
NFPA No. 656, Code for the Prevention of Dust Ignitions in
Spice Grinding Plants, 1959 edition.
226
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
NFPA No. 657, Standard for the Prevention of Dust Explosions
in Confectionery Manufacturing Plants, 1967 edition.
NFPA No. 66, Standard for Pneumatic Conveying Systems for
Handling Feed, Flour, Grain, and Other Agricultural Dusts,
1964 edition.
Sections 12.6g, 12.6o, 12.14f
NFPA No. 495, Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Stor-
age and Use of Explosives and Blasting Agents, 1969 edition.
Sections 12.8g, 12.11 b, 12.11 c
NFPA No. 495, Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Stor-
age and Use of Explosives and Blasting Agents, 1969 edition.
USBM-IC 8179, Safety Recommendations for Sensitized Ammo-
nium Nitrate Blasting Agents, 1963 edition.
Section 13.3e
NFPA No. 494L, Model State Fireworks Law 1964 edition.
Section 13.3f
NFPA No. 41L, Code for Model Rocketry, 1968 edition.
Section 14.4e
NFPA No. 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems,
1969 edition.
Section 14.5b
NFPA No. 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and
Hose Systems, 1969 edition.
Sections 15.15, 15.25d, 15.25e, 15.210d(4), 15.36b, 15.36e
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1968 edition.
Section 16.12c
ASTM D-86, Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Pe-
troleum Products, 1967 edition.
Section 16.12k
ASTM D-56, Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Tag
Closed Tester, 1969 edition.
ASTM D-93, Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Pensky
Martens Closed Tester, 1969 edition.
227
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 16.12m
ASTM D-5, Test for Penetration for Bituminous Materials, 1965
edition.
Section 16.12t
ASTM D-323, Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of
Petroleum Products (Reid Method), 1958 edition.
Section 16.14
U.L., Inc. Gas and Oil Equipment List listing containers, tanks,
equipment and apparatus, 1970 edition.
Section 16.21c(1)
API Standard No. 12A, Specification for Oil Storage Tanks with
Riveted Shells, 1951 edition.
API Standard No. 12B, Specification for Bolted Production Tanks,
1958 edition, and Supplement I, 1962. Tanks built in accord-
ance with this standard shall be used only as production tanks
for crude oil storage in oil producing areas.
API Standard No. 12D, Specification for Large Welded Produc-
tion Tanks, 1957 edition. Tanks built in accordance with this
standard shall be used only as production tanks for crude oil
storage in oil producing areas.
API Standard No. 12F, Specification for Small Welded Production
Tanks, 1961 edition. Tanks built in accordance with this stand-
ard shall be used only as production tanks for crude oil storage
in oil producing areas.
API Standard No. 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 1966
edition; Supplement, 1967; Supplement No. 2, 1969.
U.L., Inc. Subject No. 58, Standard for Steel Underground Tanks
for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 1969 edition.
U.L., Inc. Subject No. 80, Standard for Steel Inside Tanks for Oil
Burner Fuel, 1968 edition.
U.L., Inc. Subject No. 142, Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks
for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 1968 edition.
Section 16.21d(2)
API Standard No. 620, Recommended Rules for the Design and
Construction of Large, Welded Low Pressure Storage Tanks,
1963 edition, and 1965 Supplement.
228
LIST OF STANDARDS AND P BLICATIONS
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Pressure
Vessels, 1968 edition with 1968 and 969 addenda.
Section 16.21e(2)
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Pressure
Vessels, 1968 edition with 1968 and 1•.9 addenda.
Section 16.22e(2)
API Standard No. 2000 Venting Atmosp eric and Low Pressure
Storage Tanks, 1968 edition.
Section 16.22h(3)(g)[3]
NFPA No. 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire
Protection, 1969 edition.
Section 16.31a
ANSI B31.3, Petroleum Refinery Piping, 1 !66 edition.
ANSI B31.4, Liquid Petroleum Transpo tation Piping Systems,
1966 edition with 1968 addenda.
Section 16.32a
ASTM A445, Specifications for Ferritic D i stile Iron Castings for
Valves, Flanges, Pipe Fittings and Oth r Piping Components,
1966 edition.
Section 16.44b
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1..8 edition.
Section 16.47b
NFPA No. 11, Standard for Foam Extin: ishing Systems, 1969
edition.
NFPA No. 12, Standard on Carbon Diox le Extinguishing Sys-
tems, 1968 edition.
NFPA No. 13, Standard for the Installatio of Sprinkler Systems,
1969 edition.
NFPA No. 16, Standard for the Instal :tion of Foam-Water
Sprinkler Systems and Foam-Water Spr., Systems, 1968 edi-
tion.
NFPA No. 17, Standard for Dry Chemical xtinguishing Systems,
1969 edition.
229
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 16.54a(2)
NFPA No. 68, Guide for Explosion Venting, 1954 edition.
Section 16.54b(4)(b)
NFPA No. 69, Inerting for Fire and Explosion Prevention, 1956
edition.
Section 16.55e(2)(a)
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1968 edition.
Section 16.65d
NFPA No. 87, Standard for the Construction and Protection of
Piers and Wharves, 1968 edition.
Section 16.66b
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1968 edition.
Section 16.69
NFPA No. 11, Standard for Foam Extinguishing Systems, 1969
edition.
Section 16.73a(4)(a)
NFPA No. 385, Standard on Tank Vehicles for Flammable
Liquids, 1966 edition.
Section 16.77b
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1968 edition.
Section 16.84
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I, Power Boilers,
1968 edition with 1968 and 1969 addenda.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Pressure
Vessels, 1968 edition with 1968 and 1969 addenda.
Section 16.86a
NFPA No. 10, Standard for the Installation of Portable Fire
Extinguishers, 1969 edition.
Section 16.94a
Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 178 of Department
of Transportation Regulations, 1969 edition. DOT Specifica-
230
LIST OF STANDARDS AND ' BLICATIONS
tions MC307 and MC331. Copies avail.1.1e from Superintendent
of Documents.
Section 16.94b
Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, 'art 178 of Department
of Transportation Regulations, 1969 ed ion. DOT Specification
MC306. Copies available from Superin endent of Documents.
Section 17.3c
Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations. rt 178, Shipping Con-
tainer Specifications, Department of Tra sportation Regulations,
1969 edition. Copies available from S'perintendent of Docu-
ments.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Pressure
Vessels, 1968 edition with 1968 and 19 i 9 addenda.
Section 17.4a
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1968 edition.
Section 17.5c
NFPA No. 54, Standard for the Installa on of Gas Appliances
and Gas Piping, 1969 edition.
American Insurance Association, Code for e Installation of Heat
Producing Appliances, 1967 edition.
Section 18.4b
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1'68 edition.
Section 20.3b
Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations. Pa t 30, Licensing of By-
Product Material—Radioisotope Distribu on, 1969 edition. Part
70, Special Nuclear Materials, 1969 e.'lion. Copies available
from Superintendent of Documents.
Section 20.6a
ANSI N2.1, Radiation Symbol, 1960 editio .
Section 20.10a
NPFI, Definition and Test Procedures f: Ammonium Nitrate
Fertilizer, 1961 edition.
Section 20.10d
NFPA No. 495, Code for the Manufactur: Transportation, Stor-
age and Use of Explosives and Blasting Agents, 1969 edition.
231
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 20.10g(5)
NFPA No. 13, Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems,
1969 edition.
Section 20.10i
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1968 edition.
Section 20.10m
NFPA No. 490, Code for the Storage of Ammonium Nitrate, 1969
edition.
Section 20.10n
NFPA No. 307, Operation of Marine Terminals, 1967 edition.
Section 21.5
NFPA No. 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied
Petroleum Gases, 1969 edition.
NFPA No. 59, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied
Petroleum Gases at Utility Gas Plants, 1968 edition.
Section 21.11
API Standard 2510, Design and Construction of Liquefied Petro-
leum Gas Installations at Marine and Pipeline Terminals, Nat-
ural Gas Processing Plants, Refineries, and Tank Farms, 1965
edition.
Section 22.5a
NFPA No. 91, Standard for the Installation of Blower and Exhaust
Systems for Dust, Stock and Vapor Removal or Conveying,
1961 edition.
Section 22.5c
NFPA No. 664, Code for Woodworking Plants, 1962 edition.
Section 23.8e
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1968 edition.
Section 24.2b
ASTM D-396, Specifications for Fuel Oils, 1969 edition.
Section 24.6
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1968 edition.
232
LIST OF STANDARDS AND P BLICATIONS
Section 24.8c(1)
API Standard No. 12A, Specification fo Oil Storage Tanks with
Riveted Shells, 1951 edition.
API Standard No. 650, Welded Steel Ta s for Oil Storage, 1966
edition; Supplement, 1967;Supplement o. 2, 1969.
U.L., Inc. Subject No. 58, Standard for ` eel Underground Tanks
for Flammable and Combustible Liquid , 1969 edition.
U.L., Inc. Subject No. 80, Standard for S -el Inside Tanks for Oil
Burner Fuel, 1968 edition.
U.L., Inc. Subject No. 142, Standard for eel Aboveground Tanks
for Flammable and Combustible Liqui.., 1968 edition.
Section 24.8c(5)
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Pressure
Vessels, 1968 edition with 1968 and 19 9 addenda.
Section 24.9a
ANSI B36.10, Wrought-Steel and Wroug it Iron Pipe, 1959 edi-
tion.
Section 24.15k and 24.16c
NFPA No. 31, Standard for the Installati. of Oil Burning Equip-
ment, 1968 edition.
American Insurance Association, Code or the Installation of
Heat Producing Appliances, 1967 editi. .
Section 25.5e
MCA Sheet TC-4, Unloading Flammable iquids from Tank Cars,
1952 edition.
Sections 25.5h and 25.11e
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1 68 edition.
Section 25.13a
NFPA No. 13, Standard for the Installati. of Sprinkler Systems,
1969 edition.
NFPA No. 15, Standard for Water Spray ixed Systems for Fire
Protection, 1969 edition.
Section 26.6
NFPA No. 86A, Standard for Ovens and urnaces, 1969 edition.
233
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 26.8b
NFPA No. 10, Standard for the Installation of Portable Fire
Extinguishers, 1969 edition.
Section 28.13b
American Insurance Association, Code for the Installation of Heat
Producing Appliances, 1967 edition.
Section 29.3
NFPA No. 102, Standard for Tents, Grandstands and Air Sup-
ported Structures Used for Places of Assembly, 1967 edition.
Section 30.5a
NFPA No. 51, Standard for the Installation and Operation of
Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding and Cutting, 1969 edi-
tion.
ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding and Cutting, 1967 edition.
Section 30.10a
ANSI B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping, 1968 edition.
Section 30.10c
ASTM B88a, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water
Tube, 1966 edition.
Section 30.13
RMA Specification for Rubber Welding Hose, 1958 edition.
Section 30.17e
NFPA No. 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Windows, 1968 edi-
tion.
Section 30.17i
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1968 edition.
234
TANKS IN LOCATIONS THAT MAY BE FLOODED
APPENDIX A
PROTECTION OF TANKS CONTAINING FLAMMABLE
OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS IN LOCATIONS
THAT MAY BE FLOODED
1. Scope.
The provisions herein are for the protection of tanks contain-
ing flammable or combustible liquids that may become buoyant
due to a rise in the level of the water table or due to their location
in an area that may be subjected to flooding.
2. Aboveground Tanks.
a. VERTICAL TANKS:
(1) No aboveground vertical storage tank containing a
flammable or combustible liquid shall be located so that the
allowable liquid level within the tank is below the established
maximum flood stage, unless the tank is provided with a guiding
structure such as described in section 6.
(2) Independent water supply facilities shall be provided
at locations where there is no ample and dependable public
water supply available for loading empty tanks with water.
(3) In addition to the preceding requirements, each tank
so located that more than 70 per cent, but less than 100 per
cent, of its allowable liquid storage capacity will be submerged
at the established maximum flood stage, shall be safeguarded
by one of the following methods:
(a) Tank shall be raised, or its height shall be increased,
until its top extends above the maximum flood stage a dis-
tance equivalent to 30 per cent or more of its allowable
liquid storage capacity, provided, however, that the sub-
merged part of the tank shall not exceed 21/2 times the
diameter; or
(b) As an alternate to the foregoing, adequate noncom-
bustible structural guides, designed to permit the tank to float
vertically without loss of product, shall be provided.
b. HORIZONTAL TANKS:
(1) Independent water supply facilities shall be provided
at locations where there is no ample and dependable public
235
APPENDIX A
water supply available for loading partially empty tanks with
water.
(2) Each horizontal tank so located that more than 70
per cent of its storage capacity will be submerged at the estab-
lished flood stage, shall be anchored, attached to a foundation
of concrete or of steel and concrete of sufficient weight to pro-
vide adequate load for the tank when filled with flammable or
combustible liquid and submerged by flood waters to the estab-
lished flood stage, or adequately secured by other means.
C. OTHER TYPES OF TANKS: Spherical and spheroidal tanks
shall be protected by applicable methods as specified for either
vertical or horizontal tanks.
3. Underground Tanks.
a. At locations where there is no ample and dependable water
supply, or where filling of underground tanks with liquids is im-
practicable because of the character of their contents, their use, or
for other reasons, each tank shall be safeguarded against move-
ment when empty and submerged by high ground water or flood
waters by anchoring, weighting with concrete or other approved
solid loading material, or securing by other means. Each such tank
shall be so constructed and installed that it will safely resist exter-
nal pressures due to high ground water or flood waters.
b. At locations where there is an ample and dependable water
supply available, underground tanks containing flammable or corn-
bustible liquids, so installed that more than 70 per cent of their
storage capacity will be submerged at the maximum flood stage,
shall be so anchored, weighted, or secured by other means, as to
prevent movement of such tanks when filled with flammable or
combustible liquids, and submerged by flood waters to the estab-
lished flood stage.
4. Pipe Connections.
Pipe connections below the allowable liquid level in a tank
shall be provided with valves or cocks located as closely as prac-
ticable to the tank shell. Such valves and their connections to tanks
shall be of steel or other material suitable for use with the liquid
being stored. Cast iron shall not be permitted.
5. Independent Water Supply Facilities.
a. At locations where an independent water supply is required,
it shall be entirely independent of public power and water supply.
236
TANKS IN LOCATIONS THAT MAY BE FLOODED
Independent sources of water shall be available when flood waters
reach a level not less than 10 feet below the bottom of the lowest
tank on a property.
b. The self-contained power and pumping unit shall be so lo-
cated or so designed that pumping into tanks may be carried on
continuously throughout the rise in flood waters from a level 10
feet below the lowest tank to the level of the potential flood stage.
c. Capacity of the pumping unit shall be such that the rate of
rise of water in all tanks shall be equivalent to the established
potential average rate of rise of flood waters at any stage.
d. Each independent pumping unit shall be tested periodically
to insure that it is in satisfactory operating condition.
6. Structural Guides.
a. Structural guides for holding floating tanks above their
foundations shall be so designed that there will be no resistance to
the free rise of a tank, and shall be constructed of noncombustible
material.
b. The strength of the structure shall be adequate to resist
lateral movement of a tank subject to a horizontal force in any
direction equivalent to not less than 25 pounds per square foot act-
ing on the projected vertical cross-sectional area of the tank.
c. Where tanks are situated on exposed points or bends in a
shore line where swift currents in flood waters will be present, the
structures shall be designed to withstand a unit force of not less
than 50 pounds per square foot.
7. Safe Practices.
a. WATER LOADINGS:
(1) The filling of a tank to be protected by water loading
shall be started as soon as flood waters reach a dangerous flood
stage. The rate of filling shall be at least equal to the rate of
rise of flood waters (or the established average potential rate
of rise).
(2) Sufficient fuel to operate the water pumps shall be avail-
able at all times to insure adequate power to fill all tankage
with water.
(3) All valves on connecting pipe lines shall be closed and
locked in closed position when water loading has been com-
pleted.
b. FLOATING TANKS:
(1) Where structural guides are provided for the protec-
237
I
APPENDIX A
tion of floating tanks, all rigid connections between tanks and
pipe lines shall be disconnected and blanked off or blinded
before the flood waters reach the bottom of the tank, unless
control valves and their connections to the tank are of a type
designed to prevent breakage between the valve and the tank
shell.
(2) All valves attached to tanks other than those used in
connection with water loading operations shall be closed and
locked.
(3) If a tank is equipped with a swing line, the swing pipe
shall be raised to and secured at its highest position.
8. Inspections.
a. The Bureau of Fire Prevention shall make periodic inspec-
tions of all plants where the storage of flammable or combustible
liquids is such as to require compliance with the foregoing pro-
vision, in order to assure the following:
(1) That all flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks
are in compliance with these requirements and so maintained.
(2) That detailed printed instructions of what to do in
flood emergencies are properly posted.
(3) That station operators and other employees depended
upon to carry out such instruction are thoroughly informed as
to the location and operation of such valves and other equip-
ment necessary to effect the intent of these provisions.
I
238
ABANDONMENT OR REMOVAL OF UNDERGROUND TANKS
APPENDIX B
ABANDONMENT OR REMOVAL
OF UNDERGROUND TANKS
1. Methods.
a. Underground tanks taken out of service shall be safeguarded
or disposed of by any one of the three following means:
(1) Placed in a "temporarily out of service" condition.
Tanks shall be rendered "temporarily out of service" only
when it is planned that they will be returned to active service
within a reasonable period or pending removal or abandonment
within 90 days.
(2) Abandoned in place, with proper safeguarding.
(3) Removed.
2. Records.
a. In cases where tanks are either rendered "temporarily out
of service" or permanently abandoned, records shall be kept of
tank size, location, date of abandonment, and method used for
placing the abandoned tank in a safe condition. With any of the
methods described in section 1, no cutting torch or other flame
or spark producing equipment shall be used until the tank has
been completely purged or otherwise rendered safe. In each case,
the steps given shall be carried out successively.
3. Tanks Rendered Temporarily Out of Service.
a. With tanks rendered "temporarily out of service",
(1) The fill line, gage opening, and pump suction shall be
capped and secured against tampering.
(2) The vent line shall be left open.
4. Tanks Abandoned in Place.
a. With underground tanks abandoned in place,
(1) All flammable or combustible liquid shall be removed
from the tank and from all connecting lines.
(2) The suction, inlet, gage, and vent lines shall be dis-
connected.
(3) The tank shall be filled completely with an inert solid
material.
(4) The remaining underground piping shall be capped.
239
APPENDIX B
5. Tanks Removed.
a. When underground tanks are removed,
(1) All flammable or combustible liquids in the tank and
connecting lines shall be removed.
(2) The suction, inlet, gage and vent lines shall be dis-
connected. Sections of connecting lines which are not to be
used shall be removed. Inlets, outlets, and leaks, if any, shall
be capped or plugged.
(3) After removal, the tank shall be gas freed; on the
premises if it can be done safely at that location, or trans-
ported to an area not accessible to the public and the tank gas
freed at that location.
6. Tanks That Are Junked.
a. If a tank is to be disposed of as junk, it shall be retested
for flammable vapors, and, if necessary, rendered gas free. After
junking and before releasing to junk dealer, a sufficient number of
holes or openings shall be made in it to render it unfit for further
use.
7. Tanks That Are Reused.
a. Used tanks which are to be reused for flammable or com-
bustible liquid service shall meet all the provisions of article 16
for the installation of underground tanks.
240
PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST
APPENDIX C
PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST BUT NOT
LISTED IN ARTICLE 31
American Insurance Association
Engineering and Safety Department
85 John Street, New York, N.Y. 10038
120 South La Salle Street, Chicago, Ill.60603
465 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94104
Miscellaneous Publications
Building Code, National.
Building Code, National (Abbreviated Edition).
Building Codes, Their Scope and Aims.
Code Provisions for Windstorm Resisting Construction.
Damage to Fireproof Buildings, Illustration of.
Fire Prevention Code (Abbreviated Edition).
Fire Resistance Ratings.
Fire Resistance Ratings of Less Than One Hour.
Safe Hospitals.
Fire Safe Hotels.
Safe Schools.
Highway Transportation of Extra Hazardous Commodities.
Internal Cleaning of Sprinkler Piping.
LP-Gas, Safe Handling and Use.
Ordinance for Welding or Cutting Operations.
Ordinance on Nursing, Convalescent and Old Age Homes.
Protection of High Piled Stock.
Recommended Method for Laying Out Fire Limits.
Special Interest Bulletins.
Windstorm Damage Prevention.
Windstorm Precautions.
Research Reports
1. Fire Hazards of the Plastics Industry.
5. Processes, Hazards and Protection Involved in the Manu-
facture of Spirituous Liquors.
7. Precautionary Fire and Explosion Safeguards in the Use
of Chlorine Dioxide for Industrial Bleaching.
241
APPENDIX C
9. Fire and Explosion Hazards of Thermal Insecticidal Fog-
ging.
10. Mechanism of Extinguishment of Fire by Finely Divided
Water.
11. Fire and Explosion Hazards of Organic Peroxides.
12. Nitroparaffins and Their Hazards.
Technical Surveys
1. Fire Safeguarding Warehouses.
2. Fire Hazards and Safeguards for Metalworking Industries.
3. Chemical and Allied Industries.
American National Standards Institute
1430 Broadway, New York; N.Y. 10018
ANSI B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.
Compressed Gas Association
500 Fifth Ave.,New York,N.Y. 10036
Standard for Solid Ammonium Nitrate (Nitrous and Oxide
Grade).
Institute of Makers of Explosives
420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017
Pamphlet No. 1. Standard Storage Magazines.
Manufacturing Chemists Association
1825 Connecticut Ave., Washington, D.C. 20009
MCA Safety Data Sheets
National Fire Protection Association
60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. 02110
National Fire Codes, Volumes 1-10.
Publications List available.
Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.
207 East Ohio Street, Chicago,Ill. 60611
333 Pfingsten Road,Northbrook, Ill. 60062
1285 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, L.I., N.Y. 11746
1655 Scott Boulevard, Santa Clara, Calif. 95050
Accident, Automotive, and Burglary Protection Equipment
Lists.
Building Materials List.
242
PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST
Fire Protection Equipment List.
Electrical Appliance and Utilization Equipment List.
Electrical Construction Materials List.
Hazardous Location Equipment List.
243
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX D E`
AN ORDINANCE ADOPTING A FIRE PREVENTION CODE
PRESCRIBING REGULATIONS GOVERNING CONDITIONS
HAZARDOUS TO LIFE AND PROPERTY FROM FIRE OR EX-
PLOSION, AND ESTABLISHING A BUREAU OF FIRE PREVEN-
TION AND PROVIDING OFFICERS THEREFOR AND DEFIN-
ING THEIR POWERS AND DUTIES
Be it ordained by the
Section 1. Adoption of Fire Prevention Code.
There is hereby adopted by the
for the purpose of prescribing regulations governing conditions
hazardous to life and property from fire or explosion, that certain
code known as the Fire Prevention Code recommended by the
American Insurance Association, being particularly the 1970 edi-
tion thereof and the whole thereof, save and except such por-
tions as are hereinafter deleted, modified or amended (by section
9 of this ordinance), of which code not less than three (3) copies
have been and now are filed in the office of the Clerk of the
and the same are hereby adopted
and incorporated as fully as if set out at length herein, and from •
the date on which this ordinance shall take effect, the provisions
thereof shall be controlling within the limits of the
NOTE: Permits covered by section 1.9 of the Fire Prevention Code
and required in various articles (see index for list of locations) are for
the purpose of giving the Bureau of Fire Prevention more effective control
over hazardous conditions regulated by the code. Where fees are charged
for such permits it is desirable that the money for fees be handled by some
agency other than the Fire Department, to avoid the impression that inspec-
tions are made for obtaining the fees rather than for providing fire pre-
vention service.
It is also desirable to fix in the adopting ordinance the time period for
which a permit is valid. Where licenses are required by a municipality
in addition to permits required by the Fire Prevention Code and such
licenses are renewable each year, it is suggested that permits be made valid
for an indefinite period. Where licenses are not required it is suggested
that permits be made renewable each year.
244
ADOPTING ORDINANCE
Section 2. Establishment and Duties of Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention.
a. The Fire Prevention Code shall be enforced by the Bureau
of Fire Prevention in the Fire Department of the
which is hereby established and which shall be
operated under the supervision of the Chief of the Fire Depart-
ment.
b. The Chief (or Fire Marshal) in charge of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention shall be appointed by (name of appointing au-
thority) on the basis of exam-
ination to determine his qualifications. His appointment shall con-
tinue during good behavior and satisfactory service, and he shall
not be removed from office except for cause after public trial.
c. The Chief of the Fire Department may detail such members
of the fire department as inspectors as shall from time to time be
necessary. The Chief of the Fire Department shall recommend
to the the employment of
technical inspectors, who, when such authorization is made, shall
be selected through an examination to determine their fitness for
the position. The examination shall be open to members and non-
members of the fire department, and appointments made after ex-
amination shall be for an indefinite term with removal only for
cause.
NOTE: The name of the proper administrative authority should be
inserted in the blank space.
d. A report of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall be made
annually and transmitted to the chief executive officer of the mu-
nicipality; it shall contain all proceedings under this code, with
such statistics as the Chief of the Fire Department may wish to
include therein; the Chief of the Fire Department shall also rec-
ommend any amendments to the code which, in his judgment,
shall be desirable.
Section 3. Definitions.
a. Wherever the word "Municipality" is used in the Fire Pre-
vention Code, it shall be held to mean the
b. Wherever the term "Corporation Counsel" is used in the
Fire Prevention Code, it shall be held to mean the Attorney for
the
NOTE: Where the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention is given the
title "Fire Marshal," add the following definition: Wherever the words
245
APPENDIX D
"Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention" are used in the Fire Prevention
Code they shall be held to mean the Fire Marshal.
Section 4. Establishment of Limits of Districts in which Stor-
age of Explosives and Blasting Agents is to be Prohibited.
The limits referred to in section 12.5b of the Fire Prevention
Code, in which storage of explosives and blasting agents is pro-
hibited, are hereby established as follows:
NOTE: These limits should include closely-built commercial areas and
heavily populated areas. Where the code is adopted by reference, these
limits should be detailed in the adopting ordinance unless such limits have
previously been established. If the code is enacted in full, the limits may
be detailed in section 12.5b.
Section 5. Establishment of Limits of Districts in which Storage
of Flammable Liquids in Outside Aboveground Tanks is to be
Prohibited.
a. The limits referred to in section 16.22a of the Fire Preven-
tion Code in which storage of flammable liquids in outside above-
ground tanks is prohibited, are hereby established as follows:
NOTE: These limits should include the mercantile and other congested
districts. Where the code is adopted by reference these limits should be
detailed in the adopting ordinance unless such limits have previously been
established. If the code is enacted in full the limits may be detailed in
section 16.22a.
b. The limits referred to in section 16.61 of the Fire Preven-
tion Code, in which new bulk plants for flammable or combustible
liquids are prohibited, are hereby established as follows:
NOTE: These limits should include such areas as those zoned solely
for residential occupancies, and for mercantile establishments primarily
retail in character. Where the code is adopted by reference these limits
should be detailed in the adopting ordinance unless such limits have pre-
viously been established. If the code is enacted in full the limits may
be detailed in section 16.61.
Section 6. Establishment of Limits in which Bulk Storage of
Liquefied Petroleum Gases is to be Restricted.
The limits referred to in section 21.6a of the Fire Prevention
Code, in which bulk storage of liquefied petroleum gas is restricted,
are hereby established as follows:
246
ADOPTING ORDINANCE
NOTE: These limits should include the heavily populated and the con-
gested commercial areas. Where this code is adopted by reference these
limits should be detailed in the adopting ordinance unless such limits have
previously been established. If the code is adopted in full the limits may be
detailed in section 21.6a.
Section 7. Establishment of Motor Vehicle Routes for Vehicles
Transporting Explosives and Blasting Agents.
The routes referred to in section 12.7m of the Fire Prevention
Code for vehicles transporting explosives and blasting agents are
hereby established as follows:
NOTE: Where the code is adopted by reference, these routes should be
detailed in the adopting ordinance unless such routes have previously been
established. If the code is enacted in full, the routes may be detailed in
section 12.7m.
Section 8. Establishment of Motor Vehicle Routes for Ve-
hicles Transporting Hazardous Chemicals or Other Dangerous,
Articles.
The routes referred to in section 20.14 of the Fire Preven-
tion Code for vehicles transporting hazardous chemicals and other
dangerous articles are hereby established as follows:
NOTE: Where the code is adopted by reference these routes should be
detailed in the adopting ordinance unless such routes have previously been•
established. If the code is enacted in full, the routes may be detailed in.
section 20.14. It is recommended that the American Insurance Association's
publication "Highway Transportation of Extra-Hazardous Commodities—
; 1966" be used as a guide in developing the municipal ordinance.
Section 9. Establishment of Fire Lanes on Private Property,
Devoted to Public Use.
The fire lanes referred to in section 28.16 of the Fire Preven-
tion Code are hereby established as follows:
NOTE: These lanes should be established on private property, devoted
to public use, where the parking of motor vehicles or other obstructions
may interfere with the ingress and egress of fire department vehicles for
the protection of persons and property, such as at shopping centers, bowling
lanes, theaters, hospitals, churches, and similar locations. The width and
route of such lanes should be specifically described. Where this code is
adopted by reference, these lanes should be detailed in the adopting ordi-
nance unless such lanes have previously been established. If the code is
enacted in full, the lanes may be detailed in section 28.16.
247
APPENDIX D
Section 10. Amendments Made in the Fire Prevention Code.
The Fire Prevention Code is amended and changed in the fol-
lowing respects:
Section
and are amended as follows:
NOTE: Amendments deemed necessary should be inserted. A study
should be made to determine whether there are existing local or state laws
on subjects covered by this code. Sections in the code dealing with subjects
adequately and specifically covered by existing local or state laws may be
cited as deleted.
Section 11. Modifications.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall have power
to modify any of the provisions of the Fire Prevention Code upon
application in writing by the owner or lessee, or his duty authorized
agent, when there are practical difficulties in the way of carrying
out the strict letter of the code, provided that the spirit of the code
shall be observed, public safety secured, and substantial justice
done. The particulars of such modification when granted or al-
lowed and the decision of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Preven-
tion thereon shall be entered upon the records of the department
and a signed copy shall be furnished the applicant.
Section 12. Appeals.
Whenever the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall dis-
approve an application or refuse to grant a permit applied for, or
when it is claimed that the provisions of the code do not apply or
that the true intent and meaning of the code have been miscon-
strued or wrongly interpreted, the applicant may appeal from the
decision of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention to
within 30 days from the date of the
decision appealed.
NOTE: Fill in body to which appeal should be made.
Section 13. New Materials, Processes or Occupancies which
may Require Permits.
The (municipal govern-
ing official), the Chief of the Fire Department and the Chief of the
Bureau of Fire Prevention shall act as a committee to determine
and specify, after giving affected persons an opportunity to be
heard, any new materials, processes or occupancies, which shall
require permits, in addition to those now enumerated in said code.
248
ADOPTING ORDINANCE
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall post such list in
a conspicuous place in his office, and distribute copies thereof to
interested persons.
Section 14. Penalties.
a. Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of the
code hereby adopted or fail to comply therewith, or who shall vio-
late or fail to comply with any order made thereunder, or who
shall build in violation of any detailed statement of specifications
or plans submitted and approved thereunder, or any certificate or
permit issued thereunder, and from which no appeal has been
taken, or who shall fail to comply with such an order as affirmed
or modified by the or by a court of
competent jurisdiction, within the time fixed herein, shall severally
for each and every such violation and noncompliance respectively,
be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not less than
$ nor more than $ or by imprisonment for
not less than days nor more than days or by
both such fine and imprisonment. The imposition of one penalty
for any violation shall not excuse the violation or permit it to
continue; and all such persons shall be required to correct or
remedy such violations or defects within a reasonable time; and
when not otherwise specified, each ten days that prohibited con-
ditions are maintained shall constitute a separate offense.
b. The application of the above penalty shall not be held to
prevent the enforced removal of prohibited conditions.
Section 15. Repeal of Conflicting Ordinances.
All former ordinances or parts thereof conflicting or incon-
sistent with the provisions of this ordinance or of the code hereby
adopted are hereby repealed.
NOTE: It might be well, as is sometimes done, to certify definitely the
ordinances or parts of ordinances which are intended to be repealed.
Section 16. Validity.
The hereby declares that
should any section, paragraph, sentence, or word of this ordinance
or of the code hereby adopted be declared for any reason to be in-
valid, it is the intent of that it would
have passed all other portions of this ordinance independent of the
elimination herefrom of any such portion as may be declared in-
valid.
249
APPENDIX D
Section 17. Date of Effect.
This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after
its approval as required by law.
250
INDEX
A
•
Section
Access Opening,Obstructions to 1 5 e
Accumulation of Waste Materials 1 5 d, 28.6
Acetylene:
Generators 30.16
Low Pressure Defined 30.2 a
Manifolding of Cylinders 30.9
Medium Pressure Defined 30.2 b
Piping for 30.10
Storage of Cylinders 30.8
Adopting Ordinance Apx. D
Adoption of Fire Prevention Code Apx. D-1
Agricultural Products, Storage of 7 5
Aisles in Places of Assembly 27.7
Aluminum Pulverizing 10.1 to 10.3
Amendments Apx. D-10
American Insurance Association Standards 1 1
American Table of Distances for Explosives Storage Table 12.6
Ammonia, Anhydrous 8 8
Ammonium Nitrate 20.10
Ammonium Nitrate,Separation from Explosives or Blasting
Agents Table 12.10
Ammunition—See Explosives, and Blasting Agents
Anchorage of Flammable or Combustible Liquid Storage
Tanks 16.25, Apx. A
Anesthetics, Cylinder System for 8 5
Apparatus, Laboratory Listed, Acceptable for Flammable Liquids ....16.14
Appeals Apx. D-12
•
Application for Permit 1 9 c
Application of Code 1 2
Appointment of Chief of Bureau of Fire Prevention Apx. D-2 b
Approved Defined 1 12
Approved Oil Burning Equipment Required 24.4
Arc Welding and Cutting 30.22
Ash Trays in Places of Assembly 27.13
Ashes, Disposal of Hot 28.5
Assembly Occupancy Defined 1 12
Assembly—See Places of Assembly
Attendants at Service Stations 16.74
Authority to Enter Premises 1 3
Automatic Fire Alarm Systems 14.2
Automatic Sprinklers—See Sprinklers
Automobile:
Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 1 to 2.5
Undercoating 15.51
Wrecking Yards 3 1 to 3.5
Automotive Service Stations 16.71 to 16.78
•
251
B '+
Section
Baled Combustible Fiber Storage 7 4 .
Barrel, Defined 16.12 b ,
Basements, Sprinklers Required in 14.4
Blasting Agents 12.1 to 12.15
Boiling Points, Defined 16.12 c
Bond Required for:
Blasting 12.4
Fireworks Display 13.4 i
Bonding-See Static Protection
Bonfires 28.1
Booths,Paint Spraying 15.23 s
Bowling, Establishments 4 1 to 4.4
Breathing Apparatus for Fumigation or Insecticidal Fogging 18.7
Brushing in Dry Cleaning Plants 9 16
Building Requirements-See Structural Requirements
Bulk Plants for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.61 to 16.69
Bureau of Fire Prevention, Establishment and Duties of . Apx. D-2
Burning:
Excelsior, Shavings, Grass or Weeds 28.1
Lumber Yards 22.3 a
Paint from Buildings
28.4
Rubbish or Trash 28.1
Wrecked Automobiles and Parts 3 4 .
Butane-See Liquefied Petroleum Gases
C •
Cabinets:
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic 6 4
Dry Cleaning 912
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Containers 16.43 5
Calcium Carbide 30 18 to 30.21
Cargo Tank Defined 16.92 a
Carrier, Defined 12.2 b
Catalytic Combustion System Defined 26.2 a "'
Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film 5 1 to 5.4
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics (Pyroxylin) 6 1 to 6.6 .
Chemical Plants 16.81 to 16.86
Chemicals, Hazardous 20.1 to 20.14
Chimneys, Maintenance of 28.13
Classification:
Dry Cleaning Systems 9 1 c
Dry Cleaning Solvent 9 1 b
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.12 m
Cleaning with Flammable Liquids:
Dry Cleaning 9 1 to 9.18 ,
Repair Garages 19.3
Closed Container Defined 16.12 g
Coal Pulverizing 10.1 to 10.3
Cocoa Pulverizing 10.1 to 10.3
Collision,Protection Against-Flammable or Combustible
Liquid Tank Vehicles 16.97
252 ,
L
I
Section
Combination Dry Cleaning Unit 9 14
Combustible Decorative Materials, Use of 28.9
Combustible Fibers, Storage and Handling of 7 1 to 7.5
Combustible Liquid Defined 16.12 m
Combustible Materials, Storage of 28.8
Combustible Waste Materials, Removal of 28.7
Complaints 1 4 b
Compressed Gases 8 1 to 8.9
Condensers in Dry Cleaning Plants 9 11
Construction of (See also Structural Requirements):
" Containers for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.42
Dip Tanks 15.34
Exhaust Ducts of Spray Booths 15.26 g
Fuel Oil Tanks 24.8
Ovens and Furnaces 26.4
Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.21
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.94
Containers:
Calcium Carbide 30.19
Compressed Gases 8 4
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.15, 16.41 to 16.47
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 21.8
Welding&Cutting Gases 30.8
c Controls:
Electrostatic Equipment 15.42
Industrial Oven 26.7
Oil Burner 24.15, 24.16
Cooking Appliances Using Class I Liquid May be Prohibited 16.16
Corrosion Protection, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Piping 16.35
Corrosive Liquids 20.13
Covers, Dip Tank 15.39
` Crude Petroleum 16.12 i
Cutting-See Welding and Cutting
i. Cylinders-See Containers
e D
Damages, Liability for 1 13
Dangerous Conditions or Materials, Orders to Eliminate 1 5
Decorative Materials:
• Mercantile and Institutional Occupancies 28.9
Places of Assembly 27.3
Definitions:
Acetylene, Low Pressure 30.2 a
Acetylene, Medium Pressure 30.2 b
Approved 1 12
Assembly Occupancy 1 12
Automatic Fire Alarm System 1 12
Automotive Service Station (Garage) 16.12 a
Barrel 16.12 b
Basement 1 12
Blasting Agent 12.2 a
Boil-Over 16.12 d
Boiling Point 16.12 c
253
Definitions, continued: Section
Bonded or Grounded 1 12
Bulk Oxygen System 8 2 a
Bulk Plant 16.12 e
Business Occupancy 1 12
Cargo Tank 16.92 a
Carrier 12.2 b
Catalytic Combustion System 26.2 a
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) 6 1
Chemical Operations 16.51 b
Chemical Plant 16.12 f
Closed Container 16.12 g
Combustible Fiber 7 1
Combustible Liquid 16.12 m
Compressed Gas 8 2 b
Container 16.12 h
Conversion Range Oil Burner 24.2 a
Corrosive Liquid 20.2 a
Crude Petroleum 16.12 i
Decorative Material 27.1 a
Dip Tank 15.31 a
Distillery 16.12 j
DOT 1 12
Dry Cleaning 9 1 a
Dust 10.1
Dwelling 1 12
Dwelling Unit 1 12
Educational Occupancy 1 12
Explosive 12.2 c
Explosive-Actuated Power Device 12.2 d
Explosive Material 12.2 e
Fire Resistance Rating 1 12
Fire Retardant Ceiling 1 12
Fireworks 13.2
Flammable Anesthetic 8 2 c
Flammable Aerosol 16.121
Flammable Liquid 16.12 m
Flammable Solid 20.2 b
Flash Point 16.12 k
Fuel Gas 30.2 c
Fuel Oil 24.2 b
Fumigant 18.2 a
Fumigation 18.2 b
Gaseous Hydrogen System 8 2 d
Hazardous Chemical 20.1
Heating and Cooking Appliance 24.2 c
High Hazard Occupancy 1 12
Highly Toxic Material 20.2 c
Highway 12.2 f
Hydraulic Back Pressure Valve 30.2 d
Industrial Occupancy 1 12
Industrial Plant 16.51 a
Inhabited Building 12.2 g
Institutional Occupancy 1 12
Liquefied Petroleum Gas 21.2 a
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Equipment 21.2 b
254
Definitions, continued: Section
Liquid 16.12 m
LP-Gas 1 12
Machine 30.2 e
Magazine 12.2 h
Magnesium 23.2
Manifold 30.2 f
Marine Service Station 16.12 n
Methylacetylene-propadiene, Stablized 30.2 g
• Mercantile Occupancy 1 12
Multifamily House 1 12
Municipality Apx. D-3
Nonflammable Medical Gas 8 2 e
Oil Burner 24.2 d
Oil Burning Equipment 24.2 e
k Oil Fired Unit 24.2 f
Organic Coating 25.2
Owner 1 12
Oxidizing Material 20.2 d
Oxygen Manifold, High Pressure 30.2 h
Oxygen Manifold, Low Pressure 30.2 i
Person 1 12
Pipe 30.2 j
Piped Distribution System 8 2 f
Piping 30.2 j
Place of Assembly 27.1 b
Poisonous Gas 20.2 e
Portable Outlet Header 30.2 k
Pressure Vessel 1 12
Processing Plant 16.51 b
Propellant-Actuated Power Device 12.2 i
Public Conveyance 12.2 j
Pyrotechnic 12.2 k
Radioactive Material 20.2 f
Railway 12.21
Refinery 16.12 o
Residential Occupancy 1 12
Safety Can 16.12 p
Sealed Source 20.2 g
Small Arms Ammunition 12.2 m
'` Small Arms Ammunition Primer
12.2 n
Smokeless Propellant 12.2 o
Solvent Classification 9 1 b
Spraying Area 15.21
Special Industrial Explosive Device 12.2 p
Special Industrial Explosive Material 12.2 q
Station Outlet 30.21
Storage, Isolated 20.2 h
Storage,Segregated 20.2 i
Storage, Separated 20.2 j
y Storage Occupancy 1 12
System Classification 9 1 c
Tank, Atmospheric 16.12 q
Tank, Low Pressure 16.12 r
` Tank,Pressure Vessel 16.12 s
Tank Vehicle 16.92 b
Terminal 12.2 r
255
Definitions, continued: Section
Test Blasting Cap No. 8 12.2 s
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.2 d
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging Liquid 18.2 c
Total Water Capacity 21.2 c, 30.2 m
Tubing 30.2 j
Unit Physical Operations 16.53
Unstable (Reactive) Chemical 20.2 k
Unstable (Reactive) Liquid 16.12 m
Vapor Area 15.31 b
Vapor Pressure 16.12 t
Vehicle 12.2 t
Ventilation 16.12 u
Wharves 16.65
Depth of Underground Tanks 16.23
Design of:
Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.21
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.94
Dikes, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks 16.22 h
Dip Tank Covers 15.39
Dip Tanks 15.31 to 15.312
Discharge of Fireworks 13.3
Dispensing Systems,Flammable or Combustible Liquid:
Bulk Plants 16.64
Industrial Plants 16.52
Processing Plants 16.54 b
Service Stations 16.75
Display of:
Bond Required for Fireworks 13.4
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics in Stores 6 3
Disposal of:
Hot Ashes 28.5
Unfired Fireworks 13.5
Distilleries 16.81 to 16.86
Districts in Which Restrictions Apply to:
Explosives and Blasting Agents 12.5 b, Apx. D-4
Flammable Liquid Bulk Plants 16.61, Apx. D-5 b
Flammable Liquids Storage in Outside
Aboveground Tanks 16.22 a, Apx. D-5 a
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Storage 21.6 a, Apx. D-6
Doors, Exit, Places of Assembly 27.6
Doors, Stairway, to be Kept Closed 11.4
Doors, Trap, to be Closed 28.14
DOT Defined 1 12
Drainage: 16.68
Bulk Plants
Diked Areas 16.22 h
Repair Garages 19.4 b
Service Stations 16.79
Drills,Fire 1 11
Dry Cleaning Systems 9 3 to 9.6
Drying Apparatus with Flammable Spray Finishing 15.210
Drying Tumblers in Dry Cleaning 9 12
Dual Component Coatings 15.71
Dust Collecting Systems:
Automobile Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 4
256
Dust Collecting Systems, continued: Section
Magnesium Operations 23.8
Plants Using Materials Producing Dust 10.3 c
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 5 b
Woodworking Plants 22.5
Dust Explosions, Prevention of 10.1 to 10.3
Duties of Bureau of Fire Prevention Apx. D-2
Dwelling, Defined 1 12
Dwelling Unit, Defined 1 12
E
Educational Occupancy:
Defined 1 12
Fire Protection Equipment 14.2
Electric Arc Welding and Cutting 30.22
Electrical Requirements:
Bulk Plants 16.66
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics 6 3 e
Dip Tank Operations 15.15, 15.36
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 8
Dust Producing Plants 10.3 e
Electrostatic Equipment 15.15, 15.41
Exit Ways 11.3
Explosives 12.6 g
Flammable Finishing 15.15
Fruit Ripening 17.4
Industrial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Plants 16.55 e(2)
Oil Burning Equipment 24.6
Organic Coating Plants . .25.11
Processing Plants, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.55 e(2)
Service Stations 16.77
' Spray Finishing 15.15, 15.25
Tank Vehicles, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.98
Electrostatic Equipment for Spraying and Dipping
Operations 15.41 to 15.44
Enclosures for Tanks at Service Stations 16.73 b
Enter Premises, Authority to 1 3
Equipment for Liquefied Petroleum Gas 21.5, 21.11
Equipment, Laboratory Listed,Acceptable, for Flammable Liquids . ..16.14
Establishment of Bureau of Fire Prevention Apx. D-2
Ethylene in Fruit Ripening 17.3
Examination of Bureau Personnel Apx. D-2 b,c
Exhaust Systems, Maintenance of 28.13
" Existing Conditions, Application to 1 2
Exit Doors, Places of Assembly 27.6
Exits:
Lighting of 11.3, 27.10
ti Marking of 11.2, 27.10
Obstructions of 11.1
Exit Ways:
Maintenance of, General 11.1 to 11.5
Places of Assembly 27.6 to 27.10
Explosions, Dust, Prevention of 10.1 to 10.3
Explosive-Actuated Power Device 12.2 d
Explosives, Ammunition and Blasting Agents 12.1 to 12.15
257
Section
Explosive Material 12.2 e
Extinguishers-See Fire Protection Equipment
Extractors, Dry Cleaning 9 13
F
Fabric, Pyroxylin Coated, in Places of Assembly 27.4
Farms, Storage of Agricultural Products on 7 5
Feed Mills 10.1 to 10.3 _
Fees Apx. D-1, Note
Fencing of Lumber Storage 22.2 c
Fibers, Combustible 7 1 to 7.5
Filling of Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles 16.994
Film, Cellulose Nitrate 5 1 to 5.4
Filters for Spray Finishing 15.24
Fines Apx. D-14
Fire Alarm Systems, Automatic, Required 14.2
Fire Doors:
Buildings Storing Combustible Fibers 7 3 d(3)
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 5
To Be Kept.Closed in Stairways' 11.4
Fire Drills in Educational and Institutional Occupancies 1 11 •
Fire Escapes, Obstructions of 1 5, 11.1
Fire Lanes on Private Property 28.16, Apx. D-9
Fire Prevention in Welding or Cutting 30.6
Fire Protection Equipment:
Automatic Fire Alarm Systems 14.2
Bulk Plants 16.69
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics 6 5
Chemical Plants 16.86
Chief May Specify Kind to be Provided 14.2
Combustible Fibers 7 3 d(4)
Container and Portable Tank Storage for Flammable
and Combustible Liquids 16.47
Dip Tank Operation Areas 15.38
Distilleries 16.86
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 17
Educational Occupancy 14.2
Garages, Repair 14.2
General 14.1 to 14.5
Hotel 14.2
Industrial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Plants 16.55:d
Institutional Occupancy 14.2
Lumber Yards 22.4
Magnesium Plants 23.9 1
Maintenance of 1 4 a, 14.3
Mercantile Occupancy 14.2
Multi-family House 14.2
Notification of Tests and Repairs to 14.3
Organic Coating Plants 25.13
Ovens and Furnaces 26.8
Paint Spraying Areas 15.28
Places of Assembly 14.2, 27.12
Processing Plants 16.55 d
Refineries 16.86
258
Fire Protection Equipment,continued: Section
Residential Occupancy 14.4 d
Service Stations 16.792
Spray Finishing 15.28
Sprinklers-See Sprinklers Required
Standpipes 14.5
Tank Vehicles, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.992
Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 3 b
Welding and Cutting 30.6
Woodworking Plants 22.5
Fire Records 1 8
Fire Resistance Ratings Defined 1 12
Fire Retardant Ceiling Defined 1 12
Fires:
Investigation of 1 7
Kindling of, on Land of Others Restricted 28.12
Reporting of 1 7 b
Suspicious 1 7 a
Fire, Precautions Against, General 28.1 to 28.16
Fire Watchers-See Watchers,Fire
Fireworks 13.1 to 13.6
Flameproofing:
Decorative Materials in Stores 28.9
Decorative Materials-Places of Assembly 27.3
Tents 29.3
Flammable Finishes,Application of:
Automobile Undercoating 15.51
Dip Tanks 15.31 to 15.312
Electrostatic Equipment 15.41 to 15.44
General Provisicns 15.11 to 15.15
Spray Finishing 15.21 to 15.210
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.11 to 16.996
Abandonment of Tanks Apx. B
Bulk Plants 16.61 to 16.69
Chemical Plants 16.81 to 16.86
Cleaning With, in Repair Garages 19.3
Container and Portable Tank Storage 16.41 to 16.47
Defined 16.12 m
Dip Tank Operations 15.31 to 15.312
Distilleries 16.81 to 16.86
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 1 to 9.18
Flashpoint, How Determined 16.121
Garages, Use in Repair 19.4
General Provisions 16.11 to 16.16
Hazardous Appliances Prohibited 16.16
Industrial Plants and Processing Plants 16.51 to 16.55
Permits Required 16.13, 16.93
Piping, Valves and Fittings 16.31 to 16.37
Processing Plants 16.51 to 16.55
Refineries 16.81 to 16.86
Removal of Tanks Apx. B
Service Stations 16.71 to 16.792
Tanks in Flooded Areas Apx A
Tank Storage 16.21 to 16.27
Tank Vehicles 16.91 to 16.996
Flash Point Defined 16.121
`` Floods, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks Against Apx. A
259
Section
Flour Mills 10.1 to 10.3
Flow Coat Operations (Flammable Finishes) 15.311
Flues, Maintenance of 28.13
Fogging, Thermal Insecticidal 18.1 to 18.9
Fruit Ripening Processes 17.1 to 17.7
Fuel Gas Defined 30.2 c
Fuel Gas Cylinder Storage 30.8
Fuel Oil for Oil Burning Equipment 24.7
Fumigant Defined 18.2 a
Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.1 to 18.9
Fumigation Defined 18.2 b
Furnaces 26.1 to 26.8
G
Garages, Repair 19.1 to 19.4
Garaging of:
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles 16.996
LP-Gas Tank Vehicles 21.10
Gas Masks for Fumigation or Insecticidal Fogging 18.7
Gaseous Hydrogen System Defined 8 2 d
Gases:
Anesthetic 8 5 `
Anhydrous Ammonia 8 8
Compressed 8 1 to 8.9
Hydrogen 8 9
Liquefied Petroleum 21.1 to 21.11
Medical, Nonflammable 8 5, 8.6
Oxygen in Bulk 8 7
Poisonous 20.12
Welding and Cutting 30.1 to 30.22
General Provisions of Code 1 1 to 1.13
Generators,Acetylene-See Acetylene Generators
Generator Rooms, Acetylene 30.17
Grain Elevators 10.1 to 10.3
a
Grounding-See Static Protection
H
Handling of Materials:
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic 6 4
Explosives 12.8
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.11 to 16.996
Magnesium Fines 23.11
Nitrate Film 5 3 ,
Readily Combustible Material 28.7
Spray Finishing 15.27
Hardening and Tempering Tanks, Dip Tanks 15.310
Hazardous Chemicals 20.1 to 20.14
Hazardous Conditions, Order to Eliminate Dangerous or 1 5
Heating Equipment:
Bulk Plants 16.63 b
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics Storage Areas 6 6
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 7
260
Heating Equipment, continued: Section
Fruit Ripening 17.5
Maintenance of 28.13
Oil Burning 24.1 to 24.16
Plants Producing Dust 10.3 e
Prohibited in Explosives Magazines 12.6 g
Restricted in Certain Warehouses, Workshops or Factories 28.11
Service Stations 16.78
Spraying Areas 15.25 b
High Hazard Occupancy Defined 1 12
Highly Toxic Materials 20.11
Highway Defined 12.2 f
Hose, Gas Welding and Cutting 30.13
Hotel, Fire Protection Equipment 14.2
Housekeeping at:
Fruit Ripening 17.7
Industrial Plants 16.55 f
Match Storage 28.2 b
Processing Plants 16.55 f
Hydraulic Back Pressure Valve 30.2 d
Hydrogen 8 9
I
Ignition-See Sources of Ignition
Incinerators 22.3 a, 28.1 b
Industrial Plants, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.51 to 16.55
Inhabited Building, Defined 12.2 g
Insecticidal Fogging, Thermal 18.1 to 18.9
Inside Acetylene Generator Rooms 30.17
Inside Storage Rooms, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.44
Inspection of:
Buildings and Premises 1 4
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations 21.4
Institutional Occupancies:
Chief to Prohibit Smoking in Certain Areas 28.3
Decorative Materials 28.9
Defined 1 12
Dip Tank Operations 15.32
Fire Drills 1 11
Fire Protection Equipment 14.2
Spray Finishing 15.22
Intent of Code 1 1
Investigation of Fires 1 7
J
Junk Yards 3 1 to 3.5
K
Kerosene Heaters, Stoves and Ranges 24.16
261
L
Section L
Labels for Containers of Flammable Liquids 16.15
Laboratory Listed Tanks and Equipment 16.14
Lanes, Bowling, Resurfacing of 4 3
Liability of Municipality for Damages 1 13
Lighting:
Exits 11.3
Lights over Display of Nitrate Plastic Materials in Stores 6 3 e
Magazines Containing Explosives 12.6 g
Open Lights Restricted 28.11
Tank Vehicles, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.98
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 21.1 to 21.11
Inside Buildings 21.7 `-
Liquid Defined 16.12 m
Liquids:
Flammable or Combustible 16.11 to 16.996
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.6
Loading of Flammable or Combustible Liquids at
Bulk Plants 16.64
Location of: it
Automobile Wrecking Yards,Junk Yards and Waste Material
Handling Plants 3 3 k
Bonfires Restricted 28.1 b
Bulk Plants 16.61
Chemical Plants 16.81
Dip Tank Operations 15.32
Distilleries 16.81
Electrostatic Equipment 15.41
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Bulk Plants 16.61
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Containers 21.6, 21.8
Magazines Containing Explosives 12.6 a
Organic Coatings 25.4
Ovens and Furnaces 26.4
Refineries 16.81
Refinery Process Units 16.85
Rubbish Fires Restricted 28.1 b
Service Stations 16.71
Spray Finishing Operations 15.22
Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.22
Locking of Exit Doors in Places of Assembly 27.6
Lumber Yards and Woodworking Plants 22.1 to 22.5 ,
M
Machine Defined 30.2 e
Machines, Dry Cleaning 9 10 to 9.14
Magazines:
Defined 12.2 h
For Explosives 12.6
Magnesium 23.1 to 23.11
Magnesium Defined 23.2
Magnetic Separators Required 10.3 b
Maintenance of:
Dip Tank Operation Areas 15.37
262
Section
�. Exit Ways ' 11.1 to 11.5
Fire Detecting and Extinguishing Equipment 14.3
Heating Appliances,Chimneys 28.13
Lumber Yards 22.3 c, d
Magazines Storing Explosives 12.6 f
Organic Coating Plants 25.14
Spraying Areas 15.29
Malls, Storage or Display in 28.10
Manifold•Defined 30.2 f
Manifolding of Cylinders for Welding and Cutting Gases 30.9
Manufacture of:
Explosives 12.3
Fireworks 13.3
Organic Coatings 25.1 to 25.14
Marine Service Stations 16.76
Marking of:
Containers at Service Stations 16.73 d
Containers for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.15
Exit Ways 11.2
LP-Gas Tank Vehicles 21.9
Shaftways 28.15
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids .. . .... .16.991
Match Flame Test in Connection with Flameproofing 27.3
Matches 28.2
Material,Decorative:
Places of Assembly 27.3
Stores 28.9
Medical Gases:
Cylinder Systems- 8 5
Piping Systems 8 6
Melting Pots, Magnesium,Floor Construction at 23.5
Mercantile Occupancy:
Decorative. Materials 28.9
Defined 1 12
Fire Protection Equipment 14.2
Mills Producing Dust 10.1 to 10.3
Mixing:
At Processing Plants 16.54 b
Blasting Agents 12.11
Model Rockets 13.3 f
Modifications of the:Code Apx. D-11
Multifamily House:
Defined 1 12.
Fire Protection Equipment 14.2
Municipality Defined Apx. D.-3
Municipality-Liability for Damages 1 13
N
National Fire Protection Association Standards 1 1
Natural Gas Plants, LP-Gas 21.11
New Materials,Processes or.Occupancies Apx. D-13.
Nitrate Motion Picture Film 5 1 to 5.4
Nitrate Plastics 6.1 to 6.6
Nitromethane 20.9
263
Section
Notification of:
Blasting to Utilities 12.8 f
Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.5
Tests, Repairs, Alterations to Fire Protection Equipment 14.3
0
Obstructions to:
Access Openings 1 5 e
Aisles 11.1 c
Means of Egress 1 5 e, 11.1, 27.7
Oil Burning Equipment 24.1 to 24.15
Open Flame or Light Restricted (See also Sources of Ignition) 28.11
Operations in:
Magnesium Processing 23.8
Tank Vehicles, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.993
Undercoating Automobiles 15.51
Orders, Service of 1 6
Orders to Eliminate Dangerous or Hazardous Conditions 1 5
Organic Coatings 25.1 to 25.14
Organic Peroxides 20.8 N
Organic Peroxide Coatings 15.71
Ovens and Furnaces 26.1 to 26.8
Ovens, Heat Treating, Magnesium 23.7
Owner, Defined 1 12 !
Oxidizing Material 20.5 I
Oxygen:
Bulk Systems at Consumer Sites 8 7
Manifold, High Pressure 30.2 h
Manifold, Low Pressure 30.2 i ,
Medical 8 5, 8.6
Welding and Cutting 30.1 to 30.22
P
Paint Burning 28.4
Paint Spraying Booths 15.23
Parking of: li
Blasting Agent Vehicle 12.9
Explosive Vehicle 12.9
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles 16.996
LP-Gas Tank Vehicles 21.10
Penalties Apx. D-14
Permits:
Basic Requirements 1 9
Revocation 1 10
Permit Required for:
Acetylene Generator 30.15
Ammunition 12.3
Automobile Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 2
Automoble Wrecking Yards 3 2
Blasting Agents 12.3
Bonfires 28.1 a
Bowling Establishments 4 2 1
264
Permit Required for, continued: Section
Calcium Carbide Storage 30.18
Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film 5 2
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics 6 2
Combustible Fibers 7 2
Combustible Materials 28.8 a
Compressed Gases 8 3
Containers for Welding and Cutting Gases 30.17
Dipping Operations-Flammable Finishes 15.12
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 2
Dust Producing Materials, Plants Handling 10.2
Explosives 12.3
Fireworks Display 13.3
Flammable Finishes 15.12
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.13
Fruit Ripening 17.2
Fumigation 18.3
Garages, Repair 19.2
Hazardous Chemicals 20.3
Junk Yards 3 2
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 21.3
Lumber Yards 22.1
Magnesium 23.3
Matches 28.2 a
Oil Burning Equipment 24.3
Organic Coatings 25.3
Ovens and Furnaces 26.3
Places of Assembly 27.2
Rubbish Fires 28.1 a
Spraying Operations (Flammable Finishes) 15.12
Tank Vehicles Transporting Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.93
Tents 29.1
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.3
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 2
Welding and Cutting 30.3, 30.7, 30.15
Woodworking Plants 22.1
Person Defined 1 12
Pins, Bowling, Refinishing 4 4
Pipe Sweating 28.4
Piping:
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.31 to 16.37
Oil Burner 24.9 to 24.12
Organic Coating Plants 25.8
Solvents in Dry Cleaning Plants 9 10
Welding and Cutting Gases 30.10
Places of Assembly 27.1 to 27.13
Aisles 27.7
Ash Trays 27.13
Chief to Prohibit Smoking in Certain Areas 28.3
Decorative Materials 27.3
Definition 27.1 b
Exit Doors 27.6
Fire Protection 27.12
Fire Protection Equipment to be Provided 14.2
Lighting of Exit Ways 27.10
LP-Gas Installations 21.3
265
4
Places of Assembly,continued: Section
Motion Picture Screens 27.5
Permit Required 27.2
Plan of Exit Ways and Aisles 27.9
Tents 29.1 to 29.3
Use of Exit Ways 27.8
Use of Pyroxylin Coated Fabrics 27.4
Plants Producing Dust 10.1 to 10.3
Plastics, Cellulose Nitrate 6 1 to 6.6
Pneumatic Separators Required 10.3 b
Poisonous Gas 20.12
Portable Acetylene Generators 30.16
Portable Outlet Header Defined 30.2 k
Portable Tank Storage 16.41 to 16.47
Potentially Explosive Chemical: See Unstable Chemical
Powder Coating 15.61 k
Precautions Against Fire, General 28.1 to 28.16
Pressure Vessels at Refineries,Chemical Plants and Distilleries 16.84 1
Process Building, Organic Coatings 25.6 1
Process.Units at Refineries, Chemical Plants and Distilleries 16.85
Processing:
Magnesium 23.8
Plants for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.51 to 16.55 s
Prohibition of Smoking-See Smoking Prohibited
Propane 21.1 to 21.11
Propellant-Actuated Power Device, Defined 12.2 i
Protection Against:
Collision, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles 16.97
Corrosion, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Piping 16.35
Floods, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks Apx. A
Intermixing,Flammable or Combustible Liquids in Tank
Vehicles 16.993 h it
Public Conveyance Defined 12.2 j
t
Publications of Interest not Listed in Article 31 Apx. C
Pumps, Fuel Oil 24.13
Pyrotechnics 13.2 4
Pyroxylin Coated Fabric in Places of Assembly 27.4
Pyroxylin Plastics 6 1 to 6.6
Q
Qualifications of Chief of Fire.Prevention Bureau Apx. D-2 b
1
R A
Radioactive Materials 20.6 t
Railway, Defined 12.21 t
Ranges, Oil Burning 24.16
Records, Fire 1 8
Records to be Kept for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations 21.3 c
Refineries 16.81 to 16.86
Refuse Burners at Lumber Yards 22.3 a
Relief Vents,Flammable or Combustible !
Liquid Tanks 16.22
266 1
Section
Removing of Paint by Burning 28.4
Reporting of Fires 1 7 b
Residential Occupancy:
Defined 1 12
Dip Tank Operations 15.32
Fire Protection Equipment 14.2, 14.5
Spray Finishing Operations 15.22
Responsibility for Damages 1 13
Retroactive Provisions 1 2
Revocation of Permit 1 10
Rockets, Model 13.3 f
Roll Coating 15.312
Rooms, Acetyiene Generator 30.17
Rooms,Inside Storage,Flammable or
Combustible Liquid 16.44
Routes for Vehicles Transporting:
Explosives and Blasting Agents 12.7 m, Apx. D-7
Hazardous Chemical or Other Dangerous Articles ....20.14,Apx. D-8
Rubbish Burning 28.1
S
Safety Can Defined 16.12 p
Safety Controls:
Ovens and Furnaces 26.7
Welding and Cutting 30.11 to 30.12
Sale of:
Explosives 12.3
Fireworks 13.3
Schools, Fire Drills 1 11
Scouring in Dry Cleaning Plants 9 16
Scrap:
Magnesium 23.11
Nitrate Plastic 6 4 h
Screens for Motion Pictures in Places of Assembly 27.5
Seizure of Fireworks 13.6
Service of Orders 1 6
Service Stations 16.71 to 16.792
Shaftways to be Marked 28.15
Shopping Malls, Roofed Over 28.10
Signs:
Electrostatic Equipment 15.43
Exits 11.2
Explosive Storage Magazines 12.6 s, t
"No Smoking" 28.3 b
"No Welding" 15.14
Vehicles Transporting Blasting Agents 12.13 c
Vehicles Transporting Explosives 12.7 j
Small Arms Ammunition:
Definition 12.2 m
Primer, Definition 12.2 n
Storage 12.15
Smokeless Propellant, Defined 12.2 o
Smoking Prohibited:
Bulk Plants for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16,67
267
r
Section
Dipping Operation Areas 15.13
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 18
Dust Producing Operations 10.3 e
Explosives Handling 12.8 d
Explosives Magazines 12.6 c
Industrial Flammable or Combustible Liqiud Plants 16.55 e(1)
Lumber Yards 22.3 b
Plant Producing Dust 10.3 e
Service Stations 16.791
Spray Finishing Areas 15.13 •
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.995
Under Certain Conditions 28.3
Solvent Classification, Defined 9 1 b
Sources of Ignition:
Bulk Plants, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.67
Dipping Areas 15.36
Dust Producing Plants 10.3 e
Explosives 12.6 c
Fruit Ripening 17.6
Fumigation 18.4
Industrial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Plants 16.55 e
Processing Plants Handling Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.55 e
Service Stations 16.791
Spray Finishing 15.25
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.995
Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.26
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.4
Use of Open Flame or Light Restricted 28.11
Special Industrial Explosive Device, Defined 12.2 p
Special Industrial Explosive Materials, Defined 12.2 q 3
Spice Grinding 10.1 to 10.3 i
Spotting in Dry Cleaning Plants 9 16 i
Spray Booths 15.23
Spray Finishing 15.21 to 15.210
Sprinklers Required:
Basements 14.4
Buildings for Manufacture or Storage of Cellulose Nitrate Articles..6.5
Cabinets and Vaults for Nitrate Plastics 6 4
Combustible Fiber Storage 7 3 d(4)
Educational Occupancies 14.4
Institutional and Residential Buildings 14.4
Spray Booths 15.24 e
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 5 a
Stairway Doors to be Kept Closed 11.4
Standpipes Required 14.5
Starch Mills 10.1 to 10.3
Static Protection:
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 15
Dust Producing Machinery 10.3 d
Loading Racks at Bulk Plants 16.64 b
Organic Coating Plants 25.12
Spray Booths 15.25 h
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.96
Station Outlet Defined 30.21
Stills in Dry Cleaning Plants 9 11
268 #
Storage: Section
Agricultural Products on the Farm 7 5
Ammonium Nitrate 20.10
Anesthetics 8 5
Anhydrous Ammonium 8 8
Blasting Agents 12.12
Calcium Carbide 30.20 to 30.21
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic 6 4
Combustible Fibers 7 3 to 7.5
Combustible Materials 28.8
Compressed Gases 8 4 to 8.9
Corrosive Liquids 20.13
Dry Cleaning Solvents 9 9
Explosives 12.6
Flammable Finishes 15.27, 15.35
Flammable of Combustible Liquids:
Bulk Plants 16.62
Chemical Plants 16.82
Containers 16.41 to 16.47
Distilleries 16.82
Industrial Plants 16.52
Inside Buildings 16.45
Outside Buildings 16.46
Processing Plants 16.54 b
Refineries 16.82
Service Stations 16.73
Tanks 16.27
Hazardous Chemicals 20.1 to 20.14
Highly Toxic Materials 20.11
Hydrogen, Gaseous 8 9
Hydrogen, Liquid 8 9
Isolated Storage, Defined 20.2 h
Lumber, Open Yard 22.2
Magnesium 23.4, 23.6, 23.8, 23.10
Matches 28.2
Medical Gases, Nonflammable 8 5
Motion Picture Film, Cellulose Nitrate 5 3
Nitromethane 20.9
Organic Coatings 25.5
Organic Peroxides 20.8
Oxidizing Materials 20.5
Oxygen, Bulk 8 7
Poisonous Gases 20.12
Pyroxylin Plastic (Cellulose Nitrate) 6 4
Radioactive Materials 20.6
Readily Combustible Materials 28.8
Separated Storage, Defined 20.2 j
Segregated Storage, Defined 20.2 i
Spray Finishing Operations 15.27
Unstable (Reactive) Chemicals 20.7
Welding and Cutting Gases 30.8
Storage Cabinets, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.43
Storage Rooms, Inside, Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.44
Stoves:
Maintenance of 28.13
Oil Burning 24.16
269
Section
Structural Requirements:
Acetylene Generator Rooms and Houses 30.17
Blasting Agents Storage 12.12
Bulk Plants for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.63
Calcium Carbide Storage 30.20
Combustible Fiber Storage 7 3
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 4, 9.5, 9.6
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Storage Rooms ... .16.44 a, 16.52 c
Magazines for Storing Explosives 12.6
Organic Coating Buildings 25.6
Service Stations 16.72
Spray Booths 15.23
Tents 29.3
Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 3
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 5
Sugar Pulverizing 10.1 to 10.3
Supervision of Dispensing at Service Stations 16.74
Supports for Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks 16.25
Suspicious Fires 1 7
Sweating Pipe Joints 28.4
System Classification, Dry Cleaning, Defined 9 1 c
T
Tables: 1
American Table of Distances for Explosives 12.6
Amonium Nitrate,Separation from Explosives
or Blasting Agents 12.10 i
Bulk Plant Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas 16.66 b
Container Storage for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.42 c
Distance from Property Lines for Outside Aboveground
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks 16.22 b(1) to (5)
Indoor Container Storage, Flammable or Combustible Liquids .16.45 a
Indoor Portable Tank Storage,Flammable or Combustible
Liqiuds 16.45 b
Nitromethane 20.9
Outdoor Container Storage for Flammable or Combustible
Liquids 16.46 a
Outdoor Portable Tank Storage for Flammable or Combustible 11
Liquids 16.46 b i
Organic Coatings 25.4 r
Organic Peroxides 20.8 y{
Portable Tank Storage for Flammable or Combustible Liquids .16.42 c 1
Service Station Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas 16.77 b
Tank Car Loading Racks, Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.64
Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids:
Abandonment Apx. B
Design and Construction 16.21
Dip 15.31 to 15.312 y
Flooded Locations Apx. A
Fuel Oil for Oil Burners 24.8
Hardening and Tempering 15.310 i
Installation Inside Buildings 16.24
Installation Outside Aboveground 16.22
Installation Underground 16.23
270
Section
Laboratory Listed 16.14
Removal Apx. B
Testing 16.27
Tank Vehicles for:
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.91 to 16.996
Tents 29.1 to 29.3
Terminals:
Blasting Agents 12.9
Defined 12.2 r
Explosives 12.9
LP-Gas Marine 21.11
LP-Gas Pipeline 21.11
Test Blasting Cap No. 8 12.2 s
Testing:
Piping 16.37
Tanks 16.27
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging:
Defined 18.2 d
Liquids, Defined 18.2 c
Operations 18.1 to 18.9
Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 1 to 2.5
Torches for Paint Burning and Sweating Pipe Joints 28.4
Total Water Capacity Defined 21.2
Transportation:
Blasting Agents 12.13
Explosives 12.7
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.91 to 16.996
Hazardous Chemicals 20.14
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 21.5
Tubing Defined 30.2 j
Turnstiles 11.5
U
Unfired Fireworks, Disposal of 13.5
Unsafe Buildings or Structures 1 5
Unstable (Reactive) Chemical:
Defined 20.2 k
Storage 20.7
Unstable Reactive Liquid
Defined 16.12 m
Storage 16.22 b(4)
Use of:
Ethylene in Fruit Ripening 17.3
Exit Ways, Places of Assembly 27.8
Explosives 12.8
Open Flame or Light, Restricted 28.11
Pyroxylin Coated Fabric in Places of Assembly 27.4
Torches for Paint Burning and Pipe Sweating 28.4
V
Valves:
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Piping 16.31 to 1.6 37
Oil Burning Equipment 24.14
271
Section
Vapor Area Defined 15.31 b
Vapor Pressure Defined 16.12 t
Vaults for:
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic 6 4
Loose Combustible Fiber 7 3
Vehicle, Defined 12.2 t
Vehicles for:
Flammable or Combustible Liquids at Bulk Plants 16.64 a
Transporation of Explosives 12.7
Transportation of Flammable or Combustible
Liquids 16.91 to 16.996
Transportation of Hazardous Chemicals 20.14
Ventilation:
Automobile Refinishing Booths or Enclosures 15.210
Automobile Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 5
Defined 16.12 u
Dip Tank Operations 15.33
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 4, 9.12 e, 9.16 d
Drying Areas for Spray Finishing 15.210
Electrostatic Equipment 15.44
Industrial Plants Handling Flammable or
Combustible Liquids 16.55 b
Ovens and Furnaces 26.5
Spray Booths 15.26
Spraying Areas 15.26
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 5
Vents:
Cabinets for Nitrate Plastics 6 4 b
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks, Aboveground . .. .16.22 e,f
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks, Inside Buildings . . ..16.24 b
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks, Underground 16.23 d
Maintenance of, for Heat Producing Appliances 28.13
Vaults for Loose Combustible Fibers 7 3 d
Vaults for Nitrate Plastics 6 4 d
Violations Apx. D-14
W 1
Warehouses, Flammable Liquid 16.45 i
Warning Labels for Containers of Flammable Liquids 16.15
Warning Signs, Welding Operations in Finishing Areas 15.14
Washing Machines, Dry Cleaning 9 10
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 1 to 3.5
Waste Materials:
Accumulation of, Prohibited 28.6 9
Bulk Plants 16.68
Burning 3 4, 28.1
Nitrate Plastic 6 4 g
Service Stations 16.79
Watchers,Fire:
Bonfires 28.1 c
Burning Paint 28.4 a
Circuses and Carnivals 29.2
Sweating Pipes 28.4 b
Welding and Cutting 30.6 b(3)
272
Section
Watchman Required During Fumigation 18.8
Water Gel (Slurry) Explosives and Blasting Agents 12.14
Welding and Cutting 30.1 to 30.22
Wharves at Bulk Plants 16.65
Wharves at Refineries, Chemical Plants, and Distilleries 16.83
Woodworking Plants 22.5
Wrecking Yards, Automobile 3 1 to 3.5
Y
Yards:
Automobile Wrecking 3 1 to 3.5
Junk 3 1 to 3.5
Lumber 22.1 to 22.4
273
O�