HomeMy WebLinkAbout2543-10.20.1970 1970 EDITION OF THE FIRE PREVENTION CODE
Recommended by the American Insurance
Association
Summary of Principal Changes as Compared to the 1965 Edition.
Article 1, General Provisions.
Sections 1.5d, 1.5e. Additions have been made that recognize the hazardous
condition of inadequate clearances to unprotected combustible materials from hot
hoods, grease extractors, and ducts. The removal of obstructions from designated
access openings in exterior fire walls for fire department use is now required.
Section 1.7b. Fire reports will now be required to include a statement of
facts relating to those factors contributing to the spread of the fire.
Section 1.12. The definition of "approved" has been revised, and definitions
for: chemical operations; fire retardant ceilings; flammable aerosols; industrial
plant; methylacetylene-propadiene, stabilized; storage, segregated; total water
capacity; and unit physical operations have been added.
Article 5, Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film.
Sections 5.3, 5.4. The coverage on cellulose nitrate motion picture film
relating to storage and handling of film and to enclosures for motion picture
projectors has been condensed by making reference to the applicable standard in
Article 31 of the Code.
Article 8, Compressed Gases
Sections 8.2d, 8.9. Revisions have been made to include the use of liquid
hydrogen.
Article 11, Exit ways, Maintenance of.
Section 11.5. Restrictions on the use of turnstiles placed in any required
exit have been added.
Article 12, Explosives, Ammunition, and Blasting Agents.
Sections 12.1b (4), 12.1b(5). Item (4) has been revised by adding the phrase
"for personal use." The possession limit on small arms primers for the hand loading
of small arms ammunition for personal use has been increased from 1000 to 10,000.
Sections 12.2a, 12.2c. The definitions of blasting agent and explosive have
been revised to include the use of water gels. The definition of water gel or
slurry explosives may be found in Section 12.14b, c and d.
Sections 12.6c, 12.6g, 12.6m. Revisions have been made to allow the carrying
of firearms by guards inside of magazines. The heating and interior lighting systems
for magazines has been given more coverage by referencing the applicable standard in
Article 31 of the Code. The wording relating to the locations of Class II magazines in
stores has been revised, however, the basic intent of this section remains unchanged.
4 - 2
Sections 12.7d, 12.7m. The sizes of portable extinguishers used on motor
vehicles have been specified rather than being indirectly specified by reference
to an applicable standard in article 31 of the Code. Vehicles transporting
explosives are now required to follow designated routes.
Section 12.10. Table 12.10 "Table of Recommended Separation Distances of
Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from Explosives or Blasting Agents" has
been added.
Sections 12.14, 12.15. New coverage has been given to water gel ('lurry)
explosives and blasting agents as well as small arms ammunition, small arms
primers, and smokeless propellants.
Article 13, Fireworks.
Sections 13.2, 13.3f. Model rockets are by now defined as fireworks.
Rules and regulations for the use of model rockets are referenced in the applicable
standard in article 31 of the Code.
Sections 13.3c, 13.4, 13.6. Previous references to the State Fire Marshal
have been deleted with the responsibilities for action being delegated to the Chief
of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Article 14, Fire Protection Equipment.
Section 14.2. Revisions to this section were made to eliminate the extensive
detail and to clarify; however, the intent remains the same. The Chief of the
Bureau of Fire Prevention still is required to specify suitable fire extinguishing
appliances and fire detecting devices in specified occupancies.
Section 14.4. Extensive revisions to the requirements for automatic sprinkler
systems have been made to the extent that they reflect more up-to-date requirements
as contained in the latest edition of the National Building Code.
Section 14.5a The previous reference to standpipes in sprinklered buildings
has been deleted.
Article 15, Flammable Finishes, Application of.
Section 15.11. The scope of this article has been revised to cover the
application of combustible powders by several different methods.
Section 15.24b. An air velocity of not less than 60 feet per minute is now
required over the open face of a spray booth when electrostatic spraying methods
are used.
Section 15.26i. The location of the discharge point of a spray booth exhaust
duct has been specified.
Section 15.27e. Pumps used for spraying operations must be provided with some
means to limit pressures that can be imposed on the piping system.
- 3 -
Section 15.38b. Dip tanks now require automatic extinguishing facilities
if the liquid surface area exceeds 4 sq. ft. as compared to the previous value
of 10 sq. ft.
Section 15.42c. Coverage of oowder coating electrostatic equipment has
been included.
Section 15.61. A new Division VI provides coverage on the application of
powder coatings.
Section 15.71. A new Division VII covering spraying operations involving
the use of organic peroxides and other dual component coatings has been added.
Article 16, Flammable and Combustible Liquids - General Provisions.
Sections16.12k, 16.12m, 16.12p, 16.12q-r-s. A definition for flammable
aersol has been included. The definition of liquid has been revised to include
materials that have the consistency of light lubricating grease. The definition
of safety can has been revised to indicate that it is designed to safely relieve
internal pressure. The definition of the three different types of tanks has been
transferred from Article 1 to Article 16.
Section 16.15c. The warning labels to be used on containers have been reduced
in number from three to one based on the premise that the average person makes no
differentiation between the words "extremely flammable", "flammable", or "combusti-
ble". Only the term "flammable" has been retained.
Section 16.16. Prohibiting the use of unsafe appliances was previously re-
stricted to those using only Class I liquids but now includes all flammable or
combustible liquids.
Article 16, Flammable and Combustible Liquids - Tank Storage.
Section 16.21a(2). The materials of construction for tanks located above
ground or inside buildings have been clarified.
Section 16.21c(4). The storage of Class IA liquids was previously prohibited
in atmospheric tanks and this has been changed to cover liquids at a temperature
at or above their boiling point.
Tables 16.22b(1), - 16.22b(5). The headings in the 3rd or 4th column have
been revised by adding the phrases "And Shall Not Be Less Than 5 Feet" and "Or
From Nearest Building and Shall Not Be Less Than 5 Feet".
Section 16.22c(6). The remaining phrase after the words "20 feet" has been
added to provide an exception for the separation distance of LP-gas containers
and flammable liquid storage tanks.
Section 16.22f(3). Revisions have been made to place emphasis on pressure
relief for unstable liquids and also to cover the use of self-closing manhole
covers, long bolt types, or other means for relieving pressure.
Sections 16.22h(8), 16.22(9). Commercial tank venting devices are now
required to have information stamped on them describing the operating character-
istics of the device. The flow capacity of tank venting devices 12 inches and
smaller must be determined by actual test and those larger than 12 inches may be
calculated.
- 4 -
•
•
Section 16.22h(3)(b). The volumetric capacity of the diked area enclosing
tanks containing liquids with boilover characteristics has been changed from
being not less than that of the tank or tanks served to not less than the greatest
amount of liquid that can be released by the largest tank.
Section 16.23b. When underground tanks are installed, they are now required
to have at least 6 inches of noncorrosive, inert materials tamped in place around
the tank. Care in placement of the tank in the ground is required to avoid damage
to the tank itself or the protective coating which means that the tank may not be
dropped or rolled into the hole.
Section 16.23c. Corrosion protection for underground tanks is now required.
Section 16.23d(5). Manifolded tank vent piping must be sized on the basis that
all tanks to which it is connected are being filled simultaneously.
Article 16, Flammable and Combustible Liquids - Piping, Valves and Fittings
Section 16.31b(2). The scope of this Division has been revised to indicate
that it does not apply to motor vehicles or portable or stationery engines as well
as aircraft and boats.
Sections16.32a, 16.32b, and 16.32d. Nodular iron is acceptable for the
construction of piping, valves or fittings and piping system components may now
have combustible or noncombustible linings.
Section 16.33a. New provisions for making pipe joints have been added
including the use of approved connectors.
Section 16.36. The transfer of liquids from tank cars or tank vehicles to
storage tanks must now incorporate the use of a check valve if the piping arrange-
ment is such that back flow from the system is possible.
Section 16.37. The testing of piping systems allows a pneumatic test to 1107.
of the maximum anticipated pressure of the system and the previously required test
period of 30 minutes has been reduced to 10 minutes.
Article 16, Combustible And Flammable Liquids - Container and Portable Tank Storage
Section 16.41a. The scope of container storage has been revised to include
portable tanks not exceeding 660 gallons individual capacity and also includes any
container or drum that contains flammable aerosols.
Section 16.42. The design and construction of approved containers and portable
tanks has been added along with a table outlining the maximum allowable size for
containers and portable tanks.
Section 16.43a. The allowable storage capacity of storage cabinets has been
increased from 50 gallons to 60 gallons.
Section 16.44. The height of liquid-tight raised sills for inside storage
rooms has been changed from 6 inches to 4 inches. Electrical equipment classi-
fication has been changed from Class I, Division I, to Class I, Division 2. Where
mechanical exhaust ventilation is used, the ventilation system must be designed to
provide for a complete change of air at least six times per hour. The dispensing of
flammable liquids within an inside storage room is allowed. The total allowable
quantities of liquids stored has been reduced.
- 5 -
-' is
Section 16.45. Storage in assembly occupancies, apartment houses and
hotels has been revised to allow 10 gallons outside of a storage cabinet, inside
storage room, or a safety can. Extensive revisions have been made to the storage
of containers in educational and institutional occupancies as well as mercantile
and other retail stores. Container storage in warehouses or storage buildings has
been extensively revised and additions have been made to cover portable tanks.
Section 16.46. The storage of containers outside buildings has been exten-
sively revised and provisions for portable tanks have been added.
Section 16.47. Fire control requirements for portable fire extinguishers
specify the use of units having a rating not less than 10-B. The Code has been
changed to recognize the use of all types of automatic extinguishing systems for
fire control purposes rather than just limiting this to sprinkler systems.
Article 16, Combustible and Flammable Liquids. - Industrial Plants and PrnrPssing
Plants.
Sections 16.51a and 16.51b. Industrial plants and processing plants have
been conbined, with the scope being revised. Previous reference to commercial
establishments has been dropped.
Sections 16.52b(2), 16.52d. In industrial plants specific quantities of
liquid may be located outside of an inside storage room or storage cabinet
depending on the classification of the flammable liquid. Precautions for handling
liquids at the point of final use in industrial plants have been added, i.e. ,
keeping lids on containers, handling spills, and providing adequate ventilation.
Section 16.53. Requirements covering unit physical operations in industrial
plants have been added. Previous references to mixing and handling rooms for both
industrial plants and processing plants have been deleted and replaced by the
requirements of Section 16.54a.
Section 16.54. A new section on the location and construction of process-
ing plants has been added.
Section 16.55. This section covers the general requirements for both in-
dustrial plants and processing plants. A section on drainage systems has been
added. Tank vehicle and tank car loading and unloading operations are briefly
mentioned and are more thoroughly covered in Division VI, Bulk Plants. Fire
control has been given substantially more coverage providing for consideration
of reliable water supply, hydrants, hose streams, extinguishing systems, fire
• alarm systems, and the maintenance and periodic inspection of plant fire pro-
tection facilities. The installation of electrical wiring and equipment is covered
by reference to the National Electrical Code and in addition the classification of
hazardous locations is covered in some detail. Maintenance work in the processing
area niow requires adequate supervision and safe work procedures.
Article 16, Flammable and Combustible Liquids - Bulk Plants.
Section 16.64. The separation distance between tank vehicle and tank car
ti
- 6 -
facilities and plant buildings and equipment or to the nearest line of adjoining
property has been reduced from 25 feet to 15 feet for Class II and Class III
liquids in relation to fill spout location.
Sectirns 16.64b(4), 16.64b(5), 16.64c. Outlines when bonding connections
for protection against static electricity are not required. When liquids are
loaded that are accumulators of static charges, the downspout fill pipe must
extend near the bottom of the tank. Protection against stray electrical currents
at tank car loading facilities has been detailed rather than referenced in the
applicable standard in article 31 of the Code.
•
Section 16.65. This section on wharves has been added to cover the
transfer of liquid cargo in bulk between the bulk plant and any vessel except
such installations that are covered by Marine Service Stations in Division VII.
Section 16.66a. The installation of electrical equipment in areas where
Class II or Class III liquids only are handled may be installed in accordance
with the requirements of the National Electrical Code for ordinary locations.
Table 16.66b. The table for Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas for bulk
plants has been extended to cover the situation of tank vehicle and tank cars
loading through bottom connections with atmospheric venting. Bottom loading
or unloading from a tank vehicle or tank car has been revised to read "bottom
loading with vapor recovery or any bottom unloading".
Article 16, Flammable and Combustible Liquids - Service Stations.
Sections 16.73a(4) , 16.73a(5). The section on service stations now allows
the dispensing of flammable liquids from tank vehicles to motor vehicles provided
the dispensing is done on premises not open to the public and provided the motor
vehicles are not privately owned. Daily inventory records for storage tanks are
no longer required; however, accurate records must be kept.
Section 16.75b. A provision has been added to require that emergency power
cut-off switches be at a remote location from remote pumping systems as well as
dispensing devices.
Zection 16.75c(4). Dispensing units are no longer required to be mounted
on a concrete island provided they are protected against collision damage by
some suitable means.
Sections 16.75d(4), 16.75(5). A revision has been made to emphasize that
approved impact valves must be properly installed. Pressure testing the pipe
between the pump and the dispenser has been extended from one year to five years.
Sections 16.75e, 16.75f. The terminology used for "latch-open device" has
been changed to "hold-open latch." The responsibilities of the attendant have
been detailed and the distance limit of emergency controls from dispensers has
been set at a hundred feet.
Article 16, Flammable and Combustible Liquids - Refineries, Chemical Plants
and Distilleries.
Section 16.83. Refineries, chemical plants, and distilleries with wharves
must now observe the requirements 'of Section 16.65, Wharves.
- 7 -
Article 16, Flammable and Combustible Liquids - Tank Vehicles
Section 16.94a, b. Tank vehicle design requirements previously based on
vapor pressure and temperature have been revised so the design basis now depends
on whether or not the liquid is at a temperature below its boiling point or at
a temperature equal to or above its boiling point.
Section 16.992. Portable fire extinguishers for tank vehicles have had
their ratings reduced to meet the recent change in the ratings of extinguishers.
Article 18, Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging.
Sectionsl8.5a,b,c. Notification to the Bureau of Fire Prevention now
requires the permit holder's name, address and emergency telephone number.
Notices of fumigation to building occupants must now indicate the time by
which the premises must be evacuated and must also advise the occupants not
to re-enter the premises until the operator in charge of fumigation gives his
approval. The spacing of fumigation signs and the information required on these
signs has been changed to require more detail.
Article 20, Hazardous Chemicals.
Sections 20.2d, h,i and j. The definition of oxidizing material, isolated
storage, and separated storage has been revised with segregated storage being
added.
Section 20.3. The permit requirement for oxidizing materials has been
changed from 500 pounds to 50 pounds.
Section 20.5. The section on oxidizing materials has been expanded to
cover building construction and fire protection requirements plus additional
requirements if these materials are subject to detonation.
Section 20.8. The table on separation distances for organic peroxides has
been expanded to cover amounts from 5,000 to 10,000 pounds.
Section 20.10b. Ammonium nitrate shall be considered capable of undergoing
detonation with about half the blast effect of explosives.
• Section 20.14. Motor vehicles transporting hazardous chemicals or dangerous
articles now must meet the requirements of DOT Regulations. Permits are required
for intra-state shipments and registration with the Bureau of Fire Prevention is
necessary for interstate shipments. Vehicles must travel on designated routes in
the municipality.
Article 21, Liquefied Petroleum Gases.
Section 21.2. The definition of "total water capacity" has been added.
Sections 21.7, 21.8. Requirements covering the piping system, for the use
of LP-Gas in buildings, structures, or equipment under construction or undergoing
major revision has been added. The use of containers in buildings has been
extensively detailed and is specified for the following occupancies: public
- 8 -
exhibitions or demonstrations; buildings frequented by the public; buildings
or structures under construction or undergoing major revision; industrial
occupancies for processing, research, or experimental purposes; industrial
occupancies utilizing portable equipment for space heating; educational and
institutional occupancies for nonclassroom research or experimental purposes;
and temporary use for training purposes.
Section 21.10b. The separation distance between LP-Gas tank vehicles
and any buildings used for assembly, institutional or residential occupancy
has been increased from 25 feet to 50 feet.
Section 21.11. This section referring to liquefied petroleum gas installa-
tions at marine and pipeline terminals, natural gas processing plants, refineries,
and tank farms has been revised to include refrigerated storage and is specific
for tank farms that do not include storage at industrial locations.
Article 24, Oil Burning Equipment.
Sections 24.8a,b,c. Information on the design and construction of oil
tanks previously referred back to Division II, Tank Storage has been detailed
here.
Sections 24.8g(1), (2) , (3). The Code requirements for tank capacities and
tank structural enclosures has been rewritten for better clarity to avoid misinter-
pretation of the requirements. A clearance of at least 15 inches must now be
provided between the tank and the top and walls of the tank enclosure for the
purpose of inspection and repair.
Sections 24.9b,c. Provisions have been added to allow for the use of plastic
or other types of similar materials provided they are not installed above ground.
Provisions have also been added to allow the use of 1/4 inch pipe in the installa-
tion of oil burners provided it is used in the suction line of systems where the
top of the tank is below the level of the oil pump.
Article 26, Ovens and Furnaces.
Section 26.1. Tae scope of the article has been revised to cover those units
operating up to 1400 F instead of 700°F.
Article 27, Places of Assembly
Section 27.3. The match flame test for decorative materials has been revised
from 15 seconds to 12 seconds to agree with the accepted standard for this test.
Article 28, Precautions Against Fire, General.
Section 28.1a. Permits are now required for all bonfires or rubbish fires
on both public and private property.
Section 28.8b. The storage of readily combustible materials in buildings
must now be separated from heaters or heating devices by a distance or shielding.
Section 28.10. The storage or display of combustible materials in roofed-
over malls requires approval of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
- 9 -
E
Section 28.13. Extensive Code material has been added to cover the main-
tenance of chimneys, vents, heat producing appliances, and exhaust systems.
Section 28.16. Fire lanes on private property, devoted to public use,
(shopping centers, theaters, hospitals, etc.) may now be established for the
purpose of preventing motor vehicles or other obstructions from interfering with
the movement of fire department apparatus.
Article 30, Welding Or Cutting, Acetylene Generators and Calcium Carbide.
Section 30.1. The scope has been revised to include fuel gases when used
with oxygen for welding, cutting, heating, and heat-treating operations.
Sections 30.2c, g, m. The definition of fuel gas has been revised and the
definitions of methylacetylene-propadiene, stabilized and total water capacity
have been added.
Sections30.7, 30.8a, 30.9a, 30.9b. Previous Code text references to "300
pounds of liquefied petroleum gas" has been changed to "a total water capacity
of 735 pounds of liquefied petroleum gas or methylacetylene-propadiene, stabilized."
Appendix B, Abandonment or Removal of Underground Tanks. The 90 day limi-
tation on returning an underground tank to active service has been revised to allow
"a reasonable period of time." When tanks are abandoned in place, the filler material
need no longer be termed non-shrinking. Also, tank inlets and outlets need not be
capped; however, the remaining underground piping shall be capped.
Appendix D., An Ordinance Adopting a Fire Prevention Code Prescribing Regulations
Governing Conditions Hazardous to Life and Property From Fire Or Explosion And
Establishing A Bureau Of Fire Prevention And Providing Officers Therefor And
Defining Their Powers And Duties.
Sections 7,8,9. The ordinance has been expanded to consider the establishment
of motor vehicle routes for vehicles transporting explosives and blasting agents,
motor vehicle routes for vehicles transporting hazardous chemicals or other dangerous
articles, and fire lanes on private property, devoted to public use.
FIRS PREY"ENTION
CODE
1965 EDITION
P'IRI? PREVENT 1
CODE
The Fire Prevention Code does not cover such features of life
safety in buildings as are normally considered proper for inclusion
in a building code. For example, requirements as to number, type
and width of exits from buildings are normally covered in build-
ing codes and therefore are not included in the Fire Prevention
Code. If a suitable building code is not in effect, it is recommended
that consideration be given to adopting the National Building Code
recommended by the American Insurance Association successor
to the National Board of Fire Underwriters as a companion docu-
ment to the Fire Prevention Code.
In the absence of building laws covering exits, the Fire Pr
vention Bureau may find it helpful to use the National Buildin `
Code as a guide to good practice.
The information contained in this Publication was obtainek._
from sources believed to be reliable. The American Insurance
Association, its companies and employees make no guarantee of
results and assume no liability in connection with either the info
mation herein contained, or the safety suggestions herein mad-
Moreover, it can not be assumed that every acceptable safety pro- =.
cedure is contained herein; or that abnormal or unusual circum-
stances may not warrant or require further or additional procedure. "'
OCTOBER 1966
REVISION
OF THE
FIRE PREVENTION . CODE
1965 EDITION
DIVISION VI, SERVICE STATIONS
OF
ARTICLE 16
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Recommended by the
AMERICAN INSURANCE ASSOCIATION
successor to the
National Board of Fire Underwriters
it
Replace Division VI, Article 16 with the following:
DIVISION VI
SERVICE STATIONS
Section 16.61. Location.
Apparatus dispensing Class I liquids into the fuel tanks of motor
vehicles of the public shall not be located at a bulk plant unless separated
by a fence or similar barrier from the area in which bulk operations are
conducted.
Section 16.62. Construction.
Class I liquids shall not be stored or handled within a building
having a basement or pit into which flammable vapors may travel, unless
such area is provided with ventilation designed to prevent the accumula-
tion of flammable vapors therein.
Section 16.63. Storage and Handling.
a. GENERAL PROVISIONS.
(1) Liquids shall be stored in approved closed containers not
exceeding 60 gallons capacity, in tanks located underground, in
tanks in special enclosures as described in section 16.63 b or in
above-ground tanks as provided for in sections 16.66 b (1), 16.66 b
(2) and 16.66b (3).
(2) Aboveground tanks, located in an adjoining bulk plant,
may be connected by piping to service station underground tanks if,
in addition to valves at aboveground tanks, a valve is also installed
within control of service station personnel.
(3) The provisions of section 16.63 a(1) shall not prohibit the
temporary use of portable or semi-portable tanks in conjunction with
the dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids into the fuel tanks
of motor vehicles or other motorized equipment on premises not
normally accessible to the public. Such installations shall only be
made with the approval of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
(4) Daily inventory records shall be maintained and reconciled
on all Class I liquid storage tanks for possible indication of leakage
from tanks or piping.
1 ..
b. SPECIAL ENCLOSURES.
(1) When installation of tanks in accordance with section
16.23 is impractical because of property or building limitation, tanks
for flammable or combustible liquids may be installed in buildings
if enclosed and upon specific approval of the Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention.
(2) The enclosure shall be substantially liquid and vapor tight
without backfill. Sides, top, and bottom of the enclosure shall be of
reinforced concrete at least 6 inches thick, with openings for inspec-
tion through the top only. Tank connections shall be so piped or
closed that neither vapors nor liquid can escape into the enclosed
space. Means shall be provided whereby portable equipment may be
employed to discharge to the outside any vapors which might accu-
mulate should leakage occur.
(3) At automotive service stations provided in connection with
tenant or customer parking fa ilities at or below grade level beneath
large buildings of commerci: mercantile or residential occupancy,
tanks containing Class 1 lint: ''s installed of necessity in accordance
with section 16.63 b(2) sham; not ex:eect 6,000 gallons individual or
18,000 gallons aggregate capacity.
C. INSIDE BUILDING.
(1) Except where stored in tanks as provided in section 16.63 b,
no Class I liquid shall be stored within any service station building
except in approved closed containers of aggregate capacity not ex-
ceeding 120 gallons. One container not exceeding 60 gallons capacity
equipped with an approved pump is permitted.
(2) Class I liquids may be transferred from one container to
another in lubrication or service rooms of a service station building
providing the electrical installation complies with section 16.67 b
and provided that any heating equipment complies with the provi-
sions of section 16.68, as applicable.
(3) Class II or III liquids may be stored and dispensed inside
service station buildings from tanks of not more than 120 gallons
capacity each.
d. LABELING. No sale or purchase of any Class I, 1I or III liquids
shall be made in containers unless such containers are clearly marked
with the name of the product contained theein.
e. DISPENSING INTO CONTAJNERS. No delivery of any Class I
4
2
liquids shall be made into portable containers unless the container is con-
structed of metal or is approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention, has a tight closure with screwed or spring cover and is fitted
with a spout or so designed that the contents can be poured without
spilling.
Section 16.64. Attendance or Supervision of Dispensing.
Each service station open to the public shall have an attendant or
supervisor on duty whenever the station is open for business. The at-
tendant shall supervise individual dispensing devices except as provided
in section 16.65 f.
Section 16.65. Dispensing Systems.
a. LOCATION. Dispensing devices at automotive service stations
shall be so located that all parts of the vehicle being served will be on the
premises of the service station.
(1) INSIDE LOCATION. Approved dispensing units may be
located inside of buildings upon specific approval of the Chief of
the Bureau of Fire Prevention. The dispensing area shall be
separated from other areas in a manner approved by the Chief of
the Bureau of Fire Prevention. The dispensing unit and its piping
shall be protected against physical damage by vehicles either by
mounting on a concrete island or by equivalent means and shall be
located in a position where it cannot be struck by a vehicle descend-
ing a ramp or other slope out of control. The dispensing area shall
be provided with an approved mechanical or gravity ventilation
system. When dispensing units are located below grade, only ap-
proved mechanical ventilation shall be used and the entire dispensing
area shall be protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system.
Ventilating systems shall be electrically interlocked with the gaso-
line dispensing units so that the dispensing units cannot be operated
unless the ventilating fan motors are energized.
b. EMERGENCY POWER CUT-OFF. A clearly identified and easily
accessible switch or switches or a circuit breaker or breakers shall be
provided at a location remote from the dispensing devices to shut off
the power to all dispensing devices in the event of an emergency.
C. DISPENSING UNITS.
(1) Class I liquids shall be transferred from tanks by means
3
of fixed pumps so designed and equipped as to allow control of the
flow and to prevent leakage or accidental discharge.
(2) Dispensing devices for Class I liquids shall be of approved
type.
(3) Class I liquids shall not be dispensed by pressure from
drums, barrels, and similar containers. Approved pumps taking
suction through the top of the container or approved self-closing
faucets shall be used.
(4) The dispensing units, except those attached to containers,
shall be mounted on a concrete island or protected by equivalent
means.
d. REMOTE PUMPING SYSTEMS.
(1) SCOPE. Remote pumping systems shall apply to systems
for dispensing Class I liquids where such liquids are transferred
from storage to individual or multiple dispensing units by pumps
located elsewhere than at the dispensing units.
(2) PUMPS. Pumps shall be designed or equipped so that no
part of the system will be subjected to pressures above its allowable
working pressure. Pumps installed abovegrade,outside of buildings,
shall be located not less than ten feet from lines of adjoining property
which may be built upon, and not less than five feet from any build-
ing opening. When an outside pump location is impractical, pumps
may be installed inside of buildings as provided for dispensers in
section 16.65 a(1), or in pits as provided in section 16.65 d(3).
Pumps shall he substantially anchored and protected against physical
damage by vehicles.
(3) PITS. Pits for subsurface pumps or piping manifolds of
submersible pumps shall withstand the external forces to which
they may be subjected without damage to the pump, tank, or piping.
The pit shall be no larger than necessary for inspection and main-
tenance and shall be provided with a tight fitting cover.
(4) CONTROLS.
(a) A control shall be provided that will permit the pump
to operate only when a dispensing nozzle is removed from its
bracket on the dispensing unit and the switch on this dispensing
unit is manually actuated. This control shall also stop the pump
when all nozzels have been returned to their brackets.
4
(b) An approved impact valve, incorporating a fusible
link, designed to close automatically in event of severe impact
or tire exposure shall be located in the dispensing supply line
at the base of each individual dispensing device.
(5) TESTING;. After the completion of the installation includ-
ing any paving, that section of the pressure piping system between
the pump discharge and the connection for the dispensing facility,
shall be tested for at least thirty minutes at the maximum operating
pressure of the system. Such tests shall be repeated at one year
intervals thereafter.
e. DELIVERY NOZZLES.
(1) Hose nozzle valves of either the manual or automatic
type for dispensing Class I li^aids into a fuel tank or into a container
shall be manually held open during the dispensing operation except
as provided in section 16.65 e(2).
(2) On any service station dispenser accessible to the public an
approved automatic-closing type nozzle with latch-open device shall
7,e permitted only when all dispensing of Class I liquids is to be done
by the service station attendant.
(3) If the dispensing of Class I liquids at a service station
available and open to the public is to be done by a person other
than the service station attendant, the nozzle shall be an approved
automatic-closing type without a latch-open device.
f. SPECIAL TYPE DISPENSERS. Approved special dispensing devices
such as but not limited to coin-operated, card-operated and remote pre-
set types are permitted at service stations, provided that dispensing of
Class I Liquids shall he under the observation and control of a compe-
tent attendant at all times and provided that emergency controls are
installed at a location acceptable to the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention. Instructions for operation of dispensing devices shall be
conspicuously posted.
Section 16.66. Marine Service Stations.
a. The dispensing area shall be located away from other structures
so as to provide room for safe ingress and egress of craft to be fueled.
Dispensing units shall in all cases he at least 25 feet away from any
activity not associated with the handling of fuel.
(1 ) Dispensing shall be by approved dispensing units with or
without integral pumps and may be located on open piers, wharves
or floating locks or on shore or on piers of the solid fill type.
5
(2) Dispensing nozzles shall be automatic-closing without a
latch-open device.
b. Tanks, and pumps not integral with the dispensing unit, shall
be on shore or on a pier of the solid fill type, except as provided in sec-
tions 16.66b(1) and 16.66b(2).
(1) Where shore location would require excessively long sup-
ply lines to dispensers, the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention
may authorize the installation of tanks on a pier provided that ap-
plicable portions of Division II relative to spacing,diking and piping
are complied with and the quantity so stored does not exceed 1,100
gallons aggregate capacity.
(2) Shore tanks supplying marine service stations may be
located aboveground, where rock ledges or high water table make
underground tanks impractical.
(3) Where tanks are at an elevation which would produce
gravity head on the dispensing unit,the tank outlet shall be equipped
with a pressure control valve positioned adjacent to and outside the
tank block valve specified in Section 16.22i(2), so adjusted that
liquid cannot flow by gravity from the tanks in case of piping or hose
failure.
c. Piping between shore tanks and dispensing units shall be as
specified in Division IV, except that, where dispensing is from a floating
structure, suitable lengths of oil-resistant flexible hose may be employed
between the shore piping and the piping on the floating structure as made
necessary by change in water level or shore line.
(1) A readily accessible valve to shut off the supply from
shore shall be provided in each pipeline at or near the approach to
the pier and at the shore end of each pipeline adjacent to the point
where flexible hose is attached.
(2) Piping shall be located so as to be protected from physical
damage.
(3) Piping handling Class I liquids shall be grounded to control
stray currents.
Section 16.67. Electrical Equipment.
a. This section shall apply to areas where Class I liquids are stored
or handled.
6
b. All installations of electrical wiring and equipment shall be
reasonably safe to persons and property. For Class I liquids where elec-
trical wiring and equipment are installed, evidence that such wiring and
equipment are of the type approved for use within the hazardous areas
as set forth in Table 16.67 b and that such wiring and equipment have
been installed in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 16.67 b in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be
evidence that such wiring and equipment are reasonably safe to persons
and property.
c. In Table 16.67 b a classified area shall not extend beyond the
unpierced wall, roof or other solid partition.
d. For area classifications not covered in section 16.67 b and not
listed in Table 16.67 b,the Chief of the Fire Prevention Bureau shall have
the authority to classify the extent of the hazardous area.
TABLE 16.67 b
Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas—Service Stations.
NEC
Class I,
Group D Extent of
Location Division Classified Area
1 Any pit, box or space below grade
level, any part of which is within the
Division I or 2 classified area.
UNDERGROUND TANK—
Fill Opening 2 Up to 18 inches above grade level
within a horizontal radius of 10 feet
from a loose fill connection and
within a horizontal radius of 5 feet
from a tight fill connection.
1 Within 3 feet of open end of vent,
UNDERGROUND TANK— extending in all directions.
Vent, Discharging 2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet of
Upward open end of vent, extending in all
directions.
DISPENSER— 1 Any pit, box or space below grade
Pits level, any part of which is within the
Division 1 or 2 classified area.
DISPENSER— 1 The area 4 feet vertically above
Dispenser Enclosure base within the enclosure and 18
inches horizontally in all directions.
1)IspENsER— 2 Up to 18 inches above grade level
Outdoor within 20 feet horizontally of any
edge of enclosure.
7
Tabel 16.67 B—Continued
NEC
Class I,
Group D Extent of
Location Division Classified Area
DISPENSER— 2 Up to 18 inches above grade or floor
Indoor With Mechanical level within 20 feet horizontally of
Ventilation any edge of enclosure.
DISPENSER— 2 Up to 18 inches above grade or floor
Indoors With Gravity level within 25 feet horizontally of
Ventilation any edge of enclosure.
1 Any pit, box or space below grade
level if any part is within a hori-
zontal distance of 10 feet from any
REMOTE PUMP— edge of pump.
Outdoor
2 Within 3 feet of any edge of pump,
extending in all directions. Also up
to 18 inches above grade level within
10 feet horizontally from any edge
of pump.
1 Entire area within any pit.
2 Within 5 feet of any edge of pump,
REMOTE PUMP— extending in all directions. Also up
Indoor to 3 feet above floor or grade level
within 25 feet horizontally from any
edge of pump.
1 Entire area within any pit.
LUBRICATION OR SERVICE
Room 2 Area up to 18 inches above floor or
grade level within entire lubrication
room.
LUBRICATION OR SERVICE 2 Within 3 feet of any fill or dispens-
RooM— ing point, extending in all directions.
Dispenser for Class I Liquids
SPECIAL ENCLOSURE 1 Entire enclosure.
INSIDE BUILDING PER
SECTION 16.63b
If there is any opening to these
SALES,STORAGE AND REST rooms within the extent of a Divi-
RooMs Ordinary sion I area, the entire room shall be
classified as Division I.
Section 16.68. Heating Equipment.
a. Heating equipment shall be installed as provided in sections
16.68 b through f.
8
b. Heating equipmein may be installed in the con ntio,,::1 or
ordinary manner in an area except as provided in sections
through 16.68 f.
c. Heating equipment may be installed in a special room sepa-
rated from areas classified by Table 16.67 b by walls having a fire resis-
tance rating of at least one hour and without any openings in the walls
less than eight feet above the floor into an area classified in Table 16.67 b
except sales, storage or rest rooms which have no such openings. The
room containing the heating equipment shall not be used for combustible
storge and all air for combustion purposes shall come from outside the
building.
d. Heating equipment using gas or oil fuel, may be installed in the
lubrication, sales or service room, where there is no dispensing or trans-
ferring of Class I liquids provided the bottom of the combustion chamber
is at least 18 inches above the floor and the heating equipment is pro-
tected from physical damage by vehicles.
e. Heating equipment using gas or oil fuel approved for use in
garages may be installed in the lubrication or service room where Class I
liquids are dispensed provided the equipment is installed at least eight
feet above the floor.
f. Electrical heating equipment shall be installed to conform with
section 16.67.
Section 16.69. Drainage and Waste Disposal.
Provision shall be made in the area where Class I liquids are dis-
pensed to prevent spilled liquids from flowing into the interior of service-
station buildings. Such provision may be by grading driveways, raising
door sills, or other equally effective means. Crankcase drainings and
flammable or combustible liquids shall not be dumped into sewers, but
shall be stored in tanks or drums outside of any building until removed
from the premises.
Section 16.70. Source of Ignition.
In addition to the previous restrictions of this division, the follow-
ing shall apply: There shall be no smoking or open flames in the areas
used for fueling or servicing fuel systems for internal combustion
engines or receiving or dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids.
Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting smoking shall be posted within
9
sight of the customer being served. The motors of all equipment being
fueled shall be shut off during the fueling operation.
Section 16.71. Fire Control.
Each service station shall be provided with at least one fire extin-
guisher having a minimum classification of 6 B, C located so that an
extinguisher will be within 75 feet of each pump, dispenser, underground
fill pipe opening and lubrication or service room. Other fire control
devices shall be provided as required by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention.
Article 31, page 223, change "16.666" to "16.67b",
10
FIRE PREVENTION
CODE
A code prescribing regulations governing
conditions hazardous to life
and property from fire,
also
A suggested ordinance adopting the Fire
Prevention Code and establishing a
Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Edition of 1965
Superseding the Edition of 1960 with
Amendments of 1961.
Recommended by the
AMERICAN INSURANCE ASSOCIATION
successor to the
National Board of Fire Underwriters
Engineering and Safety Department
85 John Street, New York, N. Y. 10038
222 West Adams. Street, Chicago, Ill. 60606
465 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94104
a5
3
•
•
til.Jt'O.,Y a' nt,l' ',.iy4+r sat f$'sk's%�"1..�
- - rqi-Fa I Yat.:. M1f1J9<.i.; ,#L4i
f, ;
x.s1.
Cv
tf
»may
" r a s i,t k+�� . 7'''P.' a•
fig' c• • 'F• k • ''` n }` , • -
V.
k.
rl .t e c�,. 5 .Te x
•
q ` Sic ys 1 �; i�", Y`R Y ,... � - i
L 4 1q t we,R x
� - mom:`.
CONTENTS
Article Page
1. General Provisions 5
2. Automobile Tire Rebuilding Plants 15
3. Automobile Wrecking Yards, Junk Yards and Waste
Material Handling Plants 16
4. Bowling Establishments 17
5. Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film 19
6. Cellulose Nitrate Plastics (Pyroxylin) 22
7. Combustible Fibres 25
8. Compressed Gases 27
9. Dry Cleaning Plants 30
10. Dust Explosions, Prevention of 41
11. Exit Ways, Maintenance of 43
12. Explosives, Ammunition and Blasting Agents 44
13. Fireworks ____ 62
14. Fire Protection Equipment 65
15. Flammable Finishes, Application of
Division
I General Provisions 67
II Spray Finishing 68
III Dip Tanks 76
IV Electrostatic Equipment 80
V Automobile Undercoating 82
16. Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Division
I General Provisions 83
II Tank Storage 88
III Closed Container Storage 108
IV Piping, Valves and Fittings 115
V Bulk Plants 117
VI Service Stations 123
VII Commercial and Industrial Establishments 132
VIII Processing Plants 136
IX Refineries, Chemical Plants and Distilleries 139
X Tank Vehicles 140
17. Fruit Ripening Processes 146
18. Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 149
CONTENTS—Continued
Article Page
19. Garages _ 152
20. Hazardous Chemicals 153
21. Liquefied Petroleum Gases 164
22. Lumber Yards and Woodworking Plants 168
23. Magnesium _____ 170
24. Oil Burning Equipment 173
25. Organic Coatings, Manufacture of 183
26. Ovens and Furnaces 192
27. Places of Assembly 196
28. Precautions Against Fire, General 199
29. Tents 204
30. Welding or Cutting, Acetylene Generators and Calcium
Carbide 205
31. List of Standards and Publications 218
Appendix A—Protection of Tanks Containing Flammable or Com-
bustible Liquids in Locations that may be Flooded__ 228
Appendix B—Abandonment or Removal of Underground Tanks_ 232
Appendix C—Publications of Interest but not listed in Article 31 234
Appendix D—A Suggested Ordinance Adopting a Fire Prevention
Code Prescribing Regulations Governing Conditions
Hazardous to Life and Property From Fire or
Explosion, and Establishing a Bureau of Fire
Prevention and Providing Officers therefor and
Defining their Powers and Duties ____ 238
Index 244
FIRE PREVENTION CODE
ARTICLE 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.1. Intent of Code.
It is the intent of this code to prescribe regulations consistent
with nationally recognized good practice for the safeguarding
to a reasonable degree of life and property from the hazards of
fire and explosion arising from the storage, handling and use of
hazardous substances, materials and devices, and from conditions
hazardous to life or property in the use or occupancy of buildings
or premises. Compliance with standards of the American Insurance
Association or the National Fire Protection Association or other
approved nationally recognized safety standards shall be deemed
to he prima facie evidence of compliance with this intent.
Section 1.2. Application of Code.
a. The provisions of this code shall apply equally to new and
existing conditions except that existing conditions not in strict
compliance with the terms of this code shall be permitted to con-
tinue where the exceptions do not constitute a distinct hazard to
life or property in the opinion of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention.
b. Nothing contained in this code shall be construed as
applying to the transportation of any article or thing shipped under
the jurisdiction of and in compliance with the regulations pre-
scribed by the Interstate Commerce Commission, nor as applying
to the military forces of the United States.
Section 1.3. Authority to Enter Premises.
a. The Chief of the Fire Department, Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention or any inspector thereof may, at all reasonable
hours, enter any building or premises for the purpose of making
any inspection, or investigation which, under the provisions of
this code, he or they may deem necessary to be made.
b. The Chief of the Fire Department, Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention or any inspector thereof shall be permitted by
the owner, lessee, manager, or operator of any building or premise
5
SEC. 1.4 GENERAL PROVISIONS
to enter and inspect their building or premise at the time and for
the purpose stated in this section.
Section 1.4. Inspections of Buildings and Premises.
a. It shall be the duty of the Chief of the Fire Department to
inspect, or cause to be inspected by the Bureau of Fire Prevention,
or by the Fire Department officers or members, all buildings and
premises except the interiors of dwellings, as often as may be
necessary for the purpose of ascertaining and causing to be cor-
rected any conditions liable to cause fire, endanger life from fire, or
any violations of the provisions or intent of this code and of any
other ordinance affecting the fire hazard.
b. The Chief of the Fire Department, Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention or an inspector upon the complaint of any person
or whenever he or they shall deem it necessary, shall inspect any
buildings and premises within their jurisdiction.
Section 1.5. Orders to Eliminate Dangerous or Hazardous
Conditions.
Whenever any of the officers, members or inspectors of the
Fire Department or Bureau of Fire Prevention as mentioned in
section 1.4 shall find in any building or upon any premises dan-
gerous or hazardous conditions or materials as follows, he or they
shall order such dangerous conditions or materials to be removed
or remedied in such manner as may be specified by the Chief of
the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
a. Dangerous or unlawful amounts of combustible or explo-
sive or otherwise hazardous materials;
b. Hazardous conditions arising from defective or improperly
installed equipment for handling or using combustible or explosive
or otherwise hazardous materials;
c. Dangerous accumulations of rubbish, waste paper, boxes,
shavings or other highly flammable materials;
d. Accumulations of dust or waste material in air condition-
ing or ventilating systems or of grease in kitchen or other exhaust
ducts;
e. Obstructions to or on fire escapes, stairs, passageways,
doors or windows, liable to interfere with the operations of the Fire
Department or egress of occupants in case of fire;
6
GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 1.7
f. Any building or other structure which, for want of repairs,
lack of adequate exit facilities, automatic or other fire alarm appa-
ratus or fire extinguishing equipment, or by reason of age or dilapi-
dated condition, or from any other cause, creates a hazardous
condition.
Section 1.6. Service of Orders.
a. The service of orders for the correction of violations of
this code shall be made upon the owner, occupant or other person
responsible for the conditions, either by delivering a copy of same
to such person or by delivering the same to and leaving it with
any person in charge of the premises, or in case no such person is
found upon the premises, by affixing a copy thereof in a con-
spicuous place on the door to the entrance of the said premises.
Whenever it may be necessary to serve such an order upon the
owner of premises such order may be served either by delivering
to and leaving with the said person a copy of the said order, or,
if such owner is absent from the jurisdiction of the officer making
the order, by sending such copy by registered mail to the owner's
last known post office address.
b. If buildings or other premises are owned by one person and
occupied by another under lease or otherwise, the orders issued in
connection with the enforcing of this code shall apply to the occu-
pant thereof, except where the rules or orders require the making of
additions to or changes in the premises themselves, such as would
immediately become real estate and be the property of the owner
of the premises; in such cases the rules or orders shall affect the
owner and not the occupant unless it is otherwise agreed between
the owner and the occupant.
Section 1.7. Investigation of Fires.
a. The Bureau of Fire Prevention shall investigate the cause,
origin and circumstances of every fire occurring in the municipality
which is of suspicious nature or which involves loss of life or in-
jury to persons or by which property has been destroyed or sub-
stantially damaged. Such investigations shall be begun immedi-
ately upon the occurrence of such a fire and, if it appears that such
fire is of suspicious origin, the Chief of the Fire Department shall
be immediately notified of the facts; he shall take charge imme-
diately of the physical evidence, shall notify the proper authori-
ties designated by law to pursue the investigation of such matters,
7
SEC. 1.8 GENERAL PROVISIONS
and shall further cooperate with the authorities in the collection
of evidence and in the prosecution of the case.
b. Every fire shall be reported in writing to the Bureau of
Fire Prevention within two days after the occurrence of the same,
by the officer in whose jurisdiction such a fire has occurred. Such
report shall be in such form as shall be prescribed by the Chief of
the Fire Department, and shall contain a statement of facts relat-
ing to the cause, origin and circumstances of such fire, injury to
persons, and extent of the damage thereof, and the insurance upon
such property, and such other information as may be required.
c. The Corporation Counsel and the Police Department, upon
request of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, shall assist the inspec-
tors in the investigation of any fire which, in their opinion, is of
suspicious origin.
Section 1.8. Fire Records.
The Chief of the Fire Department shall keep, in the office of
the Bureau of Fire Prevention, a record of all fires and of all the
facts concerning the same, including statistics as to the extent of
such fires and the damage caused thereby, and whether such losses
were covered by insurance and if so, in what amount. Such rec-
ord shall be made daily from the reports made by the fire depart-
ment officers and inspectors. All such records shall be public.
Section 1.9. Permits.
a. A permit shall constitute permission to maintain, store or
handle materials, or to conduct processes, which produce condi-
tions hazardous to life or property, or to install equipment used in
connection with such activities. Such permit does not take the
place of any license required by law. It shall not be transferable,
and any change in use or occupancy of premises shall require a
new permit.
b. Before a permit may be issued, the Chief of the Bureau
of Fire Prevention, or his assistants, shall inspect and approve
the receptacles, vehicles, buildings or storage places to be used.
In cases where laws or regulations enforceable by departments
other than the Bureau of Fire Prevention are applicable, joint
approval shall be obtained from all departments concerned.
c. All applications for a permit required by this code shall be
made to the Bureau of Fire Prevention in such form and detail as
8
GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 1.12
it shall prescribe. Applications for permits shall be accompanied
by such plans as required by the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
d. Permits shall at all times be kept on the premises desig-
nated therein, and shall at all times be subject to inspection by
any officer of the fire or police departments.
e. One permit only shall be required by establishments deal-
ing in, or using, two or more flammable, combustible or explosive
materials to be kept in the establishment at any one time, but
each of the materials shall be listed in the permit.
Section 1.10. Revocation of Permit.
The Bureau of Fire Prevention may revoke a permit or ap-
proval issued if any violation of this code is found upon inspec-
tion or in case there has been any false statement or misrepresenta-
tion as to a material fact in the application or plans on which the
permit or approval was based.
Section 1.11. Fire Drills in Educational and Institutional Occu-
pancies.
a. Fire drills shall be held at least once a month in educational
occupancies where such occupancies constitute the major occu-
pancy of a building and at least once every two months in institu-
tional occupancies where such occupancies constitute the major
occupancy of a building. During severe weather, fire drills may
be postponed. A record of all fire drills shall be kept and persons
in charge of such occupancies shall file written reports at least
quarterly with the Bureau of Fire Prevention giving the time and
date of each drill held.
b. In educational occupancies fire drills shall include com-
plete evacuation of all persons from the building. In institutional
occupancies fire drills shall be conducted to familiarize operating
personnel with their assigned positions of emergency duty; com-
plete evacuation of occupants from the building at the time of the
fire drill shall be required only where it is practicable and does
not involve moving or disturbing persons under medical care.
Section 1.12. Definitions.
Unless otherwise expressly stated, the following terms shall,
for the purpose of this code, have the meanings indicated in this
section.
9
SEC. 1.12 GENERAL PROVISIONS
Acetylene, low pressure—see section 30.2a.
Acetylene, medium pressui e—see section 30.2b.
Acetylenic compound—see section 30.2c.
Aircraft service station—see section 16.12a.
Approved means accepted by the Chief of the Fire Department
or Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, as a result of their
investigation and experience or by reason of test, listing or ap-
proval by Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., the National Bureau
of Standards, the American Gas Association Laboratories or other
nationally recognized testing agencies.
Assembly occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof by a gathering of persons
for civic, political, travel, religious, social or recreational purposes.
Automatic fire alarm system means a system which auto-
matically detects a fire condition and actuates a fire alarm signal
device.
Automotive service station (garage)—see section 16.12b.
Barrel—see section 16.12c.
Basement means a story of a building or structure having one-
half or more of its clear height below grade.
Blasting agent—see section 12.2a.
Boil-over—see section 16.12e.
Boiling point—see section 16.12d.
Bonded or grounded as protection against static electricity
means either that a bond or ground has been deliberately applied,
or that an electrically conductive path having a resistance ade-
quate for the intended purpose, usually one million ohms or less,
is inherently present by the nature of the installation.
Bulk oxygen system—see section 8.2a.
Bulk plant—see section 16.12f.
Business occupancy means the occupancy or use of a building
or structure or any portion thereof for the transaction of business,
or the rendering or receiving of professional services.
Cargo tank—see section 16.102a.
Carrier—see section 12.2b.
Catalytic combustion system—see section 26.2.
Cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin)—see section 6.1.
Chemical plant—see section 16.12g.
10
GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 1.12
Closed container—see section 16.12h.
Combustible fibre—see section 7.1.
Combustible liquid—see section 16.12n.
Commercial or industrial establishment—see section 16.12i.
Compressed gas—see section 8.2b.
Container—see section 16.12j.
Conversion range oil burner—see section 24.2a.
Corrosive liquid—see section 20.2a.
Crude petroleum—see section 16.12k.
Decorative material—see section 27.1a.
Dip tank—see section 15.31a.
Distillery—see section 16.121
Dry cleaning—see section 9.1a.
Dust—see section 10.1.
Dwelling means a building occupied exclusively for residence
purposes and having not more than two dwelling units or as a
boarding or rooming house serving not more than 15 persons with
meals or sleeping accommodations or both.
Dwelling unit means one or more rooms arranged for the use
of one or more individuals living together as a single housekeep-
ing unit, with cooking, living, sanitary and sleeping facilities.
Educational occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof by persons assembled for
the purpose of learning or of receiving educational instruction.
Explosive—see section 12.2c.
Explosive-actuated power device—see section 12.2d.
Explosive material—see section 12.2e.
Fire resistance rating means the time in hours that.the ma-
terial or construction will withstand the standard fire exposure
as determined by a fire test made in conformity with the "Standard
Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,"
ASTM E119, UL Inc. 263, or NFPA No. 251.
Fireworks—see section 13.2.
Flammable anesthetic—see section 8.2c.
Flammable liquid—see section 16.12n.
Flammable solid—see section 20.2b.
Flash point—see section 16.12m.
Fuel gas—see section 30.2d.
11
SEC. 1.12 GENERAL PROVISIONS
Fuel oil—see section 24.2b.
Fumigant—see section 18.2a.
Fumigation—see section 18.2b.
Gaseous hydrogen system—see section 8.2d.
Hazardous chemical—see section 20.1.
Heating and cooking appliance—see section 24.2c.
High hazard occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof that involves highly combustible,
highly flammable, hazardous chemical or explosive material, or which
has inherent characteristics that constitute a special fire hazard.
Highly toxic material—see section 20.2c.
Highway—see section 12.2f.
Hydraulic back pressure valve—see section 30.2e.
I.C.C. container means any container approved by the Inter-
state Commerce Commission for shipping any liquid, gaseous or
solid material of a flammable, toxic or other hazardous nature.
Industrial establishment—see section 16.12i.
Industrial occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof for assembling, fabricating,
finishing, manufacturing, packaging or processing operations;
except when classed as a high hazard occupancy.
Inhabited building—see section 12.2g.
Institutional occupancy means the occupancy or use of a
building or structure or any portion thereof by persons harbored
or detained to receive medical, charitable or other care or treat-
ment, or by persons involuntarily detained.
Liquefied petroleum gas—see section 21.2a.
Liquefied petroleum gas equipment—see section 21.2b.
Liquid—see section 16.12n.
LP-Gas means liquefied petroleum gas.
Machine—see section 30.2f.
Magazine—see section 12.2h.
Magnesium—see section 23.2.
Manifold—see section 30.2g.
Marine service station—see section 16.12o.
Mercantile occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof for the displaying, selling
or buying of goods, wares or merchandise; except when classed
as a high hazard occupancy.
Multifamily house means a building or portion thereof con-
12
GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 1.12
taining three or more dwelling units; including tenement house,
apartment house, flat.
Nonflammable medical gas—see section 8.2e.
Oil burner—see section 24.2d.
Oil burning equipment—see section 24.2e.
Oil fired unit—see section 24.2f.
Organic coating—see section 25.2.
Owner includes his duly authorized agent or attorney, a pur-
chaser, devisee, fiduciary, and a person having a vested or con-
tingent interest in the property in question.
Oxidizing material—see section 20.2d.
Oxygen manifold, high pressure—see section 30.2h.
Oxygen manifold, low pressure—see section 30.2i.
Person includes corporation and copartnership as well as in-
dividual.
Pipe—see section 30.2j.
Piped distribution system—see section 8.2f.
Piping—see section 30.2j.
Place of assembly—see section 27.1b.
Poisonous gas—see section 20.2e.
Portable outlet header—see section 30.2k.
Pressure vessel means a storage tank or vessel which has been
designed to operate at pressures above 15 psig.
Process area—see section 16.12p.
Processing plant—see section 16.12q.
Propellant-actuated power device—see section 12.2i.
Public conveyance—see section 12.2j.
Pyrotechnic—see section 12.2k.
Radioactive material—see section 20.2f.
Railway—see section 12.21
Refinery—see section 16.12r.
Residential occupancy means the occupancy or use of a build-
ing or structure or any portion thereof by persons for whom sleep-
ing accommodations are provided but who are not harbored or
detained to receive medical, charitable or other care or treatment,
or are not involuntarily detained.
Safety can—see section 16.12s.
Sealed source—see section 20.2g.
Small arms ammunition—see section 12.2m.
13
SEC. 1.13 GENERAL PROVISIONS
Small arms ammunition primer—see section 12.2n.
Smokeless propellant—see section 12.2o.
Solvent classification—see section 9.1b.
Spraying area—see section 15.21.
Special industrial explosive device—see section 12.2p.
Special industrial explosive material—see section 12.2q.
Station outlet—see section 30.21
Storage, isolated—see section 20.2h.
Storage, separated—see section 20.2i.
Storage occupancy means the occupancy or use of a building
or structure or any portion thereof for the storage of goods, wares,
merchandise, raw materials, agricultural or manufactured products,
including parking garages, or the sheltering of live stock and other
animals; except when classed as a high hazard occupancy.
System classification—see section 9.1c.
Tank, atmospheric means a storage tank which has been de-
signed to operate at pressures from atmospheric through 0.5 psig.
Tank, low pressure means a storage tank which has been de-
signed to operate at pressures above 0.5 psig but not more than
15 psig.
Tank vehicle—see section 16.102b.
Terminal—see section 12.2r.
Test blasting cap No. 8—see section 12.2s.
Thermal insecticidal fogging—see section 18.2d.
Thermal insecticidal fogging liquid—see section 18.2c.
Tubing—see section 30.2j.
Unstable (reactive) chemical—see section 20.2j.
Unstable (reactive) liquid—see section 16.12n.
Vapor area—see section 15.31b.
Vapor pressure—see section 16.12t.
Vehicle—see section 12.2t.
Ventilation—see section 16.12u.
Section 1.13. Liability for Damages.
This code shall not be construed to hold the municipality
responsible for any damage to persons or property by reason
of the inspection or re-inspection authorized herein or failure to
inspect or reinspect or the permit issued as herein provided or by
reason of the approval or disapproval of any equipment authorized
herein.
14
AUTOMOBILE TIRE REBUILDING PLANTS SEC. 2.5
ARTICLE 2
AUTOMOBILE TIRE REBUILDING PLANTS
Section 2.1. General.
Automobile tire rebuilding plants shall conform to all other
applicable requirements of this code as well as to the following
provisions.
Section 2.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required to conduct or maintain any tire
recapping or rebuilding plant.
Section 2.3. Construction and Protection.
a. Tire rebuilding plants shall have all floor openings, such
as for stairs and elevators, enclosed in an approved manner.
b. Tire rebuilding plants in buildings of wood frame con-
struction or in buildings used in part for residence occupancy shall
be separated from other portions of the building by noncombus-
tible construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than
two hours, and shall be equipped with an approved automatic
sprinkler system.
Section 2.4. Dust Collecting System.
Buffing machines shall be located in a room separated from the
remainder of the plant by construction having a fire resistance rat-
ing of not less than one hour, with each door opening protected by
an approved self-closing fire door. Each machine shall be con-
nected to an ample dust collecting system discharging to a suitable
container which shall be cleaned at frequent intervals.
Section 2.5. Ventilation.
Each room where rubber cement is used or mixed, or flam-
mable or combustible solvents are applied, shall be equipped with
effective mechanical or natural ventilation.
15
SEC. 3.1 AUTO WRECKING YARDS & WASTE MATERIAL
ARTICLE 3
AUTOMOBILE WRECKING YARDS, JUNK YARDS AND
WASTE MATERIAL HANDLING PLANTS
Section 3.1. General.
Automobile wrecking yards, junk yards and waste material
handling plants shall conform to all other applicable requirements
of this code as well as the following provisions.
Section 3.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be obtained to conduct or maintain any auto-
mobile wrecking yard, junk yard or waste material handling plant.
Section 3.3. Location.
No automobile wrecking yard, junk yard or waste material
handling plant shall be located as to seriously expose adjoining or
adjacent properties.
Section 3.4. Burning Operations.
The burning of wrecked or discarded automobiles or any parts
thereof or junk or any waste materials shall be done only in desig-
nated open spaces or incinerator enclosures approved for burning
purposes by the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 3.5. Construction and Protection.
a. Handling and storage of large quantities of waste paper,
rags or other combustible materials shall not be in a building of
wood frame or ordinary construction unless the building is sprin-
klered. Vertical openings shall be enclosed in an approved manner.
b. Picking rooms shall be separated from storage rooms by
construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than one
hour, with each door opening provided with an approved fire door.
Picking rooms shall be provided with exhaust systems of suf-
ficient capacity to adequately remove dust and lint.
16
BOWLING ESTABLISHMENTS SEC. 4.4
ARTICLE 4
BOWLING ESTABLISHMENTS
Section 4.1. General.
Bowling establishments shall conform to all other applicable
requirements of this code, as well as the following provisions.
Section 4.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for bowling pin refinishing and
bowling lane resurfacing operations involving the use and ap-
plication of flammable or combustible liquids or materials.
Section 4.3. Lane Resurfacing Operations.
Resurfacing operations shall not be carried on while the estab-
lishment is open for business. The Bureau of Fire Prevention shall
be notified when bowling lanes are to be resurfaced. Proper ventila-
tion shall be provided. Heating, ventilating, or cooling systems
employing recirculation of air shall not be operated during resur-
facing operations or within one hour following the application of
flammable finishes. All electric motors or other equipment in the
area which might be a source of ignition shall be shut down, and
all smoking and use of open flames prohibited during the applica-
tion of flammable finishes and for one hour thereafter.
Section 4.4. Pin Refinishing.
a. Pin refinishing involving the application of flammable fin-
ishes shall be done only in a special room meeting the provisions
of section 16.32a; such room shall not be located below grade nor
shall it have communication with any pits, well, pockets or base-
ments.
b. All power tools in such special rooms shall be effectively
grounded. A substantial metal box or other receptacle approved
by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall be provided
for lathes and sanding or buffing machines for catching dust
thrown off during operations. Contents shall be removed daily
and disposed of safely.
c. Storage of flammable or combustible liquids in such special
rooms shall not exceed a combined aggregate of 60 gallons in
17
SEC. 4.4 BOWLING ESTABLISHMENTS
original metal containers, or in approved safety containers not
exceeding 5 gallons individual capacity. A metal waste can with
self-closing cover shall be provided for all waste materials and
rags; contents shall be removed daily. Smoking shall be pro-
hibited at all times in refinishing rooms.
18
CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION PICTURE FILM SEC. 5.4
ARTICLE 5
CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION PICTURE FILM
Section 5.1. Scope.
This article applies to the storage and handling of cellulose
nitrate motion picture film, hereafter referred to as "nitrate film".
Film having a cellulose acetate or other approved slow-burning
base, marked safety film, is exempt from these provisions.
Section 5.2. Permit Required.
a. No person shall store, keep or have on hand more than 25
pounds (for 35 mm. film about 5,000 feet) of nitrate motion picture
film without a permit.
b. No person shall sell, lease or otherwise dispose of any ni-
trate motion picture film to any person not having a permit to
handle, use or display such film.
Section 5.3. Storage of Film.
a. Storage of nitrate film, not in process or being worked on,
shall be in accordance with sections 5.3 b through 5.3 d.
b. Except as provided in section 5.3 c, amounts in excess of
25 pounds (5 standard rolls) but not in excess of 1,000 pounds
(200 standard rolls) shall be kept in approved cabinets or in vaults.
c. Amounts in excess of 1,000 pounds shall be kept in vaults.
d. Unexposed nitrate film enclosed in the original, unbroken,
shipping cases, conforming to I.C.C. regulations shall be kept in a
sprinklered room. If the amount exceeds 750 pounds (150 stand-
ard rolls), it shall be stored in a room used for no other purpose.
Section 5.4. Film Cabinets.
a. Cabinets shall be of approved construction and shall have
a capacity not in excess of 375 pounds. (75 standard rolls).
b. Every cabinet having a capacity of over 50 pounds of film
shall be provided with a vent to the outside of the building. The
vent shall have a minimum effective sectional area of 14 square
inches per 100 pounds of film capacity. Vent flues shall be of con-
struction equivalent to 0.0478 inch thickness sheet steel (no. 18
manufacturers' standard gauge), and where inside the building
shall be covered with 1 inch of approved heat insulating material.
19
SEC. 5.5 CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION PICTURE FILRI
C. Cabinets holding over 75 pounds of film shall be provided
with at least one automatic sprinkler; provided that a cabinet
constructed so that each roll is in a separate compartment and
will burn out without communicating fire to film in any other com-
partment, need not be provided with an automatic sprinkler.
d. Film in cabinets shall be in individual roll containers or in
I.C.C. shipping containers. Materials other than film shall not be
stored in the same cabinet with film. Where cabinets are provided
with individual insulated compartments for each roll, the individual
rolls stored therein need not be in cans or other containers.
Section 5.5. Film Vaults.
a. Film vaults shall be constructed, vented and sprinklered
so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that
film vaults have been constructed, vented and sprinklered in ac-
cordance with the applicable standard specified for this section 5.5a
in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that
such film vaults are reasonably safe to persons and property.
b. All film in vaults shall be in containers, either in single or
double roll containers, cardboard boxes conforming to I.C.C. Speci-
fication 12-B or I.C.C. shipping containers.
Section 5.6. Handling of Nitrate Film.
a. All nitrate film shall be kept in closed containers except
during the actual time it is being worked upon or examined.
b. Nitrate film shall not be placed or kept under benches,
tables, or other surfaces which would shield it from the discharge
of sprinklers.
c. Scrap nitrate film shall be kept separate from waste paper,
safety film, and other rubbish, and shall be kept under water at all
times. It shall be collected from work rooms at least once daily,
and removed to a room used for no other purpose, where it shall
be kept under water in steel drums or metal containers with tight
covers. Scrap film shall be disposed of at frequent intervals. Dis-
carded film in full or part rolls shall be kept in containers in vaults.
Scrap film shall not be baled or burned.
Section 5.7. Enclosures for Motion Picture Projectors.
Motion picture projectors shall not be operated with cellu-
lose nitrate motion picture film except when located in enclosures
20
CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION PICTURE, FILM SEc. 5.9
constructed, equipped and maintained so as to be reasonably safe
to persons and property. Evidence that motion picture projectors
have been located in enclosures constructed, equipped and main-
tained in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this
section 5.7 in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be
evidence that such motion picture projectors are reasonably safe
to persons and property.
Section 5.8. Handling of Nitrate Film in Motion Picture Theatres
and Other Occupancies in Which the Principal Use
of Film is in Motion Picture Projection.
a. Rewinding of nitrate films shall be performed either in a
special rewind room at an approved location, or in the projection
room. An approved can for scrap film having a self-closing hinged
cover shall be provided.
b. Nitrate film in any projection room or rewinding room shall
be kept as follows:
(1) Up to 40 pounds of film (8,000 feet of 35 mm. film)
may be kept in I.C.C. shipping containers, or approved cabinet
in each room.
(2) If the amount of film on hand exceeds 40 pounds, an
approved cabinet shall be provided, in which the amount of
film in excess of 40 pounds shall be kept.
Section 5.9. Motion Picture Film Exchanges to be Sprinklered.
Areas of buildings used for nitrate motion picture film ex-
changes shall be equipped with automatic sprinklers.
21
SEC. 6.1 CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROXYLIN)
ARTICLE 6
CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROXYLIN)
Section 6.1. Definition.
Cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) shall mean any plastic
substance, material or compound, other than cellulose nitrate film
covered by article 5 or guncotton or other explosive covered by
article 12, having cellulose nitrate as a base, by whatever name
known, when in the form of blocks, slab, sheets, tubes or fabricated
shapes.
Section 6.2. Permit Required.
a. All retailers, jobbers and wholesalers storing or handling
more than 25 pounds of cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin)
shall obtain a permit.
b. A permit shall be required for the manufacture of articles
of cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin), which shall include the
use of cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin) in the manufacture or
assembling of other articles.
Section 6.3. Display of Plastics.
a. All display of cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) articles
in stores shall be in show cases or show windows except as per-
mitted in sections 6.3 b through 6.3 e.
b. Articles may be placed on tables but no table shall be over
3 feet wide and 10 feet long, and tables shall be spaced at least 3
feet apart. Where articles are displayed on counters, they shall be
arranged in like manner.
c. Spaces underneath tables shall be kept free of storage of
any kind and of accumulations of paper, refuse and other com-
bustible material.
d. Sales or display tables shall be so located that in the event
of a fire at that table, the table will not interfere with free exit
from the room, in at least one direction.
e. No electric or gas light shall be located directly above any
cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) material, unless provided with
a suitable guard to prevent heated particles falling.
22
CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROXYLIN) SEC. 6.5
Section 6.4. Storage and Handling.
a. All raw cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) material in
factory buildings shall be stored and handled in accordance with
sections 6.4 b through 6.4 h.
b. Where raw material in excess of 25 pounds is received in
any building or fire area, an approved vented cabinet or vented and
sprinklered vault shall be provided for the storage of the material.
c. Not more than 1,000 pounds of raw material may be stored
in cabinets in any one workroom, but not more than 500 pounds
in any one cabinet, nor more than 250 pounds in one compartment.
d. All raw material in excess of that permitted above shall be
kept in vented vaults not exceeding 1,500 cubic feet capacity and
with one automatic sprinkler head to each 125 cubic feet of total
vault space and with construction and venting in conformity with
the requirements prescribed in section 5.5 and satisfactory to the
Bureau of Fire Prevention.
e. No cellulose nitrate plastics (pyroxylin) shall be stored
within 2 feet of any heat producing appliances, steam pipes, radi-
ators or chimneys.
I. In factories manufacturing articles of cellulose nitrate
plastics (pyroxylin) such sprinklered and vented cabinets, vaults
or storage rooms, approved by the Bureau of Fire Prevention, shall
be provided as may be necessary to prevent the accumulation in
work rooms, of raw stock, stock in process or finished articles.
g. In the work rooms of cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin)
factories, operators shall not be stationed closer together than 3
feet, and the amount of material per operator shall not exceed one-
half day's supply and shall be limited to the capacity of three tote-
boxes including material awaiting removal or use.
h. All waste cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) materials
such as shaving, chips, turnings, sawdust, edgings and trimmings
shall be kept under water in metal receptacles until removed from
the premises.
Section 6.5. Fire Control.
All new and existing building or any portion of buildings
used for the manufacture or storage of articles of cellulose nitrate
23
SEC. 6.6 CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS (PYROXYLIN)
plastic (pyroxylin) in quantities exceeding 100 pounds shall be
equipped with an approved system of automatic sprinklers.
Section 6.6. Heating Equipment.
a. Heating equipment used in buildings manufacturing ar-
ticles from cellulose nitrate plastics shall comply with sections
6.6 b and 6.6 c.
b. Heating equipment containing ignition sources shall not
be permitted in any room used for the storage of cellulose nitrate
plastic nor within 20 feet of any manufacturing operation.
c. Heating shall be by low pressure steam or hot water
radiators.
24
COMBUSTIBLE FIBRES SEC. 7.3
ARTICLE 7
COMBUSTIBLE FIBRES
Section 7.1. Definition.
Combustible fibre shall mean and include readily ignitable
and free burning fibres, such as cotton, sisal, henequen, ixtle, jute,
hemp, tow, cocoa fibre, oakum, baled waste, baled waste paper,
kapok, hay,'straw, Spanish moss, excelsior, certain synthetic fibres,
and other like materials.
Section 7.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for the storage and handling of
combustible fibres in quantities in excess of 100 cubic feet.
Section 7.3. Loose Storage.
a. Loose combustible fibres (not in suitable bales or pack-
ages), whether housed or in the open, shall not be stored within
100 feet of any building except as hereinafter specified.
b. Not to exceed 100 cubic feet of loose combustible fibres may
be kept in any building provided storage is in a metal or metal-
` lined bin equipped with a self-closing cover.
c. Quantities exceeding 100 cubic feet of loose combustible
fibres, but not exceeding 500 cubic feet, may be stored in rooms or
compartments having floor, walls and ceiling having a fire-resis-
tance rating of not less than one hour. Each opening into such
rooms or compartments from other parts of the building shall be
equipped with an approved fire door.
d. Quantities exceeding 500 cubic feet of loose combustible
fibres may be stored in approved vaults, constructed as follows:
(1) Storage vaults shall be located outside of buildings
or if located inside shall be provided with approved safety
vents to the outside.
(2) Walls, floors, and ceilings shall be constructed of
brick or other approved noncombustible material. Roofs of
outside vaults shall be of noncombustible material but may
be so constructed as to readily give way in case of an internal
explosion.
(3) Openings, if any, between vault and main building
shall be protected on each side of the wall by an approved fire
25
SEC. 7.4 COMBUSTIBLE FIBRES
door. Wall openings in outside vaults exposing other property
(not sufficiently detached to be considered cut off) shall be
protected by approved fire doors.
(4) Vaults located within buildings and exceeding 1,000
cubic feet storage capacity shall be protected by approved auto-
matic sprinklers, carbon dioxide, or other approved inert gas
systems.
e. Not to exceed 2,500 cubic feet of loose fibres may be stored
in a detached "loose house" suitably located, with openings prop-
erly protected against entrance of sparks. The "loose house" shall
be used for no other purpose.
Section 7.4. Baled Storage.
a. No single block or pile shall contain more than 25,000
cubic feet of fibre exclusive of aisles or clearances. Blocks or piles
of baled fibre shall be separated from adjacent storage by aisles not
less chan 5 feet wide; or by flash fire barriers consisting of continu-
ous sheets of noncombustible material extending from floor to a
height of at least one foot above the highest point of piles and pro-
jecting at least one foot beyond the sides of the piles.
b. Sisal and other fibres in bales bound with combustible tie
ropes, also jute and other fibres liable to swell when wet, shall be
stored to allow for expansion in any direction without endangering
building walls, ceilings or columns. Not less than 3 feet clearance
shall be left between walls and sides of piles, except that if storage
compartment is not more than 30 feet in width, one foot clearance
at side walls will be sufficient, provided a center aisle not less than
5 feet wide is maintained.
c. Not less than 3 feet clearance shall be maintained between
sprinkler pipes and tops of piles.
Section 7.5. Storage of Agricultural Products on the Farm.
Unlimited quantities of hay, straw, and other agricultural pro-
ducts may be stored in or near farm buildings located outside
closely-built areas. No permit shall be required for such storage.
26
COMPRESSED GASES SEC. 8.2
ARTICLE 8
COMPRESSED GASES
Section 8.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to bulk oxygen systems and to the stor-
age,handling,and use of compressed gases as defined herein. Lique-
fied petroleum gases and compressed gases used in conjunction with
welding or cutting operations are exempt from these provisions.
Section 8.2. Definitions.
a. Bulk oxygen system shall mean an assembly of equipment,
such as oxygen storage containers, pressure regulators safety de-
vices, vaporizers, manifolds, and interconnecting piping, which has
a storage capacity at normal temperature and pressure of:
(1) More than 13,000 cubic feet of oxygen connected in
service or ready for service, or
(2) More than 25,000 cubic feet of oxygen, including un-
connected reserves on hand at the site.
The bulk oxygen system terminates at the point where oxygen at
service pressure first enters the supply line. The oxygen may be
stored as a liquid or gas in either stationary or portable containers.
b. Compressed gas shall mean and include any mixture or ma-
terial having in the container either an absolute pressure exceeding
40 pounds per square inch at 70°F., or an absolute pressure exceed-
ing 104 pounds per square inch at 130°F., or both; or any liquid
flammable material having a Reid vapor pressure, as defined in
section 16.12t, exceeding 40 pounds per square inch at 100°F.
c. Flammable anesthetic shall mean a compressed gas which
is flammable and administered as an anesthetic and shall include
among others, cyclopropane, divinyl ether, ethyl chloride, ethyl
ether and ethylene.
d. Gaseous hydrogen system shall mean a facility in which the
hydrogen is delivered, stored and discharged in the gaseous form
to consumer piping. The system includes stationary or movable
containers, pressure regulators, safety relief devices, manifolds,
interconnecting piping and controls. The system terminates at
the point where hydrogen at service pressure first enters the con-
sumer's distribution piping.
27
SEC. 8.3 COMPRESSED GASES
e. Nonflammable medical gas shall mean a compressed gas
which is nonflammable and used for therapeutic purposes and shall
include among others, oxygen and nitrous oxide.
f. Piped distribution system shall mean a central supply sys-
tem with control equipment, and a system of piping extending to
the points in the hospital where nonflammable medical gases are
used, and suitable station outlet valves at each use point.
Section 8.3. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for the storage, handling, or use
at normal temperature and pressure of more than 2,000 cubic feet
of flammable compressed gas or 6,000 cubic feet of nonflammable
compressed gas.
Section 8.4. Storage Containers.
Each cylinder or pressure vessel shall be designed constructed,
tested, maintained and marked with the name of the gas contained
so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence
that each cylinder or pressure vessel has been designed, con-
structed, tested, maintained and marked with the name of the gas
contained in accordance with the applicable standards specified for
this section 8.4 in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be
evidence that such cylinder or pressure vessel is reasonably safe
to persons and property.
Section 8.5. Cylinder Systems for Flammable Anesthetics and
Nonflammable Medical Gases.
a. Cylinders containing flammable anesthetics and nonflam-
mable medical gases, in hospitals and similar facilities, shall be
stored, handled and used so as to be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Evidence that cylinders containing flammable an-
esthetics and nonflammable medical gases, in hospitals and similar
facilities have been stored, handled and used in accordance with
the applicable standard specified for this section 8.5a in article 31
of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such cylinders
are reasonably safe to persons and property.
b. Piping systems shall not be used to distribute flammable
medical gases in any hospital or similar facility.
28
COMPRESSED GASES SEC. 8.9
Section 8.6. Piped Distribution Systems for Nonflammable
Medical Gases.
Piped distribution systems handling nonflammable medical
gases, in hospitals and similar facilities, shall be installed and used
so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that
said piped distribution systems have been installed and used in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
8.6 in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence
that such piped distribution systems are reasonably safe to persons
and property.
Section 8.7. Bulk Oxygen Systems Installed at Industrial and
Institutional Consumer Sites.
Bulk oxygen systems located at industrial and institutional
consumer sites shall be installed so as to be reasonably safe to
persons and property. Evidence that said bulk oxygen systems
that have been located in industrial and institutional consumer
sites have been installed in accordance with the applicable stand-
ard specified for this section 8.7 in article 31 of this Fire Preven-
tion Code shall be evidence that such bulk oxygen system is
reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 8.8. Anhydrous Ammonia.
Anhydrous ammonia shall be stored and handled so as to be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that anhydrous
ammonia has been stored and handled in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 8.8 in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such anhydrous
ammonia is reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 8.9. Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites.
Gaseous hydrogen systems shall be installed so as to be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that gaseous
hydrogen systems have been installed in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 8.9 in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such gaseous
hydrogen systems are reasonably safe to persons and property.
29
SEC. 9.1 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
ARTICLE 9
DRY CLEANING PLANTS
Section 9.1. Definitions.
a. Dry cleaning shall mean the process of removing dirt,
grease, paints and other stains from wearing apparel, textiles, fab-
rics, rugs, or other material, by the use of nonaqueous liquids
(solvents), and it shall include the process of dyeing clothes or
other fabrics or textiles in a solution of dye colors and nonaqueous
liquid solvents.
b. Solvent classification shall mean a method for classifying
solvents as follows:
(1) Class I solvents shall mean flammable liquids having
a flash point below 100° F.
(2) Class II solvents shall mean flammable liquids having
a flash point at or above 100° F and below 140° F.
(3) Class III solvents shall mean combustible liquids
having a flash point at or above 140° F.
c. System classification shall mean that dry cleaning plants
or systems are classified as follows:
(1) Class I systems shall mean those utilizing Class I
solvents.
(2) Class II systems shall mean those utilizing Class II
solvents or systems utilizing Class III solvents which do not
comply with Class III or Class IV systems.
(3) Class III systems shall mean those employing equip-
ment listed by Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., utilizing
Class III solvents.
(4) Class IV systems shall mean those utilizing solvents
which are nonflammable (will not support combustion) or
nonflammable at ordinary temperatures and only moderately
flammable at higher temperatures.
Section 9.2. Permit Required.
a. No person shall engage in the business of dry cleaning
without a permit which shall prescribe the class of system to be
used.
30
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.4
b. No change shall be made in the solvent used in the equip-
ment, to a solvent in a more hazardous class unless permission for
such change shall first have been obtained from the Bureau of
Fire Prevention.
Section 9.3. Class I Systems.
a. New dry cleaning plants or systems utilizing Class I
iolvents shall be prohibited.
b. Existing dry cleaning plants or systems utilizing Class I
'vents may be continued in use provided the quantity of Class I
rent that is stored and handled is not increased.
ion 9.4. Class II Systems.
a. Class II systems shall be located in buildings having walls
asonry or noncombustible construction and wall finish shall be
.Qr plastered without furring or concealed spaces. Floors of
ng sections shall be of fire-resistive construction and
'ks, wells or pockets; and where located over a base-
hall be vapor- and liquid-tight. Roof and floors above
'‘of combustible construction, shall have the ceilings
aning areas protected by cement or gypsum plaster
equivalent construction having a fire resistance
Ilan one hour. Dry cleaning buildings shall not
t to the line of adjoining property, except that
ik walls having a fire resistance rating of
ling may be located on the property line.
's shall be restricted to the lowest
located on any floor below grade,
'. occupancies. Operations inci-
such as laundering, pressing,
g building or located on the
provided the dry cleaning
,)ncombustible partitions
SEC. 9.5 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
struction equivalent to the floor construction but having a fire
resistance rating of not less than one hour.
d. Rooms in which articles are hung up to dry shall be con-
structed with noncombustible walls, partitions and ceilings having
a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours. Entrances to
drying rooms shall be provided with approved self-closing fire
doors. If the drying room is in a separate building it shall conform
in all respects to provisions for a dry cleaning building.
e. A mechanical system of ventilation shall be installed
dry cleaning areas and drying rooms so as to be reasonably
to persons and property. Evidence that a mechanical syster
ventilation has been installed in dry cleaning areas and dr
rooms in accordance with the applicable standard specifies,
this section 9.4 e in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code sh<
evidence that such mechanical system of ventilation is reaF
safe to persons and property.
f. The mechanical system of ventilation shall ha
capacity to insure complete and continuous change
every 6 minutes and shall be provided with mer
control. The system shall operate automatically
cleaning equipment is in use.
Section 9.5. Class III Systems.
Class III systems, if located in the
occupancies, shall be separated from th
vertically and horizontally by const•
rating of not less than one hour
proved fire doors, except that su
for operations incidental to or
business, such as laundering
or ironing, and the require
at the discretion of the
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.4
b. No change shall be made in the solvent used in the equip-
ment, to a solvent in a more hazardous class unless permission for
such change shall first have been obtained from the Bureau of
Fire Prevention.
Section 9.3. Class I Systems.
a. New dry cleaning plants or systems utilizing Class I
iolvents shall be prohibited.
b. Existing dry cleaning plants or systems utilizing Class I
solvents may be continued in use provided the quantity of Class I
solvent that is stored and handled is not increased.
Section 9.4. Class II Systems.
a. Class II systems shall be located in buildings having walls
of masonry or noncombustible construction and wall finish shall be
plain 2T plastered without furring or concealed spaces. Floors of
dry cleaning sections shall be of fire-resistive construction and
without pitsg,, wells or pockets; and where located over a base-
ment, floor ss all be vapor- and liquid-tight. Roof and floors above
grade floor, it of combustible construction, shall have the ceilings
ning areas protected by cement or gypsum plaster
over the dry clea
on metal lath or equivalent construction having a fire resistance
rating of not less than one hour. Dry cleaning buildings shall not
be closer than 10 feet ±o the line of adjoining property, except that
if exposing walls are blai:k walls having a fire resistance rating of
at least four hours the bull .ing may be located on the property line.
shall be restricted to the lowest b. Dry cleaning operatiors
floor of a building but shall not be located on any floor below grade,
nor in the same building with other occupancies. Operations inci-
dental to the dry cleaning business such as laundering, pressing,
and ironing may be in a communicating building or located on the
same floor with the dry cleaning plant, provided the dry cleaning
operations are separated therefrom by noncombustible partitions
having a fire resistance rating of not less Can two hours and the
communicating openings are protected by approved fire doors.
c. Door openings on stairs or elevators leading from a dry
cleaning area to a basement,or opening into a room baying openings
or stairs to basements, shall be provided with noncombustible sills
or ramps raised at least 6 inches. Approved self-closing fire doors
shall be provided at such openings. Enclosures shall be of con-
31
SEC. 9.5 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
struction equivalent to the floor construction but having a fire
resistance rating of not less than one hour.
d. Rooms in which articles are hung up to dry shall be con-
structed with noncombustible walls, partitions and ceilings having
a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours. Entrances to
drying rooms shall be provided with approved self-closing fire
doors. If the drying room is in a separate building it shall conform
in all respects to provisions for a dry cleaning building.
e. A mechanical system of ventilation shall be installed in
dry cleaning areas and drying rooms so as to be reasonably afe
to persons and property. Evidence that a mechanical system of
ventilation has been installed in dry cleaning areas and drying
rooms in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 9.4 e in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code be
evidence that such mechanical system of ventilation is reasonably
safe to persons and property.
f. The mechanical system of ventilation shall have suffi'ient
capacity to insure complete and continuous change of air once
every 6 minutes and shall be provided with meF
ins for remote
control. The system shall operate automatically when any dry
cleaning equipment is in use.
Section 9.5. Class III Systems.
Class III systems, if located in the ame building with other
occupancies, shall be separated from tilt remainder of the building
vertically and horizontally by construction ;laving a fire resistance
rating of not less than one hour with openings protected by ap-
proved fire doors, except that such separation shall not be required
for operations incidental to or in connection with the dry cleaning
business, such as laundering-, scouring, scrubbing, drying, pressing
or ironing; and the requirement for such separation may be waived
at the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention
based upon a consideration of such factors as type of building
construction, nature of occupancy, storage and operating capacity
of the system and extent of private fire protection provided.
Section 9.6. Class IV'Systems.
a. Class IV systems shall be subject to the requirements for
permit in section 9.2, but shall be exempt from all other provisions
of this arti:le.
32
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.8
b. Self-service dry cleaning plants utilizing only solvents ap-
proved for Class IV dry cleaning installations may be installed
subject to the approval of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention.
c. Spotting operations using flammable or combustible
liquids shall not be permitted where self-service dry cleaning
equipment is installed.
Section 9.7. Heating Equipment.
a. Where Class II systems are used,heating shall be by steam
or hot water only. Where Class III systems are used, heating shall
be by any approved means which does not involve any open flame
or ignition source in the dry cleaning area. Steam and hot water
pipes and radiators for heating and drying purposes shall be at
least one inch from all woodwork and shall be protected by sub-
stantial metal screens arranged so as to prevent combustible goods
or materials from coming in contact with pipes and radiators.
b. For Class II or III systems boilers shall be located in a
detached building or in a boiler room cut off from the dry cleaning
room by partitions of noncombustible material having a fire re-
sistance rating of not less than two hours and without openings.
For Class II systems, openings into such boiler rooms shall be at
least 10 feet from any exterior openings into the cleaning room.
Section 9.8. Electrical Equipment and Lighting.
a. All electric wiring and equipment in dry cleaning rooms
or other locations subject to flammable vapors shall be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Where Class II systems are used,
evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a type approved
for Class 1, Division 1 hazardous locations, and has been installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 9.8a in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evi-
dence that such electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably
safe to persons and property. Also where Class II systems are
used, evidence that electrical equipment located eight feet or more
above the floor is of a type approved for Class 1, Division 2
hazardous locations and has been installed in accordance with
the applicable standard specified for this section 9.8a in article 31
of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such electrical
wiring and equipment is reasonably safe to persons and property.
33
SEC. 9.9 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
b. All electrical wiring and equipment for light and power
shall be reasonably safe to persons and property. Where Class III
systems are used, evidence that electrical wiring and equipment
has been installed in accordance with the applicable standard
specified for this section 9.8 b in article 31 of this Fire Prevention
Code shall be evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment
is reasonably safe to persons and property.
c. Lighting shall be by electricity.
Section 9.9. Storage and Handling of Cleaning Solvents.
a. Aboveground containers comprising purifiers,clarifiers,and
filters, in Class II systems shall not exceed 350 gallons individual
capacity and shall not exceed in capacity any industrial tank to
which they may be connected. Solvent storage tanks for Class II
and Class III systems may be inside of buildings if individual
capacity of tanks does not exceed 275 gallons and the aggregate
capacity of storage tanks does not exceed 550 gallons. Quantities of
solvents for Class II and Class III systems in excess of the above
shall be stored in accordance with article 16.
b. Pressure type filters shall be equipped with a reliable pres-
sure gauge and shall not be operated at pressures exceeding those
for which they are designed. The filters shall be provided with
an air bleeding valve and line connected to discharge into the
washer or into the storage tank vent line. Such air bleeding lines
shall not discharge into the room.
c. The handling of solvents from storage tanks through the
various machines and back to the settling and clear solvent tanks
shall be through closed circuits of piping. Pumps of positive dis-
placement type shall have a by-pass and relief valve.
d. Sight glasses, the breakage of which would permit the
escape of liquids, shall be of a type not readily damaged by heat
and shall be reliably protected against physical damage.
e. Liquid level gauge glasses in Class II systems shall be
equipped with an automatic device which will immediately shut off
the flow of solvent if the glass is broken. These liquid level gauge
glasses shall be guarded against physical damage.
f. When underground treating and settling tanks are used, a
separate suction and discharge connection shall be provided to the
pump for removal of sludge. The suction pipe shall be carried to
34
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.10
the tank bottom, and the discharge connection to a suitable con-
tainer.
g. All piping shall be tested to a pressure of at least fifty per
cent in excess of normal operating pressure and proved tight and
protected against physical damage.
h. Piping, valves, fittings and ground joint unions for solvents
shall be designed for the working pressures and structural stresses
to which they may be subjected. They shall be of steel or other
material suitable for use with the solvent. Pipe systems shall be
substantially supported and protected against physical damage and
excessive stresses arising from settlement, vibration, expansion or
contraction. Pipe systems shall contain a sufficient number of
valves to operate the system properly and to protect the plant.
Cast iron fittings for pressure piping shall be prohibited.
Section 9.10. Washing Machines.
a. Washing machines shall be substantially constructed. The
loading door opening shall be equipped with a close-fitting door
so designed as to prevent solvent leaks due to splash. The machine
shall be provided with interlocks to prevent cylinder rotation under
power except for inching when doors are open.
b. Each washing machine shall be provided with an overflow
pipe one size larger than the size of the solvent supply line to
the machine. Such overflow pipe shall be connected to the shell
of the washer so that the top of the overflow is below the bottom
of the trunnion shaft; it shall be without shut-off valves and shall
be arranged to discharge to a suitable tank. The supply pipe shall
enter the washing machine above the charged liquid level.
c. Individual button and lint traps shall be provided for each
washer.
d. In Class II systems, each washing machine shall be pro-
vided with approved extinguishing equipment, arranged to operate
automatically in case of fire, consisting of a carbon dioxide system
or a steam jet not less than / inch with a continuously avail-
able steam supply at a pressure of not less than 15 pounds per
square inch.
35
SEC. 9.11 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
Section 9.11. Stills and Condensers.
a. Steam or hot water only shall be used as the source of
heat. If steam is used, a pressure regulating valve shall be in-
stalled in the steam supply line to the still.
b. Stills and condensers shall be liquid- and gas-tight.
c. Stills shall be designed for operation on the vacuum prin-
ciple.
d. If a relief valve is provided it shall be equipped with a vent
line extending to the outside.
e. A check valve shall be installed in the steam line between
the boiler and the still.
f. Each still shall be provided with a combination vacuum
and pressure gauge.
g. Each still shall be equipped with a constant level valve to
automatically maintain the solvent liquid level in the still at the
proper height.
Section 9.12. Drying Tumblers and Cabinets.
a. Drying tumblers in Class II systems shall be of substantial
construction, well secured to substantial foundations, and shall be
provided with self-closing explosion hatches having an area equal
to at least one square foot for each 30 cubic feet of cylinder vol-
ume. Hatches shall be arranged to open away from the operator.
b. Drying tumblers in Class II systems shall be provided with
a steam jet, of not less than / inch size, for humidifying during
the drying process.
c. Drying tumblers and drying cabinets shall be ventilated to
the outside air by means of properly constructed pipes or ducts
connected to an exhaust fan of sufficient capacity to remove all
dust, vapors, or lint generated by the process. Such discharge
pipes or ducts shall be carried to a height of not less than six feet
above the roof, and shall be provided with cleanout facilities, if
used for Class II systems.
d. Discharge pipes shall not terminate within ten feet meas-
ured horizontally from any door, window or frame walls of any
adjoining or adjacent building.
e. The fan shall be properly housed and so interlocked as to
insure operation while the drying tumbler is in use. The fan
36
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.13
spiders, blades or running rings shall be constructed of non-ferrous
metal. In no case shall the fan motor be mounted within the
ventilating duct.
f. Each drying tumbler in Class II systems shall be provided
with approved extinguishing equipment, arranged to operate auto-
matically in case of fire, consisting of a carbon dioxide or steam jet
system as specified in section 9.10 d.
Section 9.13. Extractors.
a. The baskets shall have a rim of non-ferrous metal and
shall be well balanced.
b. Extractors shall be provided with liquid-tight covers, or
they shall be designed so that none of the liquid solvent is thrown
out of the extractor while it is in operation. Cover shall be
equipped with automatic mechanical or electrical interlocks which
will prohibit operating the extractors while the cover is open and
which will prohibit opening the cover until the basket comes
to rest.
c. Extractors shall be provided with a drain pipe not less than
1/ inches in diameter connected direct to underground storage
tanks or to a suitable aboveground container, or to the washer
through an approved extractor pump with connections fitted with
proper valves.
d. Brakes, if used, shall be so designed as to prevent the crea-
tion of sparks or excessive heat.
e. Extractors shall not be operated at a speed in excess of
that prescribed by the manufacturer as shown on name plate which
shall be provided on each machine.
f. Extractors equipped with a solvent spray nozzle for spray
rinsing of garments after the primary extraction shall comply as
follows:
(1) Installation of spray rinse equipment on existing ex-
tractors shall be subject to approval of the Chief of the Bureau
of Fire Prevention.
(2) Extractor covers shall be made splash proof to pre-
vent leakage of the solvent, and shall be equipped with a latch
to hold the cover closed during operation.
37
SEC. 9.14 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
(3) Supply pumps of positive displacement type shall be
provided with a bypass and relief valve set so as to prevent
excessive pressure.
(4) Valves in supply line between pumps and outlet shall
be installed in such a manner that the cutoff is effected ahead
of any flexible portion of the supply line.
(5) Extractor drain lines shall not be less than 2 inches
for extractors up to and including 40 inches in diameter and
3 inches for extractors in excess of 40 inches in diameter.
(6) Extractors shall be provided with at least one drain
line open at all times. If more than one extractor drain line is
provided for the purpose of alternating use, quick opening
valves or equivalent shall be installed in each line and inter-
locked so that when either valve is shut the other valve is open.
(7) If a separate extractor drain tank is provided, it shall
have a capacity equal to the combined total gallonage of the
charged solvent extraction, the rinse and the rinse extraction.
(8) Drainage from extractors to all tanks shall be by
gravity flow.
Section 9.14. Combination Dry Cleaning Unit.
a. The provisions of this section shall apply to combination
dry cleaning units wherein the washing and extracting cycles are
completed within the same enclosure.
b. The machines shall be of substantial construction and shall
be provided with splash proof doors, or covers, with interlocking
means to prevent cylinder rotation,under power,except for inching
at slow speed, when doors or covers are open. Such interlocks
shall provide that during the extracting cycle, opening of the door
or cover will disconnect the drive motor and apply braking means
to bring the cylinder to rest before access to cylinder is possible.
Machines shall be provided with braking means to insure stoppage
within reasonable time without the creation of sparks or exces-
sive heat.
c. Each machine shall be provided with an overflow pipe one
size larger than the size of the solvent supply line to the machine.
Such overflow shall be connected so that the top of the overflow
is below the bottom of the trunnion shaft and arranged to dis-
charge into a suitable tank.
38
DRY CLEANING PLANTS SEC. 9.1E
d. Individual button and lint traps, with suitable lids shall be
provided for each machine.
e. The supply pipes to machines, whether from pumps, filters
or storage tanks, shall be arranged to deflect solvent stream away
from tub openings.
f. Cylinder shall be supported so as to provide sufficient clear-
ance to prevent striking or rubbing adjacent parts during rotation.
g. Machine shall be furnished with name plate indicating
maximum cylinder speed and warning that machine shall not be
operated in excess of such speed.
h. Each machine in a Class II system shall be provided with
approved extinguishing equipment, arranged to operate automati-
cally in case of fire, consisting of a carbon dioxide or steam jet
system as specified in section 9.10 d.
Section 9.15. Bonding•and Grounding for Class II and III Systems.
a. Storage tanks, treatment tanks, purifiers, pumps, piping,
washers, extractors, drying tumblers, drying cabinets, combination
units, and other such equipment, if not inherently electrically con-
ductive, shall be bonded together. This system of equipment, if it
is not grounded due to the electrical power services installed
thereon, shall be grounded. Isolated units of equipment, such as
drying cabinets, shall be grounded.
b. Pulleys and belting in dry cleaning rooms; shall be pro-
vided with properly grounded combs, collectors, or neutralizers.
c. When fabrics are transferred from one piece of equipment
to another, the two pieces of equipment shall be electrically bonded
together.
d. Metal tops of spotting tables shall be permanently and
effectively grounded.
Section 9.16. Scouring, Brushing and Spotting.
a. The brushing (prespotting) table shall have a liquid-tight
top with a curb on all sides not less than 1 inch high. The top of
the table shall be pitched so as to insure thorough draining to a
172 inch drain connected to a suitable container especially provided
and marked for that purpose.
39
SEC. 9.17 DRY CLEANING PLANTS
b. All scouring or brushing and spotting (prespotting) opera-
tions utilizing solvents with lower flash points than the solvents
used in the plant dry cleaning machines shall be limited to one
gallon and dispensed from approved safety cans. Additional stor-
age shall be in approved safety cans of not over one gallon ca-
pacity.
c. Scouring or brushing operations utilizing in excess of one
gallon of solvent with lower flash points than the solvent used in
the plant dry cleaning machines shall be conducted only in a room
or building conforming to all the requirements for a dry cleaning
system utilizing the same type of solvent.
d. The total amount of Class I or II solvent used on scouring
or brushing tables or in scrubbing tubs, in accordance with section
9.16c, shall not exceed 3 gallons. The scouring or brushing table
or scrubbing tub shall be so located as to ensure thorough and
effective disposal of vapors through the ventilating system. Scrub-
bing tubs shall be used only for articles, the character of which
prevents their washing in the usual washing machines. Scrubbing
tubs shall be secured to the floor and shall be provided with per-
manent 1/ inch trapped drains to a suitable container specially
provided and marked for that purpose.
Section 9.17. Fire Control.
Adequate portable fire extinguishers of a type suitable for
fighting fires involving flammable or combustible liquids, shall be
provided in all dry cleaning plants; at least one extinguisher shall
be provided at each entrance to every room or area where flam-
mable or combustible liquids are stored or used.
Section 9.18. Smoking Prohibited.
Smoking in plants employing Class II or Class III systems,
except in smoking rooms so designated, shall be strictly prohibited
and "No Smoking" signs shall be posted.
40
DUST EXPLOSIONS, PREVENTION OF SEC. 10.3
ARTICLE 10
DUST EXPLOSIONS, PREVENTION OF
Section 10.1. Definition.
Dust as used in this article shall mean pulverized particles of
any material which, if mixed with air in the proper proportions,
become explosive and may be ignited by a flame or spark.
Section 10.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be obtained for the operation of any grain
elevator, flour, starch or feed mill, or plant pulverizing aluminum,
coal, cocoa, plastics, magnesium, spices, sugar, or other material
producing dust as defined in section 10.1.
Section 10.3 General Requirements.
a. All dust-producing or dust-agitating machinery such as
grinding mills and separators, and all elevators, elevator legs,
spouts, hoppers and other conveyors shall be provided with cas-
ings or enclosures maintained as nearly dust-tight as possible.
b. Approved magnetic or pneumatic separators shall be in-
stalled ahead of all shellers, crackers, crushers, grinding machines,
pulverizers and similar machines in which the entrance of foreign
materials may cause sparks to be generated.
c. Suitable dust collecting equipment shall be installed and
accumulation of dust shall be kept at a minimum in the interior of
buildings.
d. All machinery and metal parts of the crushing, drying,
pulverizing and conveying systems shall be electrically grounded.
e. Smoking and the carrying of matches, the use of heating or
other devices employing an open flame, or use of any spark pro-
ducing equipment is prohibited in areas containing dust-producing
or dust-agitating operations.
f. Artificial lighting in areas containing dust producing or
dust-agitating operations shall be by electricity. All electrical
wiring and equipment in such areas shall be installed so as to be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that all elec-
trical wiring and equipment in such areas has been installed in
41
SEC. 10.3 DUST EXPLOSIONS, PREVENTION OF
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
10.3 f in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence
that such electrical wiring and equipment are reasonably safe to
persons and property.
g. Plants producing dusts shall be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Plants producing dusts which conform to the applic-
able provisions of this code shall be deemed to be reasonably safe
to persons and property; on matters not covered in this code.
Conformity of plants producing dusts to the applicable standards
specified for this section 10.3 g in article 31 of this Fire Prevention
Code shall be evidence that such plants are reasonably safe to
persons and property.
42
EXIT WAYS, MAINTENANCE OF SEC. 11.4
ARTICLE 11
EXIT WAYS, MAINTENANCE OF
Section 11.1. Obstructions to Means of Egress.
a. No person shall at any time place an encumbrance of any
kind before or upon any fire escape, balcony or ladder intended as a
means of escape from fire.
b. In other than dwellings, no person shall place, store or
keep, or permit to be placed, stored or kept on or under or at the
bottom of any exit stairway, inside or outside, exit hallway,
elevator or other means of egress, any materials the presence or
the burning of which would obstruct or render hazardous, egress
of persons from the building.
c. No aisle, passageway or stairway in any mercantile occu-
pancy shall be obstructed with tables, show cases, or other obstruc-
tion during hours such occupancy is open to the public.
d. All doors in or leading to required exitways shall be kept
unlocked at all times when the building or floor area served thereby
is occupied.
Section 11.2. Marking of Exit Ways.
a. In rooms accommodating more than 100 persons, required
exit doorways, other than those normally used for entrance, shall
be plainly marked by approved exit signs, sufficiently illuminated
when the floor area is occupied, to be readily distinguished.
b. Where the exit doorways are not visible from all locations
in public corridors, directional signs, as required by the Bureau
of Fire Prevention shall be placed on walls or otherwise displayed
in conspicuous locations to direct occupants to exit doorways.
Section 11.3. Lighting of Exit Ways.
Required stairways, hallways and other means of egress,
including exterior open spaces to or through which exit ways lead,
shall be kept adequately lighted at all times that the building
served thereby is occupied.
Section 11.4. Stairway Doors to be Kept Closed.
It shall be unlawful to block open any stairway enclosure door
which leads to or from a floor of the building, and which by law
is required to be self closing.
43
SEC. 12.1 EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS
ARTICLE 12
EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION AND BLASTING AGENTS
Section 12.1. Scope.
a. This article shall apply to the manufacture, possession,
storage, sale, transportation, and use of explosives, blasting agents,
pyrotechnics, and ammunition except as provided in section 12.1 b.
b. Nothing in this article shall be construed as applying to:
(1) The Armed Forces of the United States or the State
Militia.
(2) Explosives in forms prescribed by the official United
States Pharmacopeia.
(3) The sale or use of fireworks.
(4) The possession, transportation and use of small arms
ammunition or special industrial explosive devices.
(5) The possession, storage, transportation and use of not
more than 20 pounds of smokeless propellant and 1,000 small
arms primers for hand loading of small arms ammunition for
personal use.
(6) The manufacture, possession, storage and use of not
more than 15 pounds of explosives or blasting agents, exclusive
of smokeless propellents in educational, governmental or indus-
trial laboratories for instructional or research purposes when
under direct supervision of experienced competent persons.
(7) The transportation and use of explosives or blasting
agents by the United States Bureau of Mines, the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, the United States Secret Service or
Police and Fire Departments acting in their official capacity.
Section 12.2. Definitions.
a. Blasting agent shall mean any material or mixture, con-
sisting of a fuel and oxidizer, intended for blasting, not otherwise
classified as an explosive, in which none of the ingredients are
classified as explosives, provided that the finished product, as
mixed and packaged for use or shipment, cannot be detonated by
means of a No. 8 test blasting cap when unconfined. Materials or
44
EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION &BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.2
mixtures classified as nitro carbo nitrates by Interstate Commerce
Commission Regulations shall be included in this definition.
b. Carrier shall mean persons who engage in the transporta-
tion of articles or materials by rail, highway, water or air.
c. Explosive shall mean any chemical compound, mixture, or
device, the primary or common purpose of which is to function by
explosion. The term "explosive" includes all materials classified
as Class A, Class B or Classs C explosives by Interstate Commerce
Commission Regulations, and includes, but is not limited to, dyna-
mite, black powder, pellet powders, initiating explosives, blasting
caps, electric blasting caps, safety fuse, fuse igniters, fuse lighters,
squibs, cordeau detonant fuse, instantaneous fuse, igniter cord and
igniters, small arms ammunition, small arms ammunition primers,
smokeless propellant, cartridges for propellant-actuated power de-
vices and cartridges for industrial guns, and pyrotechnics.
d. Explosive-actuated power device shall mean any tool or
special mechanized device which is actuated by explosives, but not
to include propellant-actuated power devices. Examples of explo-
sive-actuated power devices are jet tappers and jet perforators.
e. Explosive material shall mean any quantity of Class A,
Class B, Class C explosives and any other chemical compounds or
mixtures thereof used as the propelling or exploding material in
any cartridge or other explosive device.
f. Highway shall mean any public street, alley or road.
g. Inhabited building shall mean a building or structure reg-
ularly used in whole or in part as a place of human habitation. The
term "inhabited building" shall also mean any church, school,
store, railway passenger station, airport terminal for passengers,
and any other building or structure where people are accustomed
to congregate or assemble, but excluding any building or structure
occupied in connection with the manufacture, transportation, stor-
age and use of explosives and blasting agents.
h. Magazine shall mean any building or structure approved
for the storage of explosives.
i. Propellant-actuated power device shall mean any tool or
special mechanized device or gas generator system which is actu-
ated by a smokeless propellant or which releases and directs work
through a smokeless propellant charge.
45
SEC. 12.2 EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS
j. Public conveyance shall mean any railway car, street car,
cab, bus, airplane or other vehicle transporting passengers for hire.
k. Pyrotechnic shall mean any special fireworks (not included
in article 13), which are manufactured and designed primarily for
producing visible and audible pyrotechnic effects by a combustible
explosion, and which are of such composition so as to be included
under Class B explosives, as defined by the Interstate Commerce
Commission Regulations.
1. Railway shall mean and include any steam, electric, or other
railroad or railway which carries passengers for hire.
m. Small arms ammunition shall mean any shotgun, rifle,
pistol or revolver cartridge and cartridges for propellant-actuated
power devices and industrial guns.
n. Small arms ammunition primer shall mean a small percus-
sion-sensitive explosive charge, encased in a cap, used to ignite
propellant powder.
o. Smokeless propellant shall mean solid propellants, com-
monly called smokeless powders in the trade, used in small arms
ammunition, cannon, rockets, or propellant-actuated power devices.
p. Special industrial explosive device shall mean any explo-
sive-actuated power devices and propellant-actuated power devices.
q. Special industrial explosive material shall mean shaped
materials and sheet forms and various other extrusions, pellets and
packages of high explosives, containing dynamite, trinitrotoluol,
pentaerythritoltetranitrate, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, or other
similar compounds used for high-energy-rate forming, expanding
and shaping in metal fabrication, and for dismemberment and quick
reduction of scrap metal.
r. Terminal shall mean those facilities used by carriers for
the receipt, transfer, temporary storage or delivery of articles or
materials.
s. Test blasting cap No. 8 shall mean one containing 2 grams
of a mixture of 80% mercury fulminate and 20% potassium chlo-
rate, or a cap of equivalent strength.
t. Vehicle shall mean a conveyance of any type operated
upon the highways.
46
EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.3
Section 12.3. Permits Required.
a. Permits shall be obtained:
(1) To manufacture, possess, store, sell or otherwise dis-
pose of explosives, blasting agents, or small arms ammunition.
(2) To transport explosives or blasting agents.
(3) To use explosives or blasting agents.
(4) To operate a terminal for handling explosives or blast-
ing agents.
(5) To deliver to or receive explosives or blasting agents
from a carrier at a terminal between the hours of sunset and
sunrise.
(6) To transport blasting caps or electric blasting caps
on the same vehicle with explosives.
b. Permits required by section 12.3a (1) shall not be issued
for:
(1) Liquid nitroglycerin.
(2) Dynamite (except gelatin dynamite) containing over
60% of liquid explosive ingredient.
(3) Dynamite having an unsatisfactory absorbent or one
that permits leakage of a liquid explosive ingredient under
any conditions liable to exist during storage.
(4) Nitrocellulose in a dry and uncompressed condition
in quantity greater than ten pounds net weight in one package.
(5) Fulminate of mercury in a dry condition and fulmi-
nate of all other metals in any condition except as a component
of manufactured articles not hereinafter forbidden.
(6) Explosive compositions that ignite spontaneously or
undergo marked decomposition, rendering the products or
their use more hazardous, when subjected to forty-eight con-
secutive hours or less to a temperature of 167° F.
(7) New explosives until approved by the Interstate Com-
merce Commission, except that permits may be issued to edu-
cational, governmental or industrial laboratories for instruc-
tional or research purposes.
•
(8) Explosives condemned by the Interstate Commerce
Commission.
47
SEC. 12.4 EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION cat BLASTING AGENTS
(9) Explosives not packed or marked in accordance with
the requirements of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
(10) Explosives containing an ammonium salt and a
chlorate.
Section 12.4. Bond Required for Blasting.
Before a permit to do blasting as required under section
12.3a (3) shall be issued, the applicant for such permit shall file
a bond deemed adequate in each case by the Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention, which bond shall become available for the payment of any
damages arising from the permitted blasting.
Section 12.5. General Requirements.
a. The manufacture of any explosives, blasting agents, in-
cluding small arms ammunition, and pyrotechnics, as herein de-
fined, shall be prohibited unless such manufacture is authorized
by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention. This shall not apply
to hand loading of small arms ammunition prepared for personal
use when not for resale.
b. The storage of explosives and blasting agents is prohibited
within the limits established by law as the limits of the district in
which such storage is to be prohibited, except for temporary stor-
age for use in connection with approved blasting operations: pro-
vided, however, this prohibition shall not apply to wholesale and
retail stocks of small arms ammunition, fuses, lighters, fuse ignit-
ers, and safety fuses (not including cordeau detonant fuses) in
quantities involving less than 500 pounds of explosive material;
nor shall it apply to explosive-actuated power devices, when em-
ployed in construction operations in highly populated areas, in
quantities involving less than 50 pounds of explosive material.
c. The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may limit the
quantity of explosives, blasting agents, or ammunition to be per-
mitted at any location.
d. No person shall sell or display explosives or blasting agents
on highways, sidewalks, public property or in places of public
assembly.
Section 12.6. Storage of Explosives.
a. Explosives, including special industrial explosive materials
and any newly developed and unclassified explosive, shall be stored
48
EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.6
in magazines which comply with this article. This shall not be
construed as applying to wholesale and retail stocks of small arms
ammunition, explosive bolts, fuses, lighters, fuse igniters and safety
fuses (not including cordeau detonant fuses) in quantities involv-
ing less than 500 pounds of explosive material; nor shall it apply to
explosive-actuated power devices, when employed in construction
operation in highly populated areas, in quantities involving less
than 50 pounds of explosive material.
b. Magazines shall be in the custody of a competent person
at all times who shall be at least 21 years of age, and who shall
be held responsible for compliance with all safety precautions.
c. Smoking, matches, open flames, spark producing devices
and firearms shall be prohibited inside or within 50 feet of maga-
zines. Combustible materials shall not be stored within 50 feet
of magazines.
d. The land surrounding magazines shall be kept clear of
brush, dried grass, leaves, trash and debris for a distance of at
least 25 feet.
e. Magazines shall be kept locked except when being inspected
or when explosives are being placed therein or being removed
therefrom.
f. Magazines shall be kept clean, dry and free of grit, paper,
empty packages and rubbish.
g. Magazines shall not be provided with artificial heat or
light, except that if artificial light is necessary, an approved elec-
tric safety flashlight or safety lantern shall be used.
h. Blasting caps, electric blasting caps, detonating primers
and primed cartridges shall not be stored in the same magazine
with other explosives.
i. Magazines shall be of two types, namely: Class I and
Class II.
j. Class I magazines shall be used for the storage of explosives
when quantities are in excess of fifty pounds of explosive material.
k. Class I or Class II magazines shall be used for the storage
of explosives in quantities of 50 pounds or less of explosive material
except that a Class II magazine may be used for temporary storage
of a larger quantity of explosives at the site of blasting operations
49
SEC. 12.6 EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS
where such amount constitutes not more than one day's supply for
use in current operations.
1. Class I and Class II magazines shall be located away from
inhabited buildings, passenger railways, public highways and other
magazines in accordance with Table 12.6, except as provided in
section 12.6 m.
m. The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may authorize
the storage of up to 50 pounds of explosives and 5000 blasting caps
in wholesale and retail hardware stores or other approved estab-
lishments. Explosives and blasting caps shall be stored in sep-
arate Class II magazines at approved locations on the first floor
or basement provided an exit to the outside of the building is
not more than 10 feet away. A distance of 10 feet shall be main-
tained between the magazines. Their location shall not be changed
without approval of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
n. At the site of blasting operations, a distance of at least
150 feet shall be maintained between Class II magazines and the
blast area when the quantity of explosives temporarily kept therein
is in excess of 25 pounds, and at least 50 feet when the quantity
of explosives is 25 pounds or less.
o. Class I magazines shall be designed and constructed so
as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that
Class I magazines have been designed and constructed in accord-
ance with the applicable standard specified for this section 12.6 o
in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that
such Class I magazines are reasonably safe to persons and property.
p. Class I magazines shall have openings only for ventilation
and entrance.
q. Class II magazines shall be constructed of 2-inch tongue
and grooved hardwood covered on the outside with 0.0359 inch
thickness sheet steel (no. 18 manufacturers' standard gauge) or
equivalent aluminum, or of all metal construction with sides,
bottom, and cover of sheet metal lined with /-inch plywood or
the equivalent. Edges of metal covers shall overlap sides at least
one inch. Class II magazines when located in wholesale and retail
hardware stores or other approved establishments shall be mounted
on casters or wheels to facilitate removal.
r. Magazines for the storage of explosives shall be weather
resistant and properly ventilated, and when used for storage of
50
EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.6
Class A explosives other than black powder, blasting caps and
electric blasting caps, shall also be bullet resistant.
s. Property upon which Class I magazines are located shall
be posted with signs reading "Explosives—Keep Off." Such signs
shall be located so as to minimize the possibility of a bullet
traveling in the direction of the magazine if anyone shoots at
the sign.
t. Class II magazines shall be painted red and shall bear
lettering in white, on all sides and top at least three inches high,
"Explosives—Keep Fire Away."
u. Packages of explosives shall not be unpacked or repacked
in a magazine nor within 50 feet of a magazine.
v. Magazines shall not be used for the storage of any metal
tools or of any commodity except explosives, but this restriction
shall not apply to the storage of blasting agents, blasting supplies
and oxidizers used in compounding blasting agents.
w. When an explosive has deteriorated to an extent that it is
in an unstable or dangerous condition, or if nitroglycerin leaks from
any explosive,then the person in possession of such explosive shall
immediately report the fact to the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention and upon his authorization shall proceed to destroy
such explosives and clean floors stained with nitroglycerin in ac-
cordance with the instructions of the manufacturer. Only experi-
enced persons shall do the work of destroying explosives.
x. Packages of explosives shall be laid flat with top side up.
Black powder when stored in magazines with other explosives shall
be stored separately. Black powder stored in kegs shall be stored
on ends, bungs down, or on side, seams down. Corresponding
grades and brands shall be stored together in such a manner that
brands and grade marks show. All stocks shall be stored so as to
be easily counted and checked. Packages of explosives shall be
piled in a stable manner. When any kind of explosive is removed
from a magazine for use, the oldest explosive of that particular
kind shall always be taken first.
y. When magazines need inside repairs, all explosives shall
be removed therefrom and the floors cleaned. In making outside
repairs, if there is a possibility of causing sparks or fire, the
explosives shall be removed from the magazine. Explosives re-
moved from the magazine under repair shall either be placed in
51
SEC. 12.7 EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS
another magazine or placed a safe distance from the magazine
where they shall be properly guarded and protected until repairs
have been completed, when they shall be returned to the magazine.
Section 12.7. Transportation of Explosives.
a. Explosives shall not be transported on public conveyances.
b. Vehicles used for transporting explosives shall be strong
enough to carry the load without difficulty and shall be in good
mechanical condition. If vehicles do not have a closed body, the
body shall be covered with a flameproof and moistureproof tar-
paulin or other effective protection against moisture and sparks.
Such vehicles shall have tight floors and exposed spark-producing
metal on the inside of the body shall be covered with wood or other
non-sparking material to prevent contact with packages of explo-
sives. Packages of explosives shall not be loaded above the sides
of open-body vehicles.
c. Explosives may be loaded into and transported in a truck,
truck with semi-trailer, truck with full trailer, truck tractor with
semi-trailer, or truck tractor with semi-trailor and full trailer.
Explosives shall not be transported on any pole trailer.
d. Every vehicle when used for transporting explosives shall
be equipped with not less than two approved portable fire extin-
guishers of appropriate size and type for flammable or combustible
liquid fires so as to provide reasonable safety to persons and prop-
erty. Evidence that approved portable fire extinguishers of appro-
priate size and type for flammable or combustible liquid fires have
been provided in accordance with the applicable standard specified
for this section 12.7 d in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code
shall be evidence that such portable fire extinguishers provide
reasonable safety to persons and property. At least one portable
fire extinguisher shall be located near the driver's seat.
e. It shall be the duty of the person to whom a permit has
been issued to transport explosives over the highways of the
municipality, to inspect daily those vehicles employed by him to
determine that:
(1) Fire extinguishers are filled and in operating con-
dition.
(2) Electric wires are insulated and securely fastened.
52
EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.7
(3) The motor, chassis and body are reasonably clean and
free of excessive grease and oil.
(4) The fuel tank and fuel line are securely fastened and
are not leaking.
(5) Brakes, lights, horn, windshield wipers and steering
mechanism are functioning properly.
(6) Tires are properly inflated and free of defects.
(7) The vehicle is in proper condition for transporting
explosives.
f. Spark producing metals or spark producing metal tools shall
not be carried in the body of a vehicle transporting explosives.
g. Only those dangerous articles authorized to be loaded with
explosives by Interstate Commerce Commission Regulations shall
be carried in the body of a vehicle transporting explosives.
h. No person shall smoke, carry matches or any other flame-
producing device, or carry any firearms or loaded cartridges while
in or near a vehicle transporting explosives; or drive, load or un-
load any such vehicle in a careless or reckless manner.
i. Vehicles transporting explosives shall be in the custody of
drivers who are physically fit, careful, capable, reliable, able to
read and write the English language, not addicted to the use or
under the influence of intoxicants or narcotics, and not less than 21
years of age. They shall be familiar with state and municipal
traffic regulations, and the provisions of this article governing the
transportation of explosives.
j. Every vehicle transporting explosives shall be marked or
placarded on both sides, front and rear, with the word "Explosives"
in letters not less than three inches high on a contrasting back-
ground.
k. Blasting caps, or electric blasting caps, shall not be trans-
ported over the highways of the municipality on the same vehicle
with other explosives, except by permission of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention.
1. Vehicles transporting explosives and traveling in the same
direction shall not be driven within three hundred feet of each
other.
m. Vehicles transporting explosives shall be routed to avoid
congested traffic and densely populated areas.
53
SEC. 12.8 EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS
n. Explosives shall not be transported through any completed
vehicular tunnel or subway.
0. Vehicles transporting explosives shall not be left unat-
tended at any time within the municipality.
p. Unauthorized persons shall not ride on vehicles transport-
ing explosives.
q. The fire and police departments shall be promptly notified
when a vehicle transporting explosives is involved in an accident,
breaks down, or catches fire. Only in the event of such an emer-
gency shall the transfer of explosives from one vehicle to another
vehicle be allowed on highways within the municipality and only
when qualified supervision is provided. Except in such an emer-
gency, a vehicle transporting explosives shall not be parked before
reaching its destination on highways within the municipality or
adjacent to or in proximity to any bridge, tunnel, dwelling, build-
ing or place where people work, congregate or assemble.
r. Delivery shall only be made to authorized persons and into
approved magazines or approved temporary storage or handling
areas.
s. Vehicles containing explosives shall not be taken into a
garage, or repair shop, for repairs or storage.
Section 12.8. Use and Handling of Explosives.
a. Blasting operations shall be conducted during daylight
hours except when authorized at other times by the Chief of the
Bureau of Fire Prevention.
b. The handling and firing of explosives shall be performed
by the person possessing a permit to use explosives or by em-
ployees under his direct supervision who are at least 21 years old.
c. No person shall handle explosives while under the influence
of intoxicants or narcotics.
d. No person shall smoke or carry matches while handling
explosives or while in the vicinity thereof.
e. No open flame light shall be used in the vicinity of ex-
plosives.
f. Whenever blasting is being conducted in the vicinity of
gas, electric, water, fire alarm, telephone, telegraph or steam utili-
ties, the blaster shall notify the appropriate representatives of such
utilities at least 24 hours in advance of blasting, specifying the
54
EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.8
location and intended time of such blasting. Verbal notice shall
be confirmed with written notice. In an emergency this time limit
may be waived by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
g. Blasting operations shall be conducted so as to be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that blasting opera-
tions have been conducted in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 12.8 g in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code shall be evidence that such blasting operations
are reasonably safe to persons and property.
h. Before a blast is fired, the person in charge shall make
certain that all surplus explosives are in a safe place, all persons
and vehicles are at a safe distance or under sufficient cover, and
a loud warning signal has been sounded.
i. Due precautions shall be taken to prevent accidental dis-
charge of electric blasting caps from current induced by radio
or radar transmitters, lightning, adjacent power lines, dust storms,
or other sources of extraneous electricity. These precautions shall
include:
(1) The suspension of all blasting operations and removal
of persons from the blasting area during the approach and
progress of an electric storm.
(2) The posting of signs warning against the use of mobile
radio transmitters on all roads within 350 feet of the blast-
ing operations.
(3) Compliance with section 12.8 g when blasting within
1/ miles of broadcast or highpower short wave radio trans-
mitters.
j. When blasting is done in congested areas or in close prox-
imity to a building, structure, railway, highway or any other instal-
lation that may be damaged, the blast shall be covered before firing,
with a mat constructed so that it is capable of preventing rock
from being thrown into the air.
k. Tools used for opening packages of explosives shall be con-
structed of non-sparking materials.
1. Empty boxes and paper and fiber packing materials which
have previously contained high explosives shall not be used again
for any purpose, but shall be destroyed by burning at an approved
55
SEC. 12.9 EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS
isolated location out of doors, and no person shall be nearer than
100 feet after the burning has started.
m. Explosives shall not be abandoned.
Section 12.9. Explosives and Blasting Agents at Terminals.
a. The Bureau of Fire Prevention may designate the location
and specify the maximum quantity of explosives or blasting agents
which may be loaded, unloaded, reloaded or temporarily retained
at each terminal where such operations are permitted.
b. Shipments of explosives or blasting agents delivered to
carriers shall comply with Interstate Commerce Commission Reg-
ulations.
c. Carriers shall immediately notify the Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention when explosives or blasting agents are received at
terminals.
d. Carriers shall immediately notify consignees of the arrival
of explosives or blasting agents at terminals.
e. The consignee of a shipment of explosives or blasting
agents shall remove them from the carrier's terminal within 48
hours, Sundays and holidays excluded, after being notified of their
arrival.
Section 12.10. Blasting Agents, General Requirements.
a. Unless otherwise set forth in sections 12.12 and 12.13, blast-
ing agents shall be transported, stored, and used in the same man-
ner as explosives.
b. When oxidizers are stored inside a building used for mixing
or storage of blasting agents or outside such a building and within
the magazine separation distance from it, the weight of the oxidizer
shall be added to the weight of the blasting agent when calculating
the total quantity of material involved for application of Table 12.6.
Section 12.11. Mixing Blasting Agents.
a. Buildings or other facilities used for mixing blasting agents
shall be located away from inhabited buildings, passenger rail-
ways and public highways, in accordance with Table 12.6.
b. Not more than one day's production of blasting agents or
the limit determined by Table 12.6, whichever is less, shall be per-
mitted in or near the building or other facility used for mixing
56
EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.12
blasting agents. Larger quantities shall be stored in separate
buildings or magazines.
c. Buildings or other facilities used for the mixing of blasting
agents shall be designed and constructed so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Evidence that buildings or other
facilities used for the mixing of blasting agents have been designed
and constructed in accordance with the applicable standard speci-
fied for this section 12.11 c in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code
shall be evidence that such buildings or other facilities are reason-
ably safe to persons and property.
d. Compounding and mixing of recognized formulations of
blasting agents shall be conducted so that no liquid fuel with a
flash point lower than that of No. 2 Diesel fuel oil (125° F mini-
mum or legal) is used and shall be performed to provide reason-
able safety to persons and property. Evidence that compounding
and mixing of recognized formulations of blasting agents have
been conducted in accordance with the applicable standard speci-
fied for this section 12.11 d in article 31 of this Fire Prevention
Code shall be evidence that such compounding and mixing are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
e. Smoking or open flames shall not be permitted in or within
50 feet of any building or facility used for the mixing of blasting
agents.
f. Empty oxidizer bags shall be disposed of daily by burning
in a safe manner in the open at a safe distance from buildings or
combustible materials.
Section 12.12. Storage of Blasting Agents and Supplies.
a. Blasting agents or oxidizers, when stored in conjunction
with explosives, shall be stored in the manner set forth in sec-
tion 12.6. The quantity of blasting agents or oxidizers shall be
included when computing the total quantity of explosives for de-
termining distance requirements.
b. Blasting agents, when stored entirely separate from explo-
sives, may be stored as provided in:
(1) Section 12.6, or
(2) One story warehouses of fire resistive or noncom-
bustible construction without basements, constructed so as
57
SEC. 12.13 EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS
to eliminate open floor drains and piping into which molten
materials could flow and be confined in case of fire, weather
resistant, well ventilated, and equipped with a strong door
kept securely locked except when open for business.
c. Buildings used for the storage of blasting agents separate
from explosives shall be located away from inhabited buildings,
passenger railways and public highways, in accordance with
Table 12.6.
d. The interior of buildings used for the storage of blasting
agents shall be kept clean and free from debris and empty con-
tainers. Spilled materials shall be cleaned up promptly and safely
removed. Combustible materials, flammable liquids, corrosive
acids, chlorates, nitrates other than ammonium nitrate shall not
be stored in any building containing blasting agents unless sep-
arated therefrom by construction having a fire-resistance rating of
not less than one hour. The provisions of this section shall not
prohibit the storage of blasting agents together with non-explosive
blasting supplies.
e. Semi-trailers or full trailers may be used for temporarily
storing blasting agents, provided they are located away from in-
habited buildings, passenger railways and public highways, in
accordance with Table 12.6. Trailers shall be provided with sub-
stantial means for locking, and the trailer doors shall be kept locked
except during the time of placement or removal of blasting agents.
f. Piles of oxidizers and buildings containing oxidizers shall
be adequately separated from readily combustible fuels.
g. Caked oxidizers, either in bags or in bulk, shall not be
loosened by blasting.
Section 12.13. Transportation of Blasting Agents.
a. When blasting agents are transported in the same vehicle
with explosives, section 12.7 shall apply.
b. Vehicles transporting blasting agents shall be in safe op-
erating condition at all times.
c. Every vehicle transporting blasting agents shall be marked
or placarded on both sides, front and rear, with the word
"Dangerous" and also the words "Blasting Agents," in letters not
less than three inches high on a contrasting background.
58
EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.13
d. No oils, matches, firearms, acids or other corrosive liquids
shall be carried in the body of any vehicle transporting blasting
agents.
e. No person shall be permitted to ride upon, drive, load or
unload a vehicle containing blasting agents while smoking or under
the influence of intoxicants, stimulating or depressing drugs, or
narcotics.
59
TABLE 12.6 EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION & BLASTING AGENTS
o L
A F.
W w o N 1.0�00MN0,eh Os.nOsn 0.0O�Osn 0.nsn.0v').0.0.0 sr)In in in.n.0 in O to
A ro m 00 UOs Os o.-..--'NN en'I-.t.1.0s0\0t.1,4000O Os 04-.NM V',n 01�CO ON,--I Ms000
0. .0 .r.-.1*.--..--i.-+.r.rr......-4.-..--..-+....-a.-+NNNNNNNNNNMMMM
Usn
41 a
CO W¢ SS3 �OWCsMOSO00N0 so o W000O M0O0, N ,n .0.k' °z .-i d' 00 d',n .1- v0 OOOO M Q,
xi s
NN NNM M MM V'�'1 ' ' V'.n sn so so sn.n so sn sn.n sn to sn 000O 0 00 000sOs0
I.(n a Z
M
(Wj v T O.no•nOOtnOOOOO.nOsno•nO0to000snOOov)O.o.1ccooM
U bn0 Os ONMt�oN et CO N M 71•nt.Os•-+M SOts,CS ,ON.--1 CO in O N M 1, �0p in 00.--I Mr I�
Z•C, pg> MM1-V'7-cr.nsn sn M so s0 s0 so s0 s0s01�t�t�IN.1�n 00 00 00 00 00 ON 0,Cr,0sCr,0OO
H 1-1 FF a'a
'in
Atn y
...., v bn .n00.n.n0tosn0Oo snsn CO M sn 000 sn M M to 00.1sn 000.0 sn snsn
A. W op.5 000 V't\.n CO Ol�7rO SO.-+SO.--'M0s M 00, --.Min0 in.-+1�
,x -0 CO Os ON Os o.�NNM'ct�t.0.0 sO sOsOl�t�t,00 00 00,00 00 0�010,0,000.-+.-,NN
W 0 4 A... .r ,--.�.�.-i.-+- ti.4 — .. .-i.-i.-+.-i N N N N N N N
NW
•++
O —
08
08
oci
baO)l gO 00.16 0 00 00o0oo0 00000"000000000000000
O W az ,--'.-...--.NNMM��snsn sO SO t\i\CO 00 ON ON O.--'N M V'M so ts.oO os N N N N NM
7
cn to
O pp pp pp Co 0 0 CO pp S pO CO pppp pO CD
µ' P. 'd w 0 0 o 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000000000
N W ap �N+'�s000OsnosriOsrjOsnO•n OsoOsn Osri0000000000pOo'Osri
y �o0 NNMM 7snsn so s01\t\000O ON ON O.-.N M�v's s01\000s 0.-+M sn t\
V N N N N N
CO
r
m
A
W a 11
O A ° a
0 W w.N '0000.-'N�sn0D000s.-.en�I�Os.-.N Msn0O Os,--.M sn OsNOO.-+sn 00N000N
A Q be NN N CV CV M en en en en en�� �71-sn sn 000 t�1.1�00
CO 0 In
Ey H a
M
O a E.g.>y o•n•notnoo•no.n•nU000•n•ooto0•no•1o•nop•no.n.n.nosn$0
( k+C 0, MM�ttotoso1�1�00o00.0.--.NMM�snsn .ot�l�C000 a..-. MA•n.n ti
V Paws. N NNNNNN
cn
V ti
W M
W vn O.nsnCsn00•n0•n.nsn000MsnO.n0000.n.00sr> n.n.n00.n.n0
U IA�' M 7.n.00[-s .00000,0.--'NMM7sn.0s01\00 ON Cr‘0 N VDsn I'...Os.--'N MrPl�
Z-. o G .-+.--,.-..-..-+........N N N N N N CO CO M PM)CM)
to MF aa
N Acn
"~ v tb OOO.n00000snsn to O to 00.o.n0 sn 000sn.n 0 sn sn 00 sn so sn
Z' E. t�ON..-IN 7 so t�ON Mtol�ps Nel•sni\O.O.
N sn t�ON O BOOM Op Mt,0 M s0t�
N W sorob '•-+•-••...--'.--'N N N N N N M M M M en-I-V' �V'•n.0 to sO'Ot�t.00000000
to▪ 3 4w
Els. pp p Cpp pp ppp pp 8 pp pC pp S CpCp
.n O No-4-O n 0 Sr) 0 sn 0000000000C'so coo00000000000'O> .-I.-'..4 N N M'd'.0s0 ts.00 Os orsi s0
a0 .-z -i.-i ti.-i N N'M sri b c-00 O\0'^N"
41 I'z
N
to
0
a t�lsnoo0o0snosno 0 000000 000000 00 o00
a .NMv•nt.o-.'C.00000000 0000000000C'000
.�' i .,NNMet.n n00 NVs000 .n0000 000
W aO ,--'•--.•..•- •-,N N M'e}to sO'l�00 0;O
�n 4-.
W
EXPLOSIVES,AMMUNITION&BLASTING AGENTS SEC. 12.6
NOTE 1: All types of blasting caps in strengths through No. 8 shall be rated
at 1% pounds of explosives per 1000 caps.
NOTE 2: "Barricaded" means that a building containing explosives is effec-
tually screened from a magazine, building, railway, or highway, either by a natural
barricade, or by an artificial barricade of such height that a straight line from
the top of any sidewall of the building containing explosives to the eave line of
any magazine, or building, or to a point twelve feet above the center of a railway
or highway, will pass through such intervening natural or artificial barricade.
NOTE 3: "Artificial Barricade" means as artificial mound or revetted wall of
earth of a minimum thickness of three feet.
NOTE 4: "Natural Barricade" means natural features of the ground, such as
hills, or timber of sufficient density that the surrounding exposures which require
protection cannot be seen from the magazine when the trees are bare of leaves.
NOTE 5: When a building containing explosives is not barricaded, the dis-
tances shown in the Table shall be doubled.
NOTE 6: When two or more storage magazines are located on the same prop-
erty, each magazine shall comply with minimum distances specified from inhabited
buildings, railways, and highways, and in addition they shall be separated from
each other by not less than the distances shown for "Separation of Magazines,"
except that the quantity of explosives contained in cap magazines shall govern in
regard to the spacing of said cap magazines from magazines containing other
explosives. If any two or more magazines are separated from each other by less
than the specified "Separation of Magazines" distances, then such two or more
magazines, as a group, shall be considered as one magazine, and the total quantity
of explosives stored in such group must be treated as if stored in a single magazine
located on the site of any magazine of the group, and shall comply with the dis-
tances specified from other magazines, inhabited buildings, railways, and highways.
NOTE 7: This table applies only to the manufacture and permanent storage
of commercial explosives. It is not applicable to transportation of explosives, or
any handling of temporary storage necessary or incident thereto. It is not intended
to apply to bombs, projectiles, or other heavily encased explosives.
61
x
SEC. 13.1 FIREWORKS
ARTICLE 13
FIREWORKS
Section 13.1. Scope.
a. This article shall apply to fireworks as hereinafter defined,
except as provided in section 13.1 b.
b. Nothing in this article shall be construed to prohibit any
resident wholesaler, dealer, or jobber to sell at wholesale such fire-
works as are not herein prohibited; or the sale of any kind of fire-
works provided the same are to be shipped directly out of state;
in accordance with the Interstate Commerce Commission Regu-
lations covering the transportation of explosives and other danger-
ous articles by motor, rail, and water; or the use of fireworks
by railroads or other transportation agencies for signal purposes
or illumination, or the sale or use of blank cartridges for a show
or theater, or for signal or ceremonial purposes in athletics or
sports, or for use by military organizations. Such wholesalers,
dealers, and jobbers shall store their supplies of fireworks in ac-
cordance with section 12.6.
Section 13.2. Definition.
Fireworks shall`mean and include any combustible or explo-
sive composition, or any substance or combination of substances,
or article prepared for the purpose of producing a visible or an
audible effect by combustion, explosion, deflagration or detonation,
and shall include blank cartridges, toy pistols, toy cannons, toy
canes,or toy guns in which explosives are used,the type of balloons
which require fire underneath to propel the same, firecrackers,
torpedoes, sykrockets, Roman candles, Daygo bombs, sparklers,
or other devices of like construction and any devices containing any
explosive or flammable compound, or any tablets or other devices
containing any explosive substance, except that the term "fire-
works" shall not include auto flares, paper caps containing not in
excess of an average of twenty-five hundredths of a grain of explo-
sive content per cap manufactured in accordance with the Inter-
state Commerce Commission Regulations for packing and shipping
as provided therein, and toy pistols, toy canes, toy guns or other
devices for use of such caps, the sale and use of which shall be per-
62
FIREWORKS SEC. 13.3
mitted at all times. Pyrotechnics (special fireworks) shall comply
with the applicable provisions of article 12.
Section 13.3. Manufacture, Sale and Discharge of Fireworks.
a. The manufacture of fireworks is prohibited within the
municipality.
b. Except as hereinafter provided it shall be unlawful for any
person to store, to offer for sale, expose for sale, sell at retail, or
use or explode any fireworks; provided that the State Fire Marshall
or other appropriate state official or department or any local
municipal authorities delegated by the State Fire Marshal may
adopt reasonable rules and regulations for the granting of per-
mits for supervised public displays of fireworks by municipalities,
fair associations, amusement parks, and other organizations or
group of individuals. Such permits may be granted upon applica-
tion to said State Fire Marshal and after approval of the local
police and fire authorities of the community wherein the display is
proposed to be held as provided herein and the filing of a bond
by the applicant as provided hereinafter. Every such display shall
be handled by a competent operator licensed or certified as to
competency by the State Fire Marshal and shall be of such com-
position, character, and so located, discharged or fired as in the
opinion of the Chief of the Fire Department, after proper inspec-
tion, and of the Chief of Police, shall not be hazardous to property
or endanger any person or persons.
c. Application for permits shall be made in writing at least
thirty days in advance of the date of the display. After such privi-
lege has been granted, sale, possession, use and distribution of
fireworks for such display shall be lawful for that purpose only.
No permit granted hereunder shall be transferable.
d. The sale, possession, use and distribution of fireworks for
display purposes shall be conducted so as to be reasonably safe
to persons and property. Evidence that the sale, possession, use
and distribution of fireworks for display purposes has been con-
ducted in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 13.3 d in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall
be evidence that such sale, possession, use and distribution of fire-
works for display purposes provide reasonable safety to persons
and property.
63
SEC. 13.4 FIREWORKS
Section 13.4. Bond and Responsibility for Fireworks Display
Required.
a. The governing body or chief executive authority of the
municipality shall require a bond from the licensee in a sum not
less than $1,000.00 conditioned on compliance with the provisions
of this law and the regulations of the State Fire Marshal adopted
hereunder, provided no municipality shall be required to file such
bond.
b. Before any permit for a pyrotechnic display shall be issued,
the person, firm, or corporation making application therefor shall
furnish proof of financial responsibility to satisfy claims for dam-
ages to property or personal injuries arising out of any act or
omission on the part of such person, firm, or corporation or any
agent or employee thereof, in such amount, character, and form as
the State Fire Marshal determines to be necessary for the protec-
tion of the public.
Section 13.5. Disposal of Unfired Fireworks.
Any fireworks that remain unfired after the display is con-
cluded shall be immediately disposed of in a way safe for the par-
ticular type of fireworks remaining.
Section 13.6. Seizure of Fireworks.
The State Fire Marshal shall seize, take, remove, or cause to
be removed at the expense of the owner all stocks of fireworks
offered or exposed for sale, stored, or held in violation of this
article.
64
FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT SEC. 14.3
ARTICLE 14
FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Section 14.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to new and existing conditions except
that sections 14.4, 14.5 and 14.6 shall not apply where equivalent
or more stringent legal requirements are enforced by the building
or other municipal departments.
Section 14.2. Survey of Premises and Specification of Equipment.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall survey each
commercial and industrial establishment, mercantile, educational
and institutional occupancy, place of assembly, hotel, multi-family
house, and trailer camp and shall specify suitable fire detecting
devices or extinguishing appliances which shall be provided in or
near boiler rooms, kitchens of restaurants, clubs and like estab-
lishments, storage rooms involving considerable combustible ma-
terial, rooms in which hazardous manufacturing processes are in-
volved, repair garages, and other places of a generally hazardous
nature. Such devices or appliances may consist of automatic fire
alarm systems, automatic sprinkler or water spray systems, stand-
pipe and hose, fixed or portable fire extinguishers of a type suitable
for the probable class of fire, or suitable asbestos blankets, manual
or automatic covers, or carbon dioxide or other special fire ex-
tinguishing systems. In special hazardous processes or storage,
appliances of more than one type or special systems may be
required.
Section 14.3. Maintenance of Equipment.
Sprinkler systems, standpipe systems, fire alarm systems, and
other fire protective or extinguishing systems or appliances which
have been installed in compliance with any permit or order, or be-
cause of any law or ordinance, shall be maintained in operative con-
dition at all times, and it shall be unlawful for any owner or occu-
pant to reduce the effectiveness of the protection so required; ex-
cept this shall not prohibit the owner or occupant from temporarily
reducing or discontinuing the protection where necessary to make
tests, repairs, alterations or additions. The Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention shall be notified before such tests, repairs, altera-
65
SEc. 14.4 FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
tions or additions are started unless the work is to be continuous
until completion.
Section 14.4. Sprinklers Required in Basements.
a. Approved automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed in
all basements having an area exceeding 2,500 square feet, when
used for the manufacture, sale or storage of combustible goods or
merchandise, not including garages. In buildings used for as-
sembly, educational, institutional and residential occupancies, the
automatic sprinkler systems shall be required only in such portions
of the basement as are used for storage purposes or as work shops.
"Area" as used in this section refers to the maximum horizontal
projected area of the basement at grade as measured between ex-
terior walls and fire walls.
b. Combustible goods or merchandise shall include those
made of wood, paper or rubber; those containing flammable or
combustible liquids; those packed with quantities of excelsior or
paper; and other goods or merchandise of equivalent or greater
combustibility.
Section 14.5. Standpipes Required.
Buildings exceeding 50 feet in height, other than sprinklered
buildings not over 6 stories in height, which are not provided with
4-inch or larger standpipes shall be equipped with standpipes
to provide reasonable safety to persons and property. Evidence
that such standpipes have been installed in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 14.5 in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such installations
provide reasonable safety to persons and property.
Section 14.6. Sprinkler and Alarm Systems Required.
a. Except as provided in section 14.6 b, buildings which are
occupied above the heights permitted by the following table shall
be equipped with approved automatic sprinkler systems.
Height in Stories
Occupancy Classification Ordinary Wood Frame
Construction Construction
Institutional 2 1
Residential, other than multi-family
houses and dwellings 4 3
b. Buildings used for residential occupancy may be occupied
one story higher than specified in section 14.6a without sprinklers
if equipped with an approved automatic fire alarm system.
66
DIv. I GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 15.14
ARTICLE 15
FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
DIVISION I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 15.11. Scope.
This article shall apply to locations or areas where the follow-
ing activities are regularly done: (1) the application of flammable
or combustible paint, varnish, lacquer, stain or other flammable or
combustible liquid applied as a spray by whatever means, in contin-
uous or intermittent processes; and (2) dip tank operations in
which articles or materials are passed through ccr rtents of tanks,
vats or containers of flammable or combustible liquids, including
coating, finishing, treating and similar processes.
Section 15.12. Permit Required.
A permit shall be obtained for spraying or dipping operations
utilizing on any working day more than one gallon of flammable or
combustible liquids.
Section 15.13. Smoking Prohibited.
Smoking shall be prohibited in any spray finishing areas and
in the vicinity of dip tanks. "No Smoking" signs with lettering
of approved size shall be conspicuously posted in such areas and
shall read "By Order of the Fire Chief".
Section 15.14. Welding Warning Signs.
Conspicuous signs shall be posted in the vicinity of all spray-
ing areas, dipping operations and paint storage rooms, conveying
the following warning:
NO WELDING
The use of welding or cutting equipment in, or near
this area is dangerous because of fire and explosion.
Welding and cutting shall be done only under the
supervision of the foreman in charge.
67
SEc. 15.15 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
Section 15.15. Electrical Wiring and Equipment.
All installations of electrical wiring and equipment shall be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Electrical installations
which conform to the applicable provisions of this code shall be
deemed to be reasonably safe to persons and property; on matters
not covered in this code, conformity of electrical installations to
the applicable standard specified for this section 15.15 in article 31
of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such electrical
installations are reasonably safe to persons and property.
DIVISION II
SPRAY FINISHING
Section 15.21. Definition.
a. Spraying area shall mean any area in which dangerous
quantities of flammable vapors or combustible residues, dusts or
deposits are present due to the operation of spraying processes.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may define the limits
of the spraying area in any specific case.
b. A spraying area shall include the interior of spray booths,
the interior of ducts exhausting from spraying processes, any area
in the direct path of spray, and any area containing dangerous
quantities of air-suspended combustible residue, dust, deposits,
spray or vapor as a result of spraying operations.
Section 15.22. Location of Spray Finishing Operations.
Spray finishing operations shall not be conducted in buildings
used for assembly, educational, institutional or residential occu-
pancies, except in a room designed for the purpose, protected with
an approved system of automatic sprinklers and separated verti-
cally and horizontally from other areas by construction having not
less than 2 hours fire resistance rating.
Section 15.23. Spray Booths.
a. Spray booths shall be substantially constructed of non-
combustible material.
b. The interior surfaces of spray booths shall be smooth and
continuous without edges and otherwise designed to prevent pocket-
ing of residues and facilitate cleaning and washing without injury.
68
Div. II SPRAY FINISHING SEC. 15.24
c. The floor of the spray booth and operators' working area,
if combustible, shall be covered with noncombustible material of
such character as to facilitate the safe cleaning and removal of
residues.
d. If installed, baffle plates shall be noncombustible ma-
terial, readily removable or accessible on both sides for cleaning,
and designed to promote an even flow of air through the booth and
to prevent the deposit of overspray before it enters the exhaust
duct. Such baffle plates shall not be located in exhaust ducts.
e. Each spray booth having a frontal area larger than nine
square feet shall have a metal deflector or curtain not less than
2/-inches deep installed at the upper outer edge of the booth,
over the opening.
f. Each spray booth shall be separated from other operations
by not less than three feet, or by a greater distance, or by such
partition or wall as the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention
may require to reduce the danger from juxtaposition of hazardous
operations.
g. Spray booths shall be so installed that all portions are
readily accessible for cleaning. A clear space of not less than
three feet on all sides shall be kept free from storage or combus-
tible construction.
h. When spraying areas are illuminated through glass panels
or other transparent materials, only fixed lighting units shall be
used as a source of illumination. Panels shall effectively isolate
the spraying area from the area in which the lighting unit is lo-
cated, and shall be of noncombustible material of such a nature
or so protected that breakage will be unlikely. Panels shall be so
arranged that normal accumulations of residue on the exposed sur-
face of the panel will not be raised to a dangerous temperature by
radiation or conduction from the source of illumination.
Section 15.24. Dry Type Overspray Collectors — (Exhaust Air
Filters).
a. Overspray dry filters or filter rolls, if installed in con-
ventional dry type spray booths, shall conform to sections 15.24 c
through 15.24 h.
b. The spraying operations shall be so designed, installed
and maintained that the average air velocity over the open face
of the booth or (booth cross-section during spraying operations)
69
SEC. 15.25 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
shall be not less than 100 linear feet per minute. Visible gauges
or audible alarm or pressure activated devices shall be installed to
indicate or insure that the required air velocity is maintained.
c. All discarded filter pads and filter rolls shall be immediately
removed to a safe, well detached location or placed in a water-filled
metal container and disposed of at the close of the day's operation
unless maintained completely in water.
d. The location of filters in a spray booth shall be so as to
not reduce the effective booth enclosure of the articles being
sprayed.
e. Space within spray booth on the downstream and upstream
sides of filter shall be protected with approved automatic sprinklers.
f. Filters or filter rolls shall not be used when applying a
spray material known to be highly susceptible to spontaneous
heating and ignition.
g. Clean filters or filter rolls shall be noncombustible or of
approved type.
h. Filters and filter rolls shall not alternately be used for
different types of coating materials, where the combination of
materials may be conducive to spontaneous ignition.
Section 15.25. Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition.
a. There shall be no open flame or spark producing equipment
in any spraying area as defined in section 15.21, nor within 20 feet
thereof, unless separated by a partition, except as permitted in
section 15.210, Drying Apparatus and in sections 15.41 to 15.44,
Electrostatic Equipment.
b. Room heating appliances, steam pipes or hot surfaces shall
not be located in a spraying area where deposits of combustible
residues may readily accumulate.
c. Unless specifically approved for locations containing both
deposits of readily ignitable residue and explosive vapors, there
shall be no electrical equipment in any spraying area, whereon
deposits of combustible residues may readily accumulate, except
wiring in rigid conduit or in boxes or fittings containing no taps,
splices or terminal connections and except as hereinafter provided
in section 15.210 c relating to drying apparatus and sections 15.41
to 15.44 relating to electrostatic equipment.
70
Div. II SPRAY FINISHING SEC. 15.26
d. All electrical wiring and equipment located in a spraying
area shall be reasonably safe to persons and property. Where
electrical wiring and equipment not subject to deposits of com-
bustible residues is located in a spraying area, evidence that such
wiring and equipment is of an explosion-proof type approved for
use in Class I, Division 1 hazardous locations and has been installed
in accordance with the applicable standard for this section 15.25 d
in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that
such electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably safe to persons
and property.
e. All electrical wiring, motors, and other equipment located
outside of but in proximity to a spraying area shall be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Where electrical wiring, motors, or
other equipment is located outside of but within 20 feet of any
spraying area and is not separated from the spraying area by
partitions, evidence that such wiring, motors, or other equipment
does not produce sparks under normal operating conditions and
is of a type approved for use in Class I, Division 2 hazardous
locations and has been installed in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 15.25 e in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code shall be evidence that such electrical wiring,
motors, or other equipment are reasonably safe to persons and
property.
f. Electric lamps outside of but within 20 feet of any spray-
ing area and not separated therefrom by a partition, shall be totally
enclosed to prevent the falling of hot particles and shall be pro-
tected from physical damage by suitable guards or by location.
g. Portable electric lamps shall not be used in any spraying
area during spraying operations. Portable electric lamps, if used
during cleaning or repairing operations, shall be of the type ap-
proved for hazardous locations.
h. All metal parts of spray booths, exhaust ducts and piping
systems conveying liquids defined by section 16.12 n shall be
bonded and connected to a ground.
Section 15.26. Ventilation of Spray Booths and Spray Finishing
Areas.
a. All spraying areas shall be provided with mechanical ven-
tilation adequate to prevent the dangerous accumulation of vapors
and to safely remove such vapors to a safe location.
71
SEC. 15.26 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
b. Mechanical ventilation shall be kept in operation at all
times while spraying operations are being conducted and for a
sufficient time thereafter to allow vapors from drying coated articles
and drying finishing material residue to be exhausted.
c. Each spray booth shall have an independent exhaust duct
system discharging to building exterior, except multiple cabinet
spray booths in which identical spray finishing material is used
with a combined frontal area of not more than eighteen square feet
may have a common exhaust. If more than one fan serves one
booth, all fans shall be so interconnected that one fan cannot oper-
ate without operating all.
d. Electric motors driving exhaust fans shall not be placed in-
side booths or ducts. Fan rotating element shall be non-ferrous or
non-sparking or the casing shall consist of or be lined with such
material.
e. Belts shall not enter duct or booth unless belt and pulley
within the duct or booth are tightly enclosed.
f. Exhaust ducts shall be constructed of steel and shall be
substantially supported.
g. Exhaust ducts shall have a clearance from unprotected
combustible construction or material of not less than 18 inches. If
combustible construction is provided with the following protection
applied to all surfaces within 18 inches, clearances may be re-
duced to the distances indicated:
(1) 0.0149 inch thickness uncoated sheet steel
(no. 28 manufacturers' standard gauge) on /-inch
asbestos mill board 12 inches
(2) 0.0149 inch thickness uncoated sheet steel
(no. 28 manufacturers' standard gauge) on Vs-inch
asbestos mill board spaced out one inch on non-
combustible spacers 9 inches
(3) 0.0299 inch thickness uncoated sheet steel
(no. 22 manufacturers' standard gauge) on 1-inch
mineral wool batts reinforced with wire mesh or
the equivalent 3 inches
(4) Where ducts are protected with an ap-
proved automatic sprinkler system, properly main-
tained; the clearance from unprotected combustible
construction or material may be reduced to 6 inches
72
Div. II SPRAY FINISHING SEC. 15.27
h. Air exhausted from spraying operations shall not be re-
circulated.
Section 15.27. Storage and Handling of Flammable or Combus-
tible Liquids.
a. The storage and handling of flammable or combustible
liquids shall be in accordance with article 16 and shall also conform
to the provisions of this section.
b. Where the quantity of liquid in 5-gallon and smaller con-
tainers, other than original sealed containers, exceeds a total of
10 gallons it shall be stored in a storage cabinet conforming to
section 16.33 or in storage rooms or mixing rooms conforming to
sections 16.32 or 16.72.
c. Original closed containers, approved portable tanks, ap-
proved safety cans or a properly arranged system of piping shall be
used for bringing flammable or combustible liquids into spray
finishing areas. Open containers shall not be used.
d. Containers supplying spray nozzles shall be of closed type
or provided with metal covers kept closed. Containers not resting
on floors shall be on noncombustible supports or suspended by
wire cables. Containers supplying spray nozzles by gravity flow
shall not exceed 10 gallons capacity.
e. All containers or piping to which is attached a hose or
flexible connection shall be provided with a shut-off valve at the
connection. Such valves shall be kept shut when not in use.
f. Heaters shall not be located in spray booths or other lo-
cations subject to the accumulation of deposits or combustible
residue.
g. If flammable or combustible liquids are supplied to spray
nozzles by positive displacement pumps, pump discharge line shall
be provided with an approved relief valve discharging to pump
suction or to a safe detached location, or a device provided to
stop the prime mover if the discharge pressure exceeds the safe
operating pressure of the system.
h. Whenever flammable or combustible liquids are transferred
from one container to another, both containers shall be bonded
and grounded. Piping systems for flammable or combustible liquids
shall be permanently bonded and grounded.
73
SEC. 15.28 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
Section 15.28. Fire Control.
Suitable portable fire extinguishers, small hose or other fire
extinguishing equipment shall be installed near all spraying areas
as may be specified by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 15.29. Operations and Maintenance.
a. All spraying areas shall be kept as free from the accumu-
lation of deposits of combustible residues as practical, with clean-
ing conducted daily if necessary.
b. Scrapers, spuds or other such tools used for cleaning pur-
poses shall be of non-sparking material.
c. Residue scrapings and debris contaminated with residue
shall be immediately removed from premises and properly dis-
posed of.
d. The use of solvents for cleaning operations shall be re-
stricted to Class II and III liquids except solvents with flash points
not less than those normally used in spraying operations may be
used for cleaning spray nozzles and auxiliary equipment, provided
such cleaning is conducted inside spray booths and ventilating
equipment is operating during cleaning.
e. Spray booths shall not be alternately used for different
types of coating materials, where the combination of the materials
may be conducive to spontaneous ignition, unless all deposits of
the first used material are removed from the booth and exhaust
ducts prior to spraying with the second.
f. Approved metal waste cans shall be provided wherever
rags or waste are impregnated with finishing material and all such
rags or waste deposited therein immediately after use. The con-
tents of waste cans shall be properly disposed of at least once daily
and at the end of each shift.
Section 15.210. Drying Apparatus.
a. Drying apparatus, in addition to conforming with this
article, shall comply with the applicable provisions of article 26.
b. Spray booths, rooms or other enclosures used for spraying
operations shall not alternately be used for the purpose of drying
by any arrangement which will cause a material increase in the
surface temperature of the spray booth, room or enclosure.
c. Except as specifically provided in section 15.210 d, drying
or baking units, utilizing a heating system having open flames or
74
Div. II SPRAY FINISHING SEC. 15.210
which may produce sparks, shall not be installed in a spraying area
as defined in section 15.21, but may be installed adjacent thereto
when equipped with an interlocked ventilating system arranged to:
(1) Thoroughly ventilate the drying space before heating
system can be started;
(2) Maintain a safe atmosphere at any source of ignition;
(3) Automatically shut down heating system in the event
of failure of the ventilating system.
d. Automobile refinishing booths or enclosures, otherwise in-
stalled and maintained in conformity with this division, may alter-
nately be used for drying with portable electrical infra-red drying
apparatus when conforming with the following:
(1) The procedure shall be restricted to low-volume, oc-
casional spray application.
(2) Interior of spray enclosures shall be kept free of
overspray deposits.
(3) During spray operations, the drying apparatus and
electrical connections and wiring thereto shall not he located
within spray enclosure nor in any other location where spray
residue may be deposited thereon.
(4) Spraying apparatus, drying apparatus, and ventilating
system of spray enclosure shall be equipped with suitable
inter-locks so arranged that:
(a) Spraying apparatus cannot be operated while dry-
ing apparatus is inside spray enclosure.
(b) Spray enclosure will be purged of spray vapors
for a period of not less than 3 minutes before drying ap-
paratus can be energized.
(c) Ventilating system will maintain a safe atmos-
phere within the enclosure during the drying process and
drying apparatus will automatically shut off in the event
of failure of the ventilating system.
(5) All electrical wiring and equipment of the drying
apparatus shall be reasonably safe to persons and property.
Within 18 inches of the floor level, evidence that electrical
wiring and equipment is of a type approved for Class I,
Division 2 hazardous locations and has been installed in
75
SEC. 15.31 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 15.210 d(5) in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall
be evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
(6) All metallic parts of drying apparatus shall be pro-
perly electrically bonded and grounded.
DIVISION III
DIP TANKS
Section 15.31. Definitions.
a. Dip tank shall mean a tank, vat or container of flammable
or combustible liquid in which articles or materials are immersed
for the purpose of coating, finishing, treating or similar processes.
b. Vapor area shall mean any area containing dangerous
quantities of flammable vapors in the vicinity of dip tanks, their
drain boards or associated drying, conveying or other equipment,
during operation or shut-down periods. The Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention may determine the extent of the vapor area, tak-
ing into consideration the characteristics of the liquid, the degree
of sustained ventilation, and the nature of the operations.
Section 15.32. Location of Dip Tank Operations.
Dip tank operations shall not be conducted in buildings used
for assembly, educational, institutional or residential occupancies,
except in a room designed for the purpose, protected with an ap-
proved system of automatic sprinklers and separated vertically and
horizontally from other areas by noncombustible construction
having not less than 2 hours fire resistance rating.
Section 15.33. Ventilation of Vapor Areas.
a. All vapor areas shall be provided with mechanical ventila-
tion adequate to prevent the dangerous accumulation of vapors and
to remove such vapors to a safe location.
b. Required ventilating systems shall be so arranged that the
failure of any ventilating fan shall automatically stop any dipping
conveyor system.
76
Div. III DIP TANKS SEC. 15.36
Section 15.34. Construction of Dip Tanks.
a. Dip tanks, including drain boards if provided, shall be
constructed of substantial noncombustible material, and their sup-
ports shall be of heavy metal, reinforced concrete or masonry.
b. Dip tanks of over 150 gallons in capacity or 10 square feet
in liquid surface area shall be equipped with a properly trapped
overflow pipe leading to a safe location outside buildings.
c. The bottom of the overflow connection shall be not less
than 6 inches below the top of the tank.
d. Dip tanks over 500 gallons in liquid capacity shall be
equipped with bottom drains automatically and manually arranged
to quickly drain tank in event of fire, unless the viscosity of the
liquid at normal atmospheric temperature makes this impractical.
Manual operation shall be from a safely accessible location. Where
gravity flow is not practicable, automatic pumps shall be provided.
e. Such drains shall be trapped and discharge to a closed
properly vented salvage tank or to a safe outside location.
f. Dip tanks utilizing a conveyor system shall be so arranged
that in the event of fire, the conveyor system shall automatically
cease motion and required bottom drains shall open.
Section 15.35. Storage and Handling of Flammable or Combus-
tible Liquids.
The storage and handling of flammable or combustible, dip-
tank liquids, shall be in accordance with article 16.
Section 15.36. Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition.
a. There shall be no open flame, spark producing devices, or
heated surfaces having a temperature sufficient to ignite vapors in
any vapor area.
b. Electrical wiring and equipment in any vapor area shall be
reasonably safe to persons and property. In any vapor area, evi-
dence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a type approved.
for Class I, Division 1 hazardous locations, and has been installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section.
15.36 b in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence
that such electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably safe to
persons and property.
77
SEC. 15.37 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
C. Unless specifically approved for locations containing both
deposits of readily ignitable residues and explosive vapors, there
shall be no electrical equipment in the vicinity of dip tanks or as-
sociated drain boards or drying operations which are subject to
splashing or dripping of dip tank liquids, except wiring in rigid
conduit or in threaded boxes or fittings containing no taps, splices
or terminal connections, and except as hereinafter specifically per-
mitted in sections 15.41 to 15.44, relating to electrostatic equipment.
d. In any floor space outside a vapor area, but within 20 feet
therefrom, and not separated by tight partitions, there shall be no
open flames or spark producing devices, except drying and baking
apparatus may be installed adjacent to vapor areas when conform-
ing to section 15.210c.
e. Electrical wiring and equipment in areas covered by sec-
tion 15.36 d shall be reasonably safe to persons and property. In
such areas, evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a
type approved for Class I, Division 2 hazardous locations, and has
been installed in accordance with the applicable standard specified
for this section 15.36 e in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code
shall be evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment is
reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 15.37. Operations and Maintenance.
a. Areas in vicinity of dip tanks shall be kept as clear of com-
bustible stock as practical and shall be kept entirely free of com-
bustible debris.
b. When waste or rags are used in connection with dipping
operations, approved metal waste cans shall be provided and all
impregnated rags or waste deposited therein immediately after use.
The contents of waste cans shall be disposed of at the end of each
shift by methods approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention.
Section 15.38. Fire Control.
a. Areas in the vicinity of dip tanks shall be provided with
manual fire extinguishers suitable for flammable or combustible
liquid fires, as specified by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention.
b. Dip tanks of over 150 gallons capacity or 10 square feet
78
Div. III DIP TANKS SEC. 15.310
liquid surface area shall be protected with at least one of the fol-
lowing automatic extinguishing facilities:
(1) Approved automatic water spray extinguishing system;
(2) Approved automatic foam extinguishing system;
(3) Approved automatic carbon dioxide system;
(4) Approved automatic dry chemical extinguishing sys-
tem;
(5) Dip tank covers conforming to section 15.39.
c. Dip tanks containing a liquid with a flashpoint below 110°F.
(when used in such manner that the liquid temperature may equal
or be greater than its flashpoint from artificial or natural causes)
shall be protected as specified in section 15.38 b when having both
a capacity of more than 10 gallons and a liquid surface area of more
than 4 square feet.
Section 15.39. Dip Tank Covers.
a. Covers arranged to close automatically in the event of fire
shall be actuated by approved automatic devices and shall also be
arranged for manual operation.
b. Covers shall be of substantial noncombustible material or
of tin-clad type with enclosing metal applied with locked joints.
c. Chains or wire rope shall be used for cover support or
operating mechanism where the burning of a cord would interfere
with the action of a device.
d. Covers shall be kept closed when tanks are not in use.
Section 15.310. Hardening and Tempering Tanks.
a. Hardening and tempering tanks shall conform to sections
15.34, 15.35, 15.37 and 15.38a as well as sections 15.310 b through
15.310 f, but shall be exempt from other provisions of division III
of this article.
b. Tanks shall be located as far as practicable from furnaces
and shall not be located on or near combustible floors.
c. Tanks shall be provided with a noncombustible hood and
vent or other equally effective means, venting to outside of build-
ing to serve as a vent in case of fire. All such vent ducts shall be
treated as flues and be kept well away from combustible roofs or
materials.
79
SEC. 15.311 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
d. Tanks shall be equipped with a high temperature limit
switch arranged to sound an alarm when the temperature of the
quenching medium reaches 50°F below the flash point.
e. Hardening and tempering tanks of over 500 gallons ca-
pacity or 25 square feet liquid surface area shall be protected as
specified in section 15.38 b.
f. Air under pressure shall not be used to fill or to agitate oil
in tanks.
Section 15.311. Flow Coat Operations.
a. Flow coat operations shall conform to the provisions
for dip tanks, considering the area of the sump and any areas on
which paint flows as the area of a dip tank.
b. Paint shall be supplied by direct low pressure pumping
arranged to automatically shut down by means of approved heat
actuated devices, in case of fire, or by a gravity tank not exceeding
10 gallons in capacity.
Section 15.312. Roll Coating.
a. The processes of roll coating, spreading and impregnating,
in which fabrics, paper or other material is passed directly through
a tank or trough containing flammable liquids, or over the surface
of a roller that revolves partially submerged in a flammable liquid,
shall conform to section 15.312 b and to the applicable provisions
of sections 15.11 through 15.310.
b. Adequate arrangements shall be made to prevent sparks
from static electricity by electrically bonding and grounding all
metallic rotating and other parts of machinery and equipment and
by the installation of static collectors or maintaining a conductive
atmosphere by means such as high relative humidity.
DIVISION IV
ELECTROSTATIC EQUIPMENT
Section 15.41. Equipment Type and Location.
a. Approved electrostatic equipment shall be used in connec-
tion with paint spraying operations.
80
DIV. IV ELECTROSTATIC EQUIPMENT SEC. 15.43
b. Transformers,power packs,control apparatus,and all other
electrical portions of the equipment, with the exception of high
voltage grids, electrostatic atomizing heads, the hand gun and
their connections, shall be located outside of the spraying or vapor
areas as defined in sections 15.21 and 15.31 b, or shall conform to
sections 15.25 and 15.36.
Section 15.42. Controls.
a. A space shall be maintained between goods being painted
and fixed electrodes, electrostatic atomizing heads or conductors
of at least twice the sparking distance. A suitable sign stating the
sparking distance shall be conspicuously posted near the assembly.
b. Fixed electrostatic equipment shall be equipped with auto-
matic controls which will operate without time delay to disconnect
the power supply to the high voltage transformer and to signal the
operator under any of the following conditions:
(1) Stoppage of ventilating fans or failure of ventilat-
ing equipment from any cause.
(2) Stoppage of the conveyor carrying goods past the
high voltage grid.
(3) Occurrence of a ground or of an imminent ground at
any point on the high voltage system.
(4) Reduction of clearance below that specified in section
15.42a.
c. Hand electrostatic equipment shall be interlocked with the
ventilation system for the spraying area so that the equipment
cannot be operated unless the ventilating system is in operation.
Section 15.43. Guards and Signs.
a. Adequate booths, fencing, railings or guards shall be so
placed about the fixed electrostatic equipment that they, either by
their location or character or both assure that a safe isolation of the
process is maintained from plant storage or personnel. Such rail-
ings, fencing and guards shall be of conducting material, ade-
quately grounded, and shall be at least 5 feet from processing
equipment.
b. Signs designating the process zone as dangerous as re-
gards fire and accident shall be posted.
81
SEC. 15.44 FLAMMABLE FINISHES, APPLICATION OF
Section 15.44. Ventilation.
The spraying area shall be adequately ventilated so as to insure
a safe condition from a fire and health standpoint.
DIVISION V
AUTOMOBILE UNDERCOATING
Section 15.51. Operations Included.
a. Automobile undercoating spray operations, conducted in
areas having adequate natural or mechanical ventilation, may be
exempt from the provisions of division II of this article, on ap-
proval by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, when using
undercoating materials which are not more hazardous than kero-
sene, or undercoating materials using only solvents having a flash-
point in excess of 100°F.
b. Undercoating spray operations not conforming with sec-
tion 15.51a shall be subject to all applicable provisions of this
article.
82
DIV. I GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 16.12
ARTICLE 16
FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
DIVISION I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 16.11 Scope.
This article shall apply to liquids with a flash point below
200°F.; and to liquids with flash points above 200°F., which when
heated assume the characteristics of liquids with flash points
below 200°F.; except as provided in section 1.2 b.
Section 16.12. Definitions.
a. Aircraft service station shall mean that portion of an air-
port where flammable or combustible liquids used as aircraft fuel
are stored or dispensed from fixed equipment and shall include all
facilities essential thereto.
b. Automotive service station (garage) shall mean the use of
a building or structure or any portion thereof for the purpose of
dispensing motor fuels from fixed equipment into the fuel tanks
of motor vehicles and for other services incidental thereto.
c. Barrel shall mean a volume of 42 U. S. gallons.
d. Boiling point shall mean the boiling point of a liquid at a
pressure of 14.7 psia. Where an accurate boiling point is unavail-
able for the material in question, or for mixtures which do not
have a constant boiling point, for purposes of this classification
the initial point of a distillation as determined by applicable test
procedures and apparatus specified for this section 16.12 d in article
31 of this Fire Prevention Code, may be accepted in lieu of the
boiling point of the liquid.
e. Boil-over shall mean the expulsion of crude oil (or certain
other liquids) from a burning tank in which the light fractions of
the crude oil burn off producing a heat wave in the residue, which
on reaching a water strata may result in the expulsion of a portion
of the contents of the tank in the form of a froth.
f. Bulk plant shall mean that portion of a property where flam-
mable or combustible liquids are received by tank vessel, pipe line,
83
SEc. 16.12 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
tank car, or tank vehicle, and are stored or blended in bulk for the
purpose of distributing such liquids by tank vessel, pipe line, tank
car, tank vehicle, or container.
g. Chemical plant shall mean a large integrated plant or that
portion of such a plant other than a refinery or distillery where
flammable or combustible liquids or hazardous chemicals are pro-
duced by chemical reactions or used in chemical processing.
h. Closed container shall mean a container so sealed by means
of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapor will escape
from it at ordinary temperatures.
i. Commercial or industrial establishment shall mean a place
wherein the storage, handling, or use of flammable or combustible
liquids is incidental to but not the principal business or process.
j. Container shall mean any can, bucket, barrel or drum.
k. Crude petroleum shall mean hydrocarbon mixtures that
have a flash point below 150°F. and which have not been processed
in a refinery.
1. Distillery shall mean a plant or that portion of a plant
where flammable or combustible liquids produced by fermentation
are concentrated, and where the concentrated products may also be
mixed, stored or packaged.
m. Flash point of the liquid shall mean the minimum tem-
perature at which it gives off vapor sufficient to form an ignitable
mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or within the
vessel used as determined by applicable test procedures and appa-
ratus specified for this section 16.12 m in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code.
n. Liquid shall mean, when not otherwise identified, both
flammable and combustible liquids.
Combustible liquid shall mean any liquid having a flash
point at or above 140°F. and below 200°F., and shall be known as
Class III liquids.
Flammable liquid shall mean any liquid having a flash
point below 140°F. and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40
pounds per square inch (absolute) at 100°F.
Flammable liquids shall be divided into two classes of
liquids as follows:
84
DIv. I GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 16.12
Class I liquids shall include those having flash points
below 100°F. and may be subdivided as follows:
Class IA shall include those having flash points below
73°F. and having a boiling point below 100°F.
Class IB shall include those having flash points below
73°F. and having a boiling point at or above 100°F.
Class IC shall include those having flash points at or
above 73°F. and below 100°F.
Class II liquids shall include those having flash points at
or above 100°F. and below 140°F.
When artificially heated to temperatures equal to or higher
than their flashpoints, Class II and III liquids shall be subject to
the applicable provisions for Class I or II liquids. The provisions
of this article shall also be applied to high flash point liquids when
heated to temperatures equal to or higher than their flash points
even though these same liquids would be outside the scope of this
article when they are not heated.
Unstable (reactive) liquid shall mean any liquid which will
vigorously and energetically react, is potentially explosive,will poly-
merize, decompose instantaneously, undergo uncontrollable auto-
reaction or can be exploded by heat, shock, pressure or combina-
tions thereof. Examples are organic peroxides and nitromethane.
o. Marine service station shall mean that portion of a prop-
erty where flammable or combustible liquids used as motor fuels
are stored and dispensed from fixed equipment on shore, piers,
wharves, or floating docks into the fuel tanks of motor craft, and
shall include all facilities used in connection therewith.
p. Process area shall mean that location where flammable or
combustible liquids are processed, or stored as a part of current
production, and may include working storage.
q. Processing plant shall mean that portion of a property in
which flammable or combustible liquids are mixed, heated, sepa-
rated or otherwise processed as principal business, but shall not
include plants defined herein as refineries, chemical plants or
distilleries.
r. Refinery shall mean a plant in which flamm . >'.e or com-
bustible liquids are produced on a commercial scale from crude
petroleum, natural gasoline, or other hydrocarbon sources.
85
SEC. 16.12 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
s. Safety can shall mean an approved container, not over 5
gallons capacity, having a spring-closing lid and spout cover.
t. Vapor pressure shall mean the pressure,measured in pounds
per square inch (absolute) exerted by a volatile liquid, as deter-
mined by applicable test procedures and apparatus specified for
this section 16.12 t in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code.
u. Ventilation is for prevention of fire and explosion and shall
be considered adequate when the vapor-air mixture does not ex-
ceed 25 percent of the lower flammable limit.
Section 16.13. Permits Required.
A permit shall be obtained for any of the following:
a. Storage, handling, or use of Class lA and 1B liquids in
excess of 1 gallon in a dwelling or other place of human habitation;
or in excess of 6 gallons in any other building or other occupancy;
or in excess of 10 gallons outside of any building; except that no
permit shall be required for the following:
(1) For the storage or use of flammable or combustible
liquids in the fuel tank of a motor vehicle, aircraft, motorboat,
mobile power plant, or mobile heating plant.
(2) For the storage or use of paints, oils, varnishes, or
similar flammable mixtures when such liquids are stored for
maintenance, painting, or similar purposes for a period of not
more than 30 days.
b. Storage, handling, or use of Class II or III liquids in
excess of 25 gallons in a building or in excess of 60 gallons out-
side of a building, except for fuel oil used in connection with
oil burning equipment.
c. For the manufacturing, processing, blending, or refining of
flammable or combustible liquids.
d. For the storage of flammable or combustible liquids in
stationary tanks.
Section 16.14. Laboratory Listed Tanks and Equipment.
Containers, tanks, equipment and apparatus meeting the
standards of a nationally recognized testing agency shall be consid-
ered as meeting the requirements of this article.
Section 16.15. Container Size and Construction.
a. A container shall not exceed 60 gallons individual capacity
and shall be made of metal except that:
86
DIv. I GENERAL PROVISIONS SEC. 16.16
(1) Plastic or glass containers having an individual capac-
ity of not more than one pint may be used for flammable and
combustible liquids.
(2) Plastic or glass containers having an individual ca-
pacity of not more than one gallon may be used for medicines,
beverages, foodstuff and toiletries that are flammable or corn-
bustible liquids.
(3) Plastic or glass containers having an individual ca-
pacity of not more than one gallon may be used for flammable
and combustible liquids whose chemical purity would be con-
taminated by metal containers.
Section 16.16. Warning Labels for Containers of Flammable
Liquids with Flash Points Not in Excess of 150°F.
a. All flammable liquids, flammable liquid compounds or flam-
mable liquid mixtures, offered for sale at retail in containers, ex-
cept as indicated in section 16.16 b, shall be conspicuously marked
or labeled in easily legible type,which is in contrast by typography,
layout or color with any other printed matter on the label, as
required by the flash point classifications indicated below. The
warning herein required may be incorporated with similar warn-
ings of other hazards inherent in the product or may be printed
on a separate label. For the purpose of this section flash point
shall be determined by Tagliabue's open cup tester.
b. The labels shall not be required:
(1) On beverages, articles of food or drugs,
(2) When the container is labeled in accordance with the
Regulations of the Interstate Commerce Commission, or
(3) When the container is labeled in accordance with
the Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act and Regu-
lations.
c. For flammable liquids having a flash point of 20°F. or be-
low a label similar to the following shall be used:
DANGER !
EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE
Keep Away from Heat, Sparks and Open Flame
Keep Closed When Not in Use
87
SEC. 16.21 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
d. For flammable liquids having a flash point above 20°F. to
80°F. inclusive a label similar to the following shall be used:
WARNING! FLAMMABLE
Keep Away from Heat, Sparks and Open Flame
Keep Closed When Not in Use
e. For flammable liquids having a flash point above 80°F.
to 150°F. inclusive a label similar to the following shall be used:
CAUTION! COMBUSTIBLE
Keep Away from Heat and Open Flame
Keep Closed When Not in Use
Section 16.17. Hazardous Heating, Lighting and Cooking Appli-
ances May be Prohibited.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may prohibit the
sale or use of any heating, lighting or cooking appliance using
Class I liquid which has not been tested and found safe by a
national recognized testing agency.
DIVISION II
TANK STORAGE
Section 16.21. Design and Construction of Tanks.
a. MATERIALS.
(1) Tanks shall be built of steel except as provided in
sections 16.21a(2) through 16.21a(5).
(2) Tanks may be built of noncombustible materials other
than steel if required by the properties of the flammable or
combustible liquid stored.
(3) Tanks built of materials other than steel shall be de-
signed to specifications embodying principles recognized as
88
DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.21
good engineering design for the material used and shall be
approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
(4) Unlined concrete tanks may be used for storing flam-
mable or combustible liquids having a gravity of 40 degrees
API or heavier. Concrete tanks with special lining may be
used for other services providing the design is in accordance
with sound engineering practice.
(5) Tanks may have combustible or noncombustible
linings.
(6) Special engineering consideration shall be required
if the specific gravity of the liquid to be stored exceeds that of
water or if the tanks are designed to contain flammable or
combustible liquids at a liquid temperature below zero
degrees F.
b. FABRICATION.
(1) Tanks may be of any shape or type consistent with
sound engineering design.
(2) Metal tanks shall be welded, riveted and caulked,
brazed, or bolted, or constructed by use of a combination of
these methods. Filler metal used in brazing shall be non-
ferrous metal or an alloy having a melting point above 1000°F.
and below that of the metal joined.
C. ATMOSPHERIC TANKS.
(1) Atmospheric tanks shall be built so as to be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that an atmos-
pheric tank has been built in accordance with the applicable
standards specified for this section 16.21 c(1) in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such atmos-
pheric tanks are reasonably safe to persons and property.
(2) Tanks designed for underground service not exceed-
ing 2,500 gallons capacity may be used aboveground.
(3) Low pressure tanks and pressure vessels may be used
as atmospheric tanks.
(4) Atmospheric tanks shall not be used for the storage of
Class IA liquids.
d. Low PRESSURE TANKS.
(1) The normal operating pressure of the tank shall not
exceed the design pressure of the tank.
89
SEC. 16.22 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(2) Low pressure tanks shall be built so as to be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that a low pres-
sure tank has been built in accordance with the applicable
standards specified for this section 16.21 d(2) in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that said low
pressure tanks are reasonably safe to persons and property.
(3) Atmospheric tanks built according to Underwriters'
Laboratories, Inc. standards in section 16.21 c(1) may be used
for operating pressures not exceeding 1 psig and shall be
limited to 2.5 psig under emergency venting conditions.
(4) Pressure vessels may be used as low pressure tanks.
e. PRESSURE VESSELS.
(1) The normal operating pressure of the vessel shall not
exceed the design pressure of the vessel.
(2) Pressure vessels shall be built so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Evidence that a pressure vessel
has been built in accordance with the applicable standard
specified for this section 16.21 e(2) in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code shall be evidence that such pressure vessels
are reasonably safe to persons and property.
f. PROVISIONS FOR INTERNAL CORROSION.
When tanks are not designed in accordance with the sec-
tions 16.21 c through 16.21 e or if corrosion is anticipated be-
yond that provided for in the design formulas used, additional
metal thickness or suitable protective coatings or linings shall
be provided to compensate for the corrosion loss expected dur-
ing the design life of the tank.
Section 16.22. Installation of Outside Aboveground Tanks.
a. RESTRICTED LOCATIONS. The storage of Class I liquids in above-
ground tanks outside of buildings is prohibited within the limits
established by law as the limits of the districts in which such
storage is to be prohibited.
b. LOCATION WITH RESPECT TO PROPERTY LINES.
(1) Every aboveground tank for the storage of flam-
mable or combustible liquids, except those liquids with boil-
over characteristics and unstable liquids, operating at pres-
sures not in excess of 2.5 psig and equipped with emergency
venting which will not permit pressures to exceed 2.5 psig
shall be located in accordance with Table 16.22 b(1).
90
Div. II TANK STORAGE TABLE 16.22 b(1)
TABLE 16.22b(1)
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Minimum Distance in
Type of protection Line Which May be Feet from Nearest
Tank Built Upon, Including Side of Any Public
the Opposite Side of Way
a Public Way
Protection % times diameter of 1/6 times diameter of
for tank but need not ex- tank but need not ex-
Floating Exposures* ceed 90 feet ceed 30 feet
Roof Diameter of tank but 1/6 times diameter of
None need not exceed tank but need not ex-
175 feet ceed 30 feet
Approved
foam or ?2 times diameter of 1/6 times diameter of
Vertical inerting tank but need not ex- tank but need not ex-
with system ceed 90 feet and shall ceed 30 feet and shall
Weak on the not be less than 5 feet not be less than 5 feet
Roof tank
to Protection Diameter of tank but % times diameter of
Shell for need not exceed tank but need not ex-
Seam Exposures* 175 feet ceed 60 feet
2 times diameter of 'A times diameter of
None tank but need not ex- tank but need not ex-
ceed 350 feet ceed 60 feet
Approved
inerting
Horizon- system
tal and on the
Vertical, tank or %times Table 16.22b(5) %times Table 16.22b(5)
with approved but shall not be less but shall not be less
Emer- foam than 5 feet than 5 feet
gency system
Relief on
Venting vertical
to Limit tanks
Pressures Protection
to 2.5 psig for Table 16.22b(5) Table 16.22b(5)
Exposures*
None 2 times Table 16.22b(5) Table 16.22b(5)
*Protection for exposures shall mean fire protection for structures on prop-
erty adjacent to tanks. When acceptable to the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention, such structures located (1) within the jurisdiction of any public
fire department or (2) within or adjacent to plants having private fire
brigades shall be considered as having adequate protection for exposures.
(2) Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids, except those liquids with boil-over
characteristics and unstable liquids, operating at pressures
exceeding 2.5 psig or equipped with emergency venting which
91
TABLE 16.22 b(2) FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
will permit pressures to exceed 2.5 psig shall be located in
accordance with Table 16.22 b(2).*
TABLE 16.22b(2)
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Minimum Distance in
Type of protection Line Which May be Feet from Nearest
Tank Built Upon, Including Side of Any Public
the Opposite Side of Way
a Public Way
Protection 1% times Table 16.22 1% times Table 16.22
for b(5) but shall not be b(5) but shall not be
Exposures less than 25 feet less than 25 feet
Any Type
3 times Table 16.22 1% times Table 16.22
None b(5) but shall not be b(5) but shall not be
less than 50 feet less than 25 feet
*Special consideration may be given to tanks equipped with automatic de-
pressuring systems.
(3) Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids with boil-over characteristics shall be
located in accordance with Table 16.22 b(3).
TABLE 16.22b(3)
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Minimum Distance in
Type of Protection Line Which May be Feet from Nearest
Tank Built Upon, Including Side of Any Public
the Opposite Side of Way
a Public Way
Protection Diameter of tank but / times diameter of
for need not exceed tank but need not ex-
Floating Exposures 175 feet ceed 60 feet
Roof 2 times diameter of / times diameter of
None tank but need not ex- tank but need not ex-
ceed 350 feet ceed 60 feet
Approved
foam Diameter of tank but / times diameter of
or need not exceed tank but need not ex-
inerting 175 feet ceed 60 feet
system
Fixed
Roof Protection 2 times diameter of % times diameter of
for tank but need not ex- tank but need not ex-
Exposures ceed 350 feet ceed 120 feet
4 times diameter of / times diameter of
None tank but need not ex- tank but need not ex-
ceed 350 feet ceed 120 feet
92
DIV. II TANK STORAGE TABLE 16.22b(4)
(4) Every aboveground tank for the storage of unstable
liquids shall be located in accordance with Table 16.22 b(4),
TABLE 16.22b(4)
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Minimum Distance in
Type of Protection Line Which May be Feet from Nearest
TankBuilt Upon, Including Side of Any Public
the Opposite Side of Way
a Public Way
Tank
protected
with any
one of the
Horizon- following.
tal and Approved
Vertical water spray,
Tanks Approved Table 16.22b(5) but
with inerting, not less than 25 feet Not less than 25 feet
Emer- Approved
gency insulation
Relief and refrig-
Venting eration,
to Permit Approved
Pressure barricade
Not in Protection 2% times Table 16.22
Excess of for b(5) but not less than Not less than 50 feet
2.5 psig Exposures 50 feet
5 times Table 16.22
None b(5) but not less than Not less than 100 feet
100 feet
Tank
protected
with any
one of the
Horizon- following:
oApproved
tal and andl water spray, 2 times Table 16.22
Ve Approved b(5) but not less than Not less than 50 feet
Tanksk inerting, 50 feet
with Approved
Emer- insulation
gency R and refrig-
elief eration,
Venting Approved
to Permit
Pressure barricade
Over Protection 4 times Table 16.22
2.5 psig for b(5) but not less than Not less than 100 feet
Exposures 100 feet
8 times Table 16.22
None b(5) but not less than Not less than 150 feet
150 feet
93
SEC. 16.22 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
except that unstable liquids that are unstable (reactive) chem-
icals such as organic peroxides and nitromethane shall in addi-
tion to complying with the applicable provisions of this article
16 shall comply with sections 20.7, and 20.8 or 20.9 as ap-
plicable.
(5) Reference table for minimum distance used in
Tables 16.22 b(1) thru 16.22 b(4) inclusive shall be as follows:
TABLE 16.22b(5)
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Minimum Distance in
Capacity Tank Line Which May be Feet from Nearest
Gallons Built Upon, Including Side of Any Public
the Opposite Side of Way
a Public Way
275 or less 5 5
276 to 750 10 5
751 to 12,000 15 5
12,001 to 30,000 20 5
30,001 to 50,000 30 10
50,001 to 100,000 50 15
100,001 to 500,000 80 25
500,001 to 1,000,000 100 4535
1,000,001 to 2,000,000 135
2,000,001 to 3,000,000 165 55
3,000,001 or more 175 60
(6) Where two tank properties of diverse ownership have
a common boundary,the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention
may, with the written consent of the owners of the two prop-
erties, substitute the distances provided in sections 16.22 c(1)
through 16.22 c(6) for the minimum distances set forth in sec-
tion 16.22 b.
(7) Where end failure of horizontal pressure tanks and
vessels may expose property, the tank shall be placed with the
longitudinal axis parallel to the nearest important exposure.
C. SPACING (SHELL-TO-SHELL) BETWEEN ABOVEGROUND TANKS.
(1) The distance between any two flammable or combus-
tible liquid storage tanks shall not be less than three feet.
(2) Except as provided in sections 16.22 c(3) through
16.22 c(5) inclusive, the distance between adjacent tanks shall
not be less than one-sixth the sum of their diameters except
when the diameter of one tank is less than one-half the diameter
of the adjacent tank, the distance between the two tanks shall
not be less than one-half the diameter of the smaller tank.
94
DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.22
(3) For crude petroleum in conjunction with production
facilities located in noncongested areas and having capacities
not exceeding 126,000 gallons (3,000 barrels), the distance be-
tween such tanks shall be not less than three feet.
(4) For crude petroleum in producing areas having capaci-
ties in excess of 126,000 gallons (3,000 barrels), the distance
between such tanks shall be not less than the diameter of the
smaller tank.
(5) For unstable liquids, the distance between such tanks
shall be not less than one-half the sum of their diameters.
(6) When tanks are compacted in three or more rows or
in an irregular pattern, greater spacing or other means shall
be provided at the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention so that inside tanks are accessible for fire
fighting purposes.
(7) The minimum separation between a liquefied pe-
troleum gas container and a flammable or combustible liquid
storage tank shall be 20 feet. Suitable means shall be taken to
prevent the accumulation of flammable or combustible liquids
under adjacent liquefied petroleum gas containers such as by
diversion curbs or grading. When flammable or combustible
liquid storage tanks are within a diked area, the liquefied
petroleum gas containers shall be outside the diked area and
at least 10 feet away from the center line of the wall of the
diked area. The foregoing provisions shall not apply when
liquefied petroleum gas containers of 125 gallons or less ca-
pacity are installed adjacent to fuel oil supply tanks of 550
gallons or less capacity.
d. NORMAL VENTING FOR ABOVEGROUND TANKS.
(1) Atmospheric storage tanks shall be adequately vented
to prevent the development of vacuum or pressure sufficient
to distort the roof of a cone roof tank or exceeding the design
pressure in the case of other atmospheric tanks, as a result of
filling or emptying, and atmospheric temperature changes.
(2) Normal vents shall be sized so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property and at least as large as the filling
or withdrawal connection, whichever is larger but in no case
less than 1% inch nominal inside diameter. Evidence that
normal vents have been sized in accordance with the applic-
able standard specified for this section 16.22 d(2) in article 31
95
SEC. 16.22 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such normal
vents are reasonably safe to persons and property.
(3) Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels shall be
adequately vented to prevent development of pressure or
vacuum, as a result of filling or emptying and atmospheric
temperature changes, from exceeding the design pressure of
the tank or vessel. Protection shall also be provided to prevent
overpressure from any pump discharging into the tank or
vessel when the pump discharge pressure can exceed the
design pressure of the tank or vessel.
(4) If any tank or pressure vessel has more than one fill
or withdrawal connection and simultaneous filling or with-
drawal can be made, the vent size shall be based on the maxi-
mum anticipated simultaneous flow.
(5) Unless the vent is designed to limit the internal
pressure to 2.5 psi or less, the outlet of vents and vent drains
shall be arranged to discharge in such a manner as to prevent
localized overheating of any part of the tank in the event
vapors from such vents are ignited.
(6) Tanks and pressure vessels storing Class IA liquids
shall be equipped with venting devices which shall be normally
closed except when venting to pressure or vacuum conditions
except as provided in section 16.22 d(7). Tanks and pressure
vessels storing Class IB and IC liquids shall be equipped with
venting devices which shall be normally closed except when
venting under pressure or vacuum conditions, or with ap-
proved flame arresters except as provided in section 16.22 d(8).
(7) Tanks of 3,000 bbls. capacity or less containing crude
petroleum in crude-producing areas; and, outside aboveground
atmosphere tanks under 1,000 gallons capacity containing
other than Class IA flammable liquids may have open vents.
(8) Flame arresters or venting devices required in sec-
tion 16.22 d(6) may be omitted for Class 1B and 1C liquids
where conditions are such that their use may, in case of ob-
struction, result in tank damage.
e. EMERGENCY RELIEF VENTING FOR FIRE EXPOSURE FOR ABOVE-
GROUND TANKS.
(1) Every aboveground storage tank shall have some
form of construction or device that will relieve excessive in-
ternal pressure caused by exposure fires.
96
DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.22
(2) In a vertical tank the construction referred to in
section 16.22 e(1) may take the form of a floating roof, lifter
roof, a weak roof-to-shell seam, or other approved pressure
relieving construction. The weak roof-to-shell seam shall be
constructed to fail preferential to any other seam.
(3) Where emergency venting is not provided in accord-
ance with section 16.22 e(2), the total capacity of both normal
and emergency venting devices shall be not less than that
derived from Table 16.22 e(3), except as provided in sections
16.22 e(4) or 16.22 e(5).
TABLE 16.22 e(3)
Wetted Area Versus Cubic Feet Free Air per Hour at
14.7 psia and 60°F.
Sq.Ft. CFH Sq.Ft. CFH Sq.Ft. CFH
20 21,100 200 211,000 1,000 524,000
30 31,600 250 239,000 1,200 557,000
40 42,100 300 265,000 1,400 587,000
50 52,700 350 288,000 1,600 614,000
60 63,200 400 312,000 1,800 639,000
70 73,700 500 354,000 2,000 662,000
80 84,200 600 392,000 2,400 704,000
90 94,800 700 428,000 2,800 742,000
100 105,000 800 462,000 and over
120 126,000 900 493,000
140 147,000 1,000 524,000
160 168,000
180 190,000
200 211,000
The wetted area of the tank shall be calculated on the basis
of: 55 per cent of the total exposed area of a sphere or spheroid,
75 per cent of the total exposed area of a horizontal tank, and first
30 feet aboveground of the exposed shell area of a vertical tank.
(4) The total emergency relief venting capacity for any
specific liquid may be determined by the following formula:
1337
Cubic feet of free air per hour = V
where L V M.
V= cubic feet of free air per hour from Table 16.22 e(3).
L= latent heat of vaporization of specific liquid in Btu
per lb.
M = molecular weight of specific liquid.
97
SEC. 16.22 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(5) The required air flow rate of section 16.22 e(3) or
e(4) may be multiplied by the appropriate factor listed in the
following schedule when protection is provided as indicated.
Only one factor may be used for any one tank.
.5 for drainage in accordance with section 16.22 g(2) for
tanks over 200 square feet of wetted area.
.3 for approved water spray.
.3 for approved insulation.
.15 for approved water spray with approved insulation.
(6) The outlet of all vents and vent drains on tanks
equipped with emergency venting to permit pressures exceed-
ing 2.5 psig shall be arranged to discharge in such a way as to
prevent localized overheating of any part of the tank, in the
event vapors from such vents are ignited.
f. VENT PIPING FOR ABOVEGROUND TANKS.
(1) Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance with
division IV.
(2) Where vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Class I
liquids are adjacent to buildings or public ways, they shall be
located so that the vapors are released at a safe point outside
of buildings and not less than 12 feet above the adjacent
ground level. In order to aid their dispersion, vapors shall be
discharged upward or horizontally away from closely adjacent
walls. Vent outlets shall be located so that flammable vapors
will not be trapped by eaves or other obstructions and shall
be at least five feet from building openings.
(3) When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall
be such as to discharge, within the pressure limitations of the
system, the vapors they may be required to handle when
manifold tanks are subject to the same fire exposure.
g. DRAINAGE, DIKES AND WALLS FOR ABOVEGROUND TANKS.
(1) Drainage and Diked Areas: The area surrounding a
tank or a group of tanks shall be provided with drainage as in
section 16.22 g(2), or shall be diked as provided in section
16.22 g(3), to prevent accidental discharge of liquid from en-
dangering adjoining property or reaching waterways, except
that in particular installations these provisions may be waived
or altered at the discretion of the authority having jurisdiction
98
DIv. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.22
when the tanks under consideration do not constitute a hazard
to adjoining property.
(2) Drainage: Where protection of adjoining property or
waterways is by means of a natural or man-made drainage
system, such systems shall comply with the following:
(a) A slope of not less than one percent away from
the tank toward the drainage system shall be provided.
(b) The drainage system shall terminate in vacant
land or other area or in an impounding basin having a
capacity not smaller than that of the largest tank served.
This termination area and the route of the drainage sys-
tem shall be so located that, if the flammable or com-
bustible liquids in the drainage system are ignited, the
fire will not seriously expose tanks or adjoining property.
(c) The drainage system, including automatic drain-
age pumps, shall not discharge to adjoining property,
natural water courses, public sewers, or public drains
unless the discharge of flammable or combustible liquids
would not constitute a hazard, or the system is so de-
signed that it will not permit flammable or combustible
liquids to be released.
(3) Diked Areas: Where protection of adjoining property
or waterways is accomplished by retaining the liquid around
the tank by means of a diked area, such diked area shall
comply with the following:
(a) Except as provided in section 16.22 g(3)(b), the
volumetric capacity of the diked area shall not be less
than the greatest amount of liquid that can be released
from the largest tank within the diked area, assuming a
full tank. The capacity of the diked area enclosing more
than one tank shall be calculated by deducting the volume
of the tanks other than the largest tank below the height
of the dike.
(b) For a tank or group of tanks with fixed roofs con-
taining crude petroleum with boil-over characteristics, the
volumetric capacity of the diked area shall not be less
than the tank or tanks served by the enclosure, assuming
full tanks. The capacity of the diked area enclosing more
99
SEc. 16.22 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
than one tank shall be calculated by deducting the volume
of tanks below the height of the dike.
(c) Walls of the diked area shall be of earth, steel,
concrete or solid masonry designed to be liquid tight and
to withstand a full hydrostatic head. Earthen walls 3
feet or more in height shall have a flat section at the top
not less than 2 feet wide. The slope of an earthen wall
shall be consistent with the angle of repose of the ma-
terial of which the wall is constructed.
(d) The walls of the diked area shall be restricted to
an average height of 6 feet above interior grade.
(e) Where provision is made for draining water from
diked areas, drainage shall be provided at a uniform slope
of not less than one per cent away from tanks toward a
sump, drainbox or other safe means of disposal located
at the greatest practical distance from the tank. Such
drains shall normally be controlled in a manner so as to
prevent flammable or combustible liquids from entering
natural water courses, public sewers or public drains, if
their presence would constitute a hazard. Control of
drainage shall be accessible under fire conditions.
(f) No loose combustible material, empty or full
drum or barrel, shall be permitted within the diked area.
(g) Each diked area containing two or more tanks
shall be sub-divided preferably by drainage channels or
at least by intermediate curbs in order to prevent spills
from endangering adjacent tanks within the diked areas
as follows:
[1] When storing normally stable liquids in
vertical cone roof tanks constructed with weak roof-
to-shell seam or approved floating roof tanks or when
storing crude petroleum in producing areas in any
type tank, one sub-division for each tank in excess of
10,000 bbls. and one sub-division for each group of
tanks (no tank exceeding 10,000 bbls. capacity)
having an aggregate capacity not exceeding 15,000
bbls.
[2] When storing normally stable liquids in
tanks not covered in section 16.22 g(3)(g)[1], one sub-
100
Div. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.22
division for each tank in excess of 100,000 gallons
(2,500 bbls.) and one sub-division for each group of
tanks (no tank exceeding 100,000 gallons capacity)
having an aggregated capacity not exceeding 150,000
gallons (3,570 bbls.)
[3] When storing unstable liquids in any type
of tank, one sub-division for each tank except that
tanks installed with drainage so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property shall require no addi-
tional sub-division. Evidence that such drainage has
been installed in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 16.22 g(3)(g)[3]
in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be
evidence that such drainage provides reasonable safety
to persons and property.
[4] The drainage channels or intermediate curbs
shall be located between tanks so as to take full ad-
vantage of the available space with due regard for
the individual tank capacities. Intermediate curbs,
where used, shall not be less than 18 inches in height.
h. STAIRS, PLATFORMS AND WALKWAYS FOR ABOVEGROUND
TANKS:
Stairs, platforms and walkways shall be of metal, concrete
or wood.
i. TANK OPENINGS OTHER THAN VENTS FOR ABOVEGROUND
TANKS.
(1) Connections for all tank openings shall be vapor and
liquid tight.
(2) Each connection to an aboveground tank through
which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an
internal or an external valve located as close as practical to
the shell of the tank. Such valves, when external, and their
connections to the tank shall be of steel except when the
chemical characteristics of the liquid stored are incompatible
with steel. When materials other than steel are necessary,
they shall be suitable for the pressures, structural stresses
and temperatures involved, including fire exposures.
(3) Each connection below the liquid level through which
liquid does not normally flow shall be provided with a liquid-
101
SEC. 16.23 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
tight closure. This may be a valve, plug or blind, or a com-
bination of these.
(4) Openings for gaging shall be provided with a vapor-
tight cap or cover.
(5) For Class IB and IC liquids other than crude oils,
gasolines and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so designed and
installed as to minimize the possibility of generating static
electricity. A fill pipe entering the top of a tank shall terminate
within six inches of the bottom of the tank and shall be in-
stalled to avoid excessive vibration.
(6) Filling and emptying connections which are made
and broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location
free from any source of ignition and not less than five feet
away from any building opening. Such connection shall be
closed and liquid tight when not in use. The connection shall
be properly identified.
Section 16.23. Installation of Underground Tanks.
a. LOCATION: Excavation for underground storage tanks shall be
made with due care to avoid undermining of foundations of exist-
ing structures. Underground tanks or tanks under buildings shall
be so located with respect to existing building foundations and
supports that the loads carried by the latter cannot be transmitted
to the tank. The distance from any part of a tank storing Class I
liquids to the nearest wall of any basement or pit shall be not less
than one foot, and to any property line that may be built upon,
not less than three feet. The distance from any part of a tank
storing Class II or III liquids to the nearest wall of any basement,
pit or property line shall be not less than one foot.
b. DEPTH AND COVER: Underground tanks shall be set on firm
foundation and surrounded with noncorrosive, inert materials such
as clean sand, earth or gravel well tamped in place. Tanks shall be
covered with a minimum of two feet of earth, or shall be covered
with not less than one foot of earth, on top of which shall be
placed a slab of reinforced concrete not less than four inches thick.
When underground tanks are, or are likely to be, subjected to
traffic, they shall be protected against damage from vehicles
passing over them by at least three feet of earth cover, or 18 inches
of well-tamped earth, plus six inches of reinforced concrete or
eight inches of asphaltic concrete. When asphaltic or reinforced
102
DIV. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.23
concrete paving is used as part of the protection, it shall extend
at least one foot horizontally beyond the outline•of the tank in all
directions.
C. LOCATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF VENTS FOR CLASS I LIQUIDS:
Vent pipes from tanks storing Class I liquids shall be so located
that the discharge point is outside of buildings, higher than the
fill pipe opening, and not less than 12 feet above the adjacent
ground level. Vent pipes shall discharge only upward in order to
disperse vapors. Vent pipes two inches or less in nominal inside
diameter shall not be obstructed by devices that will cause ex-
cessive back pressure. Vent pipe outlets shall be so located that
flammable vapors will not enter building openings, or be trapped
under eaves or other obstructions. If the vent pipe is less than ten
feet in length or greater than two inches in nominal inside
diameter, the outlet shall be provided with a vacuum and pressure
relief device or there shall be an approved flame arrester located
in the vent line at the outlet or within the approved distance from
the outlet. In no case shall a flame arrester be located more than
15 feet from the outlet end of the vent line.
d. SIZE OF VENTS: Each tank shall be vented through piping ade-
quate in size to prevent blow-back of vapor or liquid at the fill
opening while tank is being filled. Vent pipes shall be not less
than 1% inch nominal inside diameter.
e. LOCATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF VENTS FOR CLASS II OR III
LIQUIDS: Vent pipes from tanks storing Class II or III flammable
liquids shall terminate outside of building and higher than the fill
pipe opening. Vent outlets shall be above normal snow level. They
may be fitted with return bends, coarse screens or other devices to
minimize ingress of foreign material.
f. VENT PIPING: Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance
with division IV. Vent pipes shall be so laid as to drain toward
the tank without sags or traps in which liquid can collect. They
shall be located so that they will not be subjected to physical dam-
age. The tank end of the vent pipe shall enter the tank through
the top.
g. TANK OPENINGS OTHER THAN VENTS.
(1) Connections for all tank openings shall be vapor or
liquid tight.
103
SEC. 16.24 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(2) Openings for manual gaging, if independent of the
fill pipe, shall be provided with a liquid-tight cap or cover.
If inside a building, each such opening shall be protected
against liquid overflow and possible vapor release by means
of a spring loaded check valve or other approved device.
(3) Fill and discharge lines shall enter tanks only through
the top. Fill lines shall be sloped toward the tank.
(4) For Class IB and IC liquids other than crude oils, gas-
olines and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be designed and installed
so as to minimize the possibility of generating static electricity
by terminating within six inches of the bottom of the tank.
(5) Filling and emptying connections which are made
and broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location
free from any source of ignition and not less than five feet
away from any building opening. Such connection shall be
closed and liquid tight when not in use. The connection shall
be properly identified.
Section 16.24. Installation of Tanks Inside of Buildings.
a. LOCATION: Tanks shall not be permitted inside of buildings
except as provided in divisions VI, VII, VIII or IX.
b. VENTS: Vents for tanks inside of buildings shall be provided
as in sections 16.22 d, 16.22 e, 16.22 f(2), and 16.23 c through 16.23 f
except that emergency venting by the use of weak roof seams on
tanks shall not be permitted. Vents shall discharge vapors outside
the buildings.
C. VENT PIPING: Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance
with division IV.
d. TANK OPENINGS OTHER THAN VENTS.
(1) Connections for all tank openings shall be vapor or
liquid tight.
(2) Each connection to a tank inside of buildings through
which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an inter-
nal or an external valve located as close as practical to the shell
of the tank. Such valves, when external, and their connections
to the tank shall be of steel except when the chemical char-
acteristics of the liquid stored are incompatible with steel.
When materials other than steel are necessary, they shall be
104
Drv. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.25
suitable for the pressures, structural stresses and temperatures
involved, including fire exposures.
(3) Flammable or combustible liquid tanks located inside
of buildings except in one-story buildings designed and pro-
tected for flammable or combustible liquid storage, shall be
provided with an automatic-closing heat-actuated valve on
each withdrawal connection below the liquid level, except for
connections used for emergency disposal, to prevent continued
flow in the event of fire in the vicinity of the tank. This func-
tion may be incorporated in the valve required in section
16.24 d(2), and if a separate valve, shall be located adjacent
to the valve required in section 16.24 d(2).
(4) Openings for manual gaging, if independent of the fill
pipe shall be provided with a vapor-tight cap or cover. Each
such opening shall be protected against liquid overflow and
possible vapor release by means of a spring loaded check
valve or other approved device.
(5) For Class IB and IC liquids other than crude oils,
gasolines and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be designed and in-
stalled so as to minimize the possibility of generating static
electricity by terminating within six inches of the bottom of
the tank.
(6) The fill pipe inside of the tank shall be installed to
avoid excessive vibration of the pipe.
(7) The inlet of the fill pipe shall be located outside of
buildings at a location free from any source of ignition and not
less than five feet away from any building opening. The inlet
of the fill pipe shall be closed and liquid tight when not in use.
The fill connection shall be properly identified.
(8) Tanks inside buildings shall be equipped with a
device, or other means shall be provided, to prevent overflow
into the building.
Section 16.25. Supports, Foundations and Anchorage for All Tank
Locations.
a. Tank supports shall be installed on firm foundations. Tank
supports shall be of concrete, masonry or protected steel. Single
wood timber supports (not cribbing) laid horizontally may be
used for outside aboveground tanks if not more than 12 inches
high at their lowest point.
105
SEC. 16.26 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
b. Steel supports or exposed piling shall be protected by
materials having a fire resistive rating of not less than two hours,
except that steel saddles need not be protected if less than 12 inches
high at their lowest point. At the discretion of the authority having
jurisdiction, approved water spray protection or its equivalent may
be used in lieu of fire-resistive materials to protect supports.
c. The design of the supporting structure for tanks such as
spheres shall require special engineering consideration.
d. Every tank shall be so supported as to prevent the exces-
sive concentration of loads on the supporting portion of the shell.
e. Tanks shall rest on the ground or on foundations made
of concrete, masonry, piling or steel. Tank foundations shall be
designed to minimize the possibility of uneven settling of the tank
and to minimize corrosion in any part of the tank resting on the
foundation.
f. Where a tank is located in an area that may be subjected
to flooding, the applicable precautions outlined in Appendix A,
Protection of Tanks Containing Flammable or Combustible
Liquids in Locations That May Be Flooded, shall be observed.
g. In areas subject to earthquakes, the tank supports and
connections shall be designed to resist damage as a result of such
shocks.
Section 16.26. Sources of Ignition.
In locations where flammable vapors may be present, pre-
cautions shall be taken to prevent ignition by eliminating or con-
trolling sources of ignition. Sources of ignition may include open
flames, lightning, smoking, cutting and welding, hot surfaces,
frictional heat, sparks (static, electrical and mechanical), spon-
taneous ignition, chemical and physical-chemical reactions and
radiant heat.
Section 16.27. Testing.
a. All tanks, whether shop-built or field-erected, shall be
strength tested before they are placed in service in accordance
with the applicable paragraphs of the Code or Standard referenced
in sections 16.21 c(1), 16.21 d(2) and 16.21 e(2) under which they
were built. The ASME Code stamp, API monogram, or the label
of the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. on a tank shall be evidence
of compliance with this strength test. Tanks not so marked shall
106
Div. II TANK STORAGE SEC. 16.28
be strength tested before they are placed in service in accordance
with good engineering principles.
b. When the vertical length of the fill and vent pipes is such
that when filled with liquid the static head imposed upon the
bottom of the tank exceeds ten pounds per square inch, the tank
and related piping shall be tested hydrostatically to a pressure
equal to the static head thus imposed. In special cases where the
height of the vent above the top of the tank is excessive the hydro-
static test pressure shall be specified by the Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention.
c. In addition to the strength test called fur in sections 16.27a
and 16.27 b, all tanks and connections shall be tested for tightness.
Except for underground tanks, this tightness test shall be made
at operating pressure with air, inert gas or water prior to placing
the tank in service. In the case of field-erected tanks the strength
test may be considered to be the test for tank tightness. Under-
ground tanks and piping, before being covered, enclosed, or placed
in use, shall be tested for tightness hydrostatically, or with air
pressure at not less than three pounds per square inch and not
more than five pounds per square inch.
d. All leaks or deformations shall be corrected in an accept-
able manner before the tank is placed in service. Mechanical
caulking is not permitted for correcting leaks in welded tanks
except pin hole leaks in the roof.
e. Tanks to be operated at pressures below their design
pressure may be tested by the applicable provisions of sections
16.27a or 16.27 b based upon the pressure developed under full
emergency venting of the tank.
Section 16.28. Special Situations.
In particular installations the provisions of this division may
be altered at the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention after consideration of the special features such as topo-
graphical conditions, barricades, walls, nature of occupancies and
proximity to buildings or adjoining property and height and
character of construction of such buildings; capacity and con-
107
SEC. 16.31 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
struction of proposed tanks and character of liquids to be stored,
degree of private fire protection to be provided and the adequacy
of facilities of the fire department to cope with flammable or com-
bustible liquid fires.
DIVISION III
CLOSED CONTAINER STORAGE
Section 16.31. Storage in Closed Containers Inside Buildings.
a. Sections 16.31 through 16.35 shall apply to the storage of
flammable or combustible liquids in drums or other portable closed
containers not exceeding 60 gallons individual capacity inside
buildings.
b. Sections 16.31 through 16.35 shall not apply to the storage
of closed containers in bulk plants, service stations, refineries,
chemical plants and distilleries.
c. Sections 16.31 through 16.35 shall not apply to areas where
containers are opened for dispensing, mixing or handling. Divi-
sion VII, Commercial and Industrial Establishments and division
VIII, Processing Plants shall apply to such areas, as applicable.
Section 16.32. Design and Construction in Inside Storage Rooms.
a. Inside Storage Rooms shall comply with the following gen-
eral construction requirements: Walls, floors and ceilings shall be
of noncombustible construction having a fire-resistance rating of
not less than one hour. Openings to other rooms or buildings
shall be provided with noncombustible liquid-tight sills or ramps
at least 6 inches in height and with approved fire doors arranged
to close doors automatically in case of fire. A permissible alternate
to either sills and ramps is open trenches covered with steel grating
which drain to a safe location. Where other portions of the build-
ing or other properties are exposed, windows shall be protected
in an approved manner. Wood at least one inch nominal thick-
ness may be used for shelving, racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor
overlays and similar installations. Proper ventilation shall be pro-
vided. Heating shall be restricted to low pressure steam or hot
water or to electric units complying with section 16.32 b.
108
DIv. III CLOSED CONTAINER STORAGE SEC. 16.32
b. Electrical wiring and equipment located in Inside Storage
Rooms shall be reasonably safe to persons and property. Where
electrical wiring and equipment located in such rooms using
Class I liquids is installed, evidence that such electrical wiring and
equipment is approved for Class I, Division 1 hazardous locations
and has been installed in accordance with the applicable standard
specified for this section 16.32 b in article 31 of this Fire Prevention
Code shall be evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment
is reasonably safe to persons and property. Also where electrical
wiring and equipment located in such rooms using Class II and III
liquids evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is approved
for general use and has been installed in accordance with the ap-
plicable standard specified for this section 16.32 b in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such electrical
wiring and equipment is reasonably safe to persons and property.
c. Rooms or portions of buildings, affording a type of building
construction and other features equivalent to that required for
Inside Storage Rooms [sections 16.32a through 16.32 e] may be
utilized for storage of flammable or combustible liquids if not used
for any other storage or operation which, in combination, create a
greater fire hazard.
d. Storage rooms shall be located to minimize damage in the
event of an explosion.
e. Where practical, Inside Storage Rooms shall be equipped
with large vents to provide fire and explosion relief.
f. The quantity of flammable liquid in an Inside Storage Room
shall not exceed the quantity specified in this section 16.32 f except
as provided in section 16.32 g.
(1) If not protected by an approved automatic fire extin-
guishing system:
[a] 550 gallons total of Class I, II and III liquids,
of which not more than
[b] 275 gallons may be of Class I liquids, of which
not more than
[c,] 60 gallons may be of Class IA liquid.
(2) If protected by an approved automatic fire extinguish-
ing system:
109
SEC. 16.33 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
[a] 1100 gallons total of Class I, II and III liquids,
of which not more than
[b] 550 gallons may be of Class I liquids of which
not more than
[c] 275 gallons may be of Class IA liquid.
g. The quantity of flammable or combustible liquid in an
Inside Storage Room may be increased to that permitted by sec-
tion 16.72 c for Inside Mixing and Handling Rooms provided the
construction is as provided in sections 16.32a through 16.32 e, but
with walls, floors and ceiling of noncombustible construction hav-
ing a fire resistance rating of not less than two hours.
Section 16.33. Storage Cabinets.
a. Storage cabinets shall be constructed as follows or built to
equivalent requirements. The bottom, top, door and sides of
cabinet shall be at least 0.0478 inch thickness sheet steel (no. 18
manufacturers' standard gauge) and double walled with 1/-
inch air space. Joints shall be riveted, welded or made tight by
some equally effective means. The door shall be provided with a
3-point lock, kept closed when not in use, and the door sill shall
be raised at least 2 inches above the bottom of the cabinet. When
deemed necessary by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention,
cabinets shall be vented. The cabinet shall be conspicuously
labeled in red letters "FLAMMABLE—KEEP FIRE AWAY."
b. Storage cabinets may be used where it is desired to keep
more than 10 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids inside
buildings. No individual container shall exceed 5 gallons capacity
and not over 50 gallons shall be stored in any one cabinet.
Section 16.34. Manner of Storage and Limitations.
a. Flammable or combustible liquids shall not be stored (in-
cluding stock for sale), near exits, stairways or areas normally
used for the safe egress of people.
b. The storage of flammable or combustible liquids in closed
containers shall comply with the following occupancy schedule
except that the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may impose
a quantity limitation or require greater protection where, in his
opinion, unusual hazard to life or property is involved, or he may
authorize increase of these amounts where the type of construc-
110
Drv. III CLOSED CONTAINER STORAGE SEC. 16.34
tion, fire protection provided or other factors substantially reduce
the hazard.
C. DWELLINGS AND APARTMENT HOUSES CONTAINING NOT MORE
THAN THREE DWELLING UNITS AND ACCOMPANYING ATTACHED OR
DETACHED GARAGES. Storage other than fuel oil for oil burner service,
shall be prohibited, except that which is required for maintenance
or equipment operation which shall not exceed 10 gallons. Such
flammable or combustible liquid shall be stored in metal closed
containers or safety cans.
d. ASSEMBLY AND BUSINESS OOPEUPANCIES, APARTMENT HOUSES
CONTAINING MORE THAN THREE DWELLING UNITS, AND HOTELS.
Storage other than fuel oil for oil burner service, shall be pro-
hibited, except that which is required for maintenance and opera-
tion of building and operation of equipment. Such storage shall
be kept in closed metal containers stored in a storage cabinet or
in safety cans or in an Inside Storage Room not having a door that
opens into that portion of the building used by the public.
e. EDUCATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCIES. Storage
other than fuel oil for oil burner service, shall be limited to that
required for maintenance, demonstration, treatment and laboratory
work. Flammable or combustible liquids in the laboratories and
at other points of use shall be in containers not larger than one
quart or in safety cans or in storage cabinets.
f. MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES. In rooms or areas accessible to the
public, storage shall be in closed containers and limited to quan-
tities needed for display and normal merchandising purposes.
Where the aggregate quantity of additional stock exceeds 50 gal-
lons it shall be stored in rooms or portions of buildings that comply
with the construction provisions of section 16.32.
g. GENERAL PURPOSE AND PUBLIC WAREHOUSES. Storage shall
be in accordance with Table 16.34 in fire-resistive buildings or in
portions of fire-resistive buildings cut off by standard fire walls
from combustible materials other than liquids except as may be
required by other portions of this Code. Noncombustible material,
creating no hazard to the flammable or combustible liquids, may
be stored in the same area as the liquids.
h. FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID WAREHOUSES OR STOR-
AGE BUILDINGS. Storage shall be in accordance with Table 16.34. Stor-
111
SEC. 16.34 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
age buildings shall be of fire-resistive or noncombustible construc-
tion. If storage building is located 30 to 50 feet from a building or
line of adjoining property that may be built upon, the exposing
wall shall be a noncombustible blank wall having a fire resistance
rating of at least two hours. If storage building is located 10 to 30
feet from a building or line of adjoining property that may be built
upon,the exposing wall shall be a blank wall having a fire resistance
rating of at least three hours. If storage building is less than
10 feet from the line of adjoining property than can be built upon,
the exposing wall shall be a blank wall having a fire resistance
rating of at least four hours. In particular installations the dis-
tances between the storage building and other buildings may
be altered at the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of. Fire
Prevention after consideration of the height, size and character
of construction and occupancy of the exposed buildings. At the
discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, approved
Class A fire doors may be installed in an approved manner on the
otherwise blank walls.
112
DIV. III CLOSED CONTAINER STORAGE TABLE 16.34
3—▪ ° co
ka 0 W y U O
COI-704 00 00 ..
"
E. ''T CI, 'W W
H x _ v b
U Q. W M y " • •. .N-i .-. O cct I.
O
H m x v u y tn..O.0
O a a a dv E
E x
0 0
Z ccl ,-, w v v Z ' z 00 z c bcn
C4 3 -y7o
ro
o �'� c
N
d
Cq 0,. 0 i. O.-. Q �
ao v tn.Ni '0 o cc O.
C. E-, 0 N COb0 c "
+0-. Ex.m o E, d
o z t.
A "' v . ct
3 ��+ CC N
V G G TA
w. a Wa k+ q 0..0
iz,
CU
5z a d . COa
0 x 17 T 'b 7 4. C h0 C
Ems- p. W �� �.N. ... "' ONv C. O
aU E I v H
Ha dn-. Q M a� O c(�.,
QO E x
W E. o o .. o _ Qp d a;
W a Cc Q w co v Z oo v z -ao co v mo ay a
en
a 3 � obd
Z .. O d yW ., ao 0 od d LE
c"
a a ¢ 00E" b 'aN 00No 0z dPQ n 07 Ni... -, NE - . • v v
44
a
? �=o
E4 oo °..,
d d d a
W 1N.. 4�.. LN.. d d"Citi,.�
(. - pp CO UO .0.O
-0 •a) 4.y b
OW � u� a � 8,, Oo a co..0
„, mv
E-,a Oa n oa , v, s•..4'�C 04 Ea
C7� C7� C7� cd
40 v c o c
OQ EHC. .
,—i p b c
cr)
wc 3..ccnOt .-. •
- o � das .1 z "F
U 4d...0
LP m
113
SEC. 16.35 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Section 16.35. Fire Control.
a. Suitable fire-control devices, such as small hose or portable
fire extinguishers, shall be available at locations where flammable
or combustible liquids are stored.
b. When sprinklers are required, they shall be installed to
provide reasonable safety to persons and property. Evidence that
such sprinklers are installed in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 16.35 b in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code shall be evidence that such sprinklers provide
reasonable safety to persons and property.
c. Open flames, smoking and other sources of ignition shall
not be permitted in flammable or combustible liquid storage rooms.
d. Materials which will react with water to produce flammable
vapors shall not be stored in the same room with flammable or
combustible liquids.
Section 16.36. Storage in Closed Containers Outside Buildings.
a. Sections 16.36 and 16.37 apply to the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids in drums or other portable closed containers
not exceeding 60 gallons individual capacity outside of buildings
in areas used solely for such storage.
b. Sections 16.36 and 16.37 shall not apply to storage of flam-
mable or combustible liquids in drums or portable closed containers
in bulk plants, service stations, and refineries.
Section 16.37. Basic Safeguards.
a. Drums constructed in accordance with ICC Specifications
or containers of equivalent construction may be stored out of doors.
b. Drums shall not be stored outside on building platforms or
between buildings, or in locations adjacent thereto, in such a man-
ner that they would contribute to the spread of fire.
c. Storage of over 100 drums of Class I liquids shall be
limited to groups of 100 drums, located at least 60 feet from the
nearest building or line of adjoining property that may be built
upon and each group shall be separated by at least 40 feet. Storage
of over 300 drums of Class II or III liquids shall be limited to
groups of 300 drums located at least 50 feet from nearest building
or line of adjoining property that may be built upon and each
group shall be separated by at least 30 feet. These distances may
114
DIV. IV PIPING, VALVES AND FITTINGS SEC. 16.41
be reduced 50 percent if sprinklers and drainage away from ex-
posures are provided. In particular installations the distances to
buildings may be altered at the discretion of the Chief of the Bu-
reau of Fire Prevention after consideration of the height, size and
character of construction and occupancy of the exposed buildings.
d. The drum storage shall be located to prevent "run-off" or
drainage toward other storage or buildings. The area shall be kept
clear of grass, weeds and other foreign combustibles. Signs shall
be posted prohibiting open flames and smoking.
DIVISION IV
PIPING, VALVES AND FITTINGS
Section 16.41. General.
a. The design (including selection of materials), fabrication,
assembly, test and inspection of piping systems containing flam-
mable or combustible liquids shall be suitable for the expected
working pressures, and structural stresses and shall be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Piping systems designed, fabricated,
assembled, tested and inspected for the expected working pressures
and structural stresses in conformance with the applicable pro-
visions of this code shall be deemed to be reasonably safe to
persons and property; on matters not covered in this code, con-
formity of piping system installations to the applicable standards
specified for this section 16.41a in article 31 of this Fire Prevention
Code shall be evidence that such piping systems are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
b. This division shall not apply to any of the following:
(1) Tubing or casing on any oil or gas wells and any
piping connected directly thereto.
(2) Floating craft or aircraft.
(3) Piping within the scope of any applicable boiler and
pressure vessel Code.
c. Piping systems shall consist of pipe, flanges, bolting, gas-
kets, valves, fittings, the pressure containing parts of other com-
ponents such as expansion joints and strainers, and devices which
serve such purposes as mixing, separating, snubbing, distributing,
metering, or controlling flow.
115
SEC. 16.42 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Section 16.42. Materials.
a. Piping materials shall be steel except as provided in sec-
tions 16.42 b through 16.42 d or other material suitable for use with
the liquid being handled.
b. Piping may be built of noncombustible materials other
than steel if required by the properties of the flammable or com-
bustible liquid handled.
c. Piping built of materials other than steel shall be designed
to specifications embodying principles recognized as good engineer-
ing design for the material used and shall be approved by the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
d. When low melting point materials such as aluminum and
brass or materials that soften on fire exposure such as plastic, or
nonductile materials such as cast iron, are necessary, special con-
sideration shall be given to their behavior on fire exposure. If such
materials are used in aboveground piping systems or inside
buildings, they shall be suitably protected against fire exposure
or so located that any spill resulting from the failure of these
materials could not unduly expose persons, important buildings
or structures or can be readily controlled by remote valves.
Section 16.43. Pipe Joints.
Pipe joints dependent upon the friction characteristics of com-
bustible materials for mechanical continuity of piping shall not be
used inside buildings. They may be used outside of buildings
above or below ground. If used aboveground, the piping shall
either be secured to prevent disengagement at the fitting or the
piping system shall be so designed that any spill resulting from
such disengagement could not unduly expose persons, important
buildings or structures, and could be readily controlled by remote
valves.
Section 16.44. Supports.
Pipe systems shall be substantially supported and protected
against physical damage and excessive stresses arising from set-
tlement, vibration, expansion or contraction.
Section 16.45. Protection Against Corrosion.
All piping for flammable liquids, both aboveground and un-
derground, where subject to external corrosion, shall be painted
or otherwise protected.
116
DIV. V BULK PLANTS SEC. 16.52
Section 16.46. Valves.
Piping systems shall contain a sufficient number of valves to
operate the system properly and to protect the plant. Piping sys-
tems in connection with pumps shall contain a sufficient number of
valves to control properly the flow of liquid in normal operation
and in the event of physical damage. Connections to pipe lines, by
which equipment such as tank cars or tank vehicles discharge
liquids by means of centrifugal pumps into aboveground storage
tanks, shall be provided with check valves for automatic protection
against back-flow.
Section 16.47. Testing.
All piping before being covered, enclosed or placed in use
shall be tested hydrostatically or with air pressure at not less than
1/ times the maximum anticipated pressure of the system, but not
less than five pound per square inch gage at the highest point of
the system. This test shall be maintained for at least 30 minutes
or for sufficient time to complete visual inspection of all joints and
connections.
DIVISION V
BULK PLANTS
Section 16.51. Location of Plants.
No new bulk plants shall be constructed with the limits
established by law as limits of the districts in which such plants
are prohibited.
Section 16.52. Storage.
a. Class I liquids shall be stored in closed containers, or in
storage tanks aboveground outside of buildings, or underground
in accordance with division II.
b. Class II or III liquids shall be stored in containers, or
in tanks within buildings or aboveground outside of buildings, or
underground in accordance with division II.
c. Containers of flammable or combustible liquids when piled
one upon the other shall be separated by dunnage sufficient to
provide stability and to prevent excessive stress on container walls.
The height of pile shall be consistent with stability and strength
of containers.
117
SEC. 16.53 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Section 16.53. Buildings.
a. EXITS. Rooms storing flammable or combustible liquids or in
which flammable or combustible liquids are handled by pumps
shall have exit facilities arranged to prevent occupants being
trapped in the event of fire.
b. HEATING. Rooms in which Class I liquids are stored or
handled shall be heated only by means not constituting a source
of ignition, such as steam or hot water. Rooms containing heating
appliances involving sources of ignition shall be located and ar-
ranged to prevent entry of flammable vapors.
C. VENTILATION.
(1) Ventilation shall be provided for all rooms, buildings,
or enclosures in which Class I liquids are pumped or dispensed.
Design of ventilation shall take into account the relatively
high specific gravity of the vapors. Ventilation may be pro-
vided by adequate openings in outside walls at floor level
unobstructed except by louvers or coarse screens. Where
natural ventilation is impracticable, mechanical ventilation
shall be provided.
(2) Class I liquids shall not be stored or handled within a
building having a basement or pit into which flammable
vapors may travel, unless such area is provided with ventila-
tion designed to prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors
therein.
(3) Containers of Class I liquids shall not be drawn from
or filled within buildings unless provision is made to prevent
the accumulation of flammable vapors in hazardous concen-
trations. Where mechanical ventilation is required, it shall
be kept in operation while flammable or combustible liquids
are being handled.
Section 16.54. Loading and Unloading Facilities.
a. TANK VEHICLE LOADING RACKS.
(1) LOCATION. Tank vehicle loading racks dispensing Class I
liquids shall be separated from tanks, warehouses, other
plant buildings, and nearest line of property that may be
built upon by a clear distance of not less than 25 feet, meas-
ured from the nearest position of any fill stem. Buildings for
118
DIv. V BULK PLANTS SEC. 16.55
pumps or for shelter of loading personnel may be part of the
loading rack.
(2) STATIC PROTECTION. The following types of tank vehicle
loading racks shall be equipped with protection against static
sparks during tank vehicle filling:—racks dispensing Class I
liquids into open domes of tank vehicles, and racks dispensing
Class II or III liquids into open domes of tank vehicles which
may contain flammable vapors from previous cargoes of Class
I liquids. Protection shall consist of a metallic bond-wire
permanently electrically connected to the fill-stem or some
part of the fill-stem piping. The free end of such wire shall be
provided with a clamp or similar device for convenient attach-
ment to some metallic part of the cargo tank of the tank
vehicle. The bond-wire connection shall be made prior to
opening the dome covers. It shall be maintained in place
during the entire filling operation and the dome covers shall
be securely closed before the bond-wire is disconnected from
the cargo tank.
(3) DRAG CHAINS. Drag chains or similar devices on tank
vehicles shall not be deemed to meet the provisions of section
16.54a(2) for static protection.
b. TANK CAR RACKS. Class I liquids shall not be discharged from
or loaded into tank cars unless protection against stray currents
has been provided and is used. Protection shall be designed and
installed so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property.
Evidence that such static protection is in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 16.54 b in article 31
of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such static
protection is reasonably safe to persons and property.
C. CONTAINER FILLING FACILITIES. Class I liquids shall not be
run into containers unless the nozzle and container are electrically
interconnected. Where the metallic floorplate on which the con-
tainer stands while filling is electrically connected to the fill stem
or where the fill stem is bonded to the container during filling
operations by means of a bond-wire, the provisions of this section
16.54 c shall be deemed to have been complied with.
Section 16.55. Electrical Equipment.
a. This section shall apply to areas where Class I liquids are
stored or handled.
119
SEC. 16.55 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
b. All installations of electrical wiring and equipment shall
be reasonably safe to persons and property. For Class I liquids
where electrical wiring and equipment are installed, evidence that
such wiring and equipment are of the type approved for use in
the hazardous locations as set forth in Table 16.55 b and that such
wiring and equipment have been installed in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 16.55 b in article 31
of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such wiring
and equipment are reasonably safe to persons and property.
c. In Table 16.55 b a classified area shall not extend beyond
the unpierced wall, roof or other solid partition.
d. For area classifications not covered in section 16.55 b and
not listed in Table 16.55 b, the Chief of the Fire Prevention Bureau
shall have the authority to classify the extent of the hazardous
area.
120
DIV. V BULK PLANTS TABLE 16.55b
TABLE 16.55 b
Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas—Bulk Plants.
NEC
Class I,
Group D Extent of
Location Division Classified Area
TANK VEHICLE AND 2 Within 3 feet of point of connection,
TANK CAR*— extending in all directions. Also 18
Bottom Loading or inches above grade within a hori-
Unloading zontal radius of 10 feet from point
of connection.
TANK VEHICLE AND 1 Within 3 feet of edge of dome, ex-
TANK CAR*— tending in all directions.
Loading Through Open 2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from
Dome edge of dome, extending in all di-
rections.
1 Within 3 feet of open end of vent,
TANK VEHICLE AND extending in all directions.
TANK CAR*— 2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from
Loading Through Closed open end of vent, extending in all
Dome With Atmospheric directions.
Venting 2 Within 3 feet of edge of dome, ex-
tending in all directions.
TANK VEHICLE AND 2 Within 3 feet of point of connection
TANK CAR*— from both fill and vapor line, extend-
Loading Through Closed ing in all directions.
Dome With Vapor
Recovery
1 Within 3 feet of vent and fill open-
ing, extending in all directions.
DRUM AND CONTAINER
FILLING— 2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from
vent or fill opening, extending in all
Outdoors, or Indoors With directions. Also up to 18 inches
Adequate Ventilation above floor or grade level within a
horizontal radius of 10 feet from
vent or fill opening.
TANK, ABOVEGROUND— 2 Within 10 feet from shell, ends, or
Shell, Ends or Roof and roof of tank. Area inside dikes to
Dike Area level of top of dike within 25 feet
of tank.
1 Within 5 feet of open end of vent,
TANK, ABOVEGROUND-- extending in all directions.
Vent 2 Area between 5 feet and 10 feet
from open end of vent, extending in
all directions.
*When classifying extent of area, consideration shall be given to fact that tank
cars or tank vehicles may be spotted at varying points. Therefore, the extremities
of the loading or unloading positions shall be used.
121
TABLE 16.55b FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Table 16.55 b—Continued
NEC
Class I,
Group D Extent of
Location Division Classified Area
TANK, ABOVEGROUND— 1 Area above the roof and within the
Floating Roof shell.
TANK, UNDERGROUND See Section 16.66
PIT— 1 Entire area within pit if any part
Without Mechanical is within a Division 1 or 2 classified
Ventilation area.
PIT— 2 Entire area within pit if any part
With Mechanical is within a Division 1 or 2 classified
Ventilation area.
PIT— 2 Entire pit.
Containing Valves, Fittings
or Piping, and Not Within
a Division 1 or 2 Classified
Area
PUMPS, BLEEDERS, 2 Within 5 feet of any edge of such
WITHDRAWAL FITTINGS, devices, extending in all directions.
METERS, AND SIMILAR Also up to 3 feet above floor or
DEVICES— grade level within 25 feet horizon-
Indoors tally from any edge of such devices.
PUMPS, BLEEDERS, 2 Within 3 feet of any edge of such
WITHDRAWAL FITTINGS, devices, extending in all directions.
METERS, AND SIMILAR Also up to 18 inches above grade
DEVICES— level within 10 feet horizontally from
Outdoors any edge of such devices.
1 All pits or spaces below floor level.
STORAGE AND REPAIR
GARAGE FOR TANK 2 Area up to 18 inches above floor or
VEHICLES grade level for entire storage or re-
pair garage.
DRAINAGE DITCHES, 2 Area up to 18 inches above ditch,
SEPARATORS, IMPOUNDING separator or basin. Also 18 inches
BASINS above grade within 15 feet horizon-
tally from any edge.
GARAGES FOR OTHER THAN Ordinary If there is any opening to these
TANK VEHICLES rooms within the extent of an out-
door classified area, the entire room
OUTDOOR DRUM STORAGE Ordinary shall be classified the same as the
INDOOR WAREHOUSING Ordinary area classification at the point of
WHERE THERE No the opening. If there is any open-
Wing to these rooms within the ex-
LH ERE TRANSFERMA E LIQUID tent of an indoor classified area, the
room shall be classified the same as
OFFICE AND REST Rooms Ordinary if the wall, curb or partition did
not exist.
122
a
DIv. VI SERVICE STATIONS SEC. 16.61
Section 16.56. Sources of Ignition.
Class I liquids shall not be handled, drawn, or dispensed where
flammable vapors may reach a source of ignition. Smoking shall be
prohibited except in designated localities. "NO SMOKING" signs
shall be conspicuously posted where hazard from flammable vapors
is normally present.
Section 16.57. Drainage and Waste Disposal.
Provision shall be made to prevent flammable or combustible
liquids which may be spilled at loading or unloading points from
entering public sewers and drainage systems, or natural waterways.
Connections to such sewers, drains, or waterways by which flam-
mable or combustible liquids might enter shall be provided with
separator boxes or other approved means whereby such entry is
precluded. Crankcase drainings and flammable or combustible
liquids shall not be dumped into sewers, but shall be stored in
tanks or tight drums outside of any building until removed from
the premises.
Section 16.58. Fire Control.
Suitable fire-control devices, such as small hose or portable
fire extinguishers, shall be available to locations where fires are
likely to occur. Additional fire-control equipment may be required
where a tank of more than 50,000 gallons individual capacity con-
tains Class I liquids and where an unusual exposure hazard exists
from surrounding property. Such additional fire-control equipment
shall be sufficient to extinguish a fire in the largest tank. The
design and amount of such equipment shall provide reasonable
safety to persons and property. Evidence that the design and
amount of such equipment is in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 16.58 in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code shall be evidence that such equipment provides
reasonable safety to persons and property.
DIVISION VI
SERVICE STATIONS
Section 16.61. Location.
Apparatus dispensing Class I liquids into the fuel tanks of
motor vehicles of the public shall not be located at a bulk plant
123
SEC. 16.63 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
unless separated by a fence or similar barrier from the area in
which bulk operations are conducted.
Section 16.62. Construction.
Class I liquids shall not be stored or handled within a build-
ing having a basement or pit into which flammable vapors may
travel, unless such area is provided with ventilation designed to
prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors therein.
Section 16.63. Storage and Handling.
a. GENERAL PROVISIONS.
(1) Class I liquids shall be stored in approved closed
containers not exceeding 60 gallons capacity, in tanks located
underground or in tanks in special enclosures as described in
section 16.63 b.
(2) Class II and III liquids shall be stored in containers,
in tanks, located underground or in tanks in special enclosures
as described in section 16.63 b or as provided in section 16.65 b.
(3) Aboveground tanks, located in an adjoining bulk
plant, may be connected by piping to service station under-
ground tanks if, in addition to valves at aboveground tanks, a
valve is also installed within control of service station per-
sonnel.
(4) The provisions of sections 16.63a(1) and 16.63a(2)
shall not prohibit the temporary use of portable or semi-port-
able tanks in conjunction with the dispensing of flammable or
combustible liquids into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles or
other motorized equipment on premises not normally acces-
sible to the public. Such installations shall only be made with
the approval of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
b. SPECIAL ENCLOSURES.
(1) When installation of tanks in accordance with sec-
iton 16.23 is impractical because of property or building limita-
tion, tanks for flammable or combustible liquids may be in-
stalled in buildings if enclosed and upon specific approval of
the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
(2) The enclosure shall be substantially liquid and vapor
tight without backfill. Sides, top, and bottom of the enclosure
shall be of reinforced concrete at least 6 inches thick, with
openings for inspection through the top only. Tank connec-
124
DIv. VI SERVICE STATIONS SEC. 16.63
tions shall be so piped or closed that neither vapors nor liquid
can escape into the enclosed space. Means shall be provided
whereby portable equipment may be employed to discharge
to the outside any vapors which might accumulate should
leakage occur.
(3) At automotive service stations provided in connection
with tenant or customer parking facilities at or below grade
level beneath large buildings of commercial, mercantile or
residential occupancy, tanks containing Class I liquids installed
of necessity in accordance with section 16.63 b(2) shall not
exceed 5,000 gallons individual or 10,000 gallons aggregate
capacity.
C. INSIDE BUILDINGS.
(1) Except where stored in tanks as provided in section
16.63 b, no Class I liquids shall be stored or handled within
any service station building except in approved closed con-
tainers. A container equipped with an approved pump or an
approved self-closing faucet shall be considered a closed con-
tainer for purposes of storage only.
(2) No Class I liquids shall be dispensed, or transferred
from one container to another, inside of a service station build-
ing, except flammable anti-freeze liquids. Such anti-freeze may
be dispensed in rooms of a service station building provided
such rooms have approved heating devices and there is no
open flame in such room lower than 8 feet above floor level.
Service station areas other than lubritoriums or rooms in which
flammable liquids are transferred or dispensed may be heated
in any conventional manner.
(3) Class II or III liquids may be stored and dispensed
inside service station buildings from tanks of not more than
120 gallons capacity each.
d. LABELING. No sale or purchase of any Class I, II or III liquids
shall be made in containers unless such containers are clearly
marked with the name of the product contained therein.
e. DISPENSING CONTAINERS. No delivery of any Class I liquids
shall be made into portable containers unless the container has a
tight closure with screwed or spring cover and is fitted with a spout
or so designed that the contents can be poured without spilling.
125
SEC. 16.64 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Section 16.64. Dispensing Systems.
a. LOCATION. Dispensing devices at automotive service stations
shall be so located that all parts of the vehicle being served will be
on the premises of the service station.
(1) INSIDE LOCATION. Approved dispensing units may be
located inside garages upon specific approval of the Chief of
the Bureau of Fire Prevention. The dispensing area shall be
separated from motor vehicle repair areas in a manner ap-
proved by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention. The
dispensing unit and its piping shall be protected against physi-
cal damage from vehicles either by mounting on a concrete
island or by equivalent means and shall be located in a position
where it cannot be struck by a vehicle descending a ramp or
other slope out of control. The dispensing area shall be pro-
vided with an approved mechanical or gravity ventilation
system. A clearly identified switch, readily accessible in case
of fire or physical damage to any dispensing unit, shall be pro-
vided to shut off the power to dispensing units. When dis-
pensing units are located below grade, only approved mechan-
ical ventilation shall be used and the entire dispensing area
shall be protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system.
The ventilating system shall be electrically interlocked with
the gasoline dispensing units so that the dispensing units can-
not be operated unless the ventilating fan motors are energized.
b. DISPENSING UNITS.
(1) Class I liquids shall be transferred from underground
tanks by means of fixed pumps so designed and equipped as
to allow control of the flow and to prevent leakage or acci-
dental discharge. Class I liquids shall not be transferred from
any storage tank by any equipment or procedure which sub-
jects the shell of the storage tank to pressures above its allow-
able working pressure. Air or gas pressure shall not be used
for this purpose.
(2) Supplemental means shall be provided outside of the
dispensing device whereby the source of power may be readily
disconnected in the event of fire or other accident.
(3) Dispensing devices for Class I liquids shall be of ap-
proved type.
126
• 4
DIv. VI SERVICE STATIONS SEC. 16.64
(4) Class I liquids shall not be dispensed by pressure from
drums, barrels, and similar containers. Approved pumps taking
suction through the top of the container or approved self-
closing faucets shall be used.
C. REMOTE PUMPING SYSTEMS.
(1) SCOPE. Remote pumping systems shall apply to systems
for dispensing Class I liquid where such liquid is transferred
from underground storage to individual or multiple dispensing
units by pumps located elsewhere than at the dispensing units.
(2) PUMPS. Pumps shall be designed or equipped so that no
part of the system will be subjected to pressures above its
allowable working pressure. Pumps installed abovegrade, out-
side of buildings, shall be located not less than ten feet from
lines of adjoining property which may be built upon, and not
less than five feet from any building opening. When an outside
pump location is impractical, pumps may be installed inside of
buildings as provided for dispensers in section 16.64a(1), or
in pits as provided in section 16.64 c(3). Pump shall be sub-
stantially anchored and protected against physical damage by
vehicles.
(3) PITS. Pits for subsurface pumps or piping manifolds of
submersible pumps shall withstand the external forces to
which they may be subjected without damage to the pump,
tank, or piping. The pit shall be no larger than necessary for
inspection and maintenance and shall be provided with a tight
fitting cover.
(4) CONTROLS.
(a) A control shall be provided that will permit the
pump to operate only when a dispensing nozzle is re-
moved from its bracket on the dispensing unit and the
switch on this dispensing unit is manually actuated. This
control shall also stop the pump when all nozzles have
been returned to their brackets.
(b) There shall be a means,visible from the operating
area, to indicate when the pump motor is running.
(c) A clearly identified switch, readily accessible in
case of fire or physical damage at any dispensing unit,
shall be provided to shut off the power to the pump motors.
127
SEC. 16.65 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
(5) TESTING. After the completion of the installation includ-
ing any paving, that section of the pressure piping system
between the pump discharge and the connection for the dis-
pensing facility, shall be tested for at least thirty minutes at
a pressure fifty per cent above the maximum operating pres-
sure. Such tests shall be repeated at five year intervals there-
after.
d. AUTOMATIC DISPENSING UNITS. The installation and use of
unattended coin-operated dispensing devices for Class I liquids
is prohibited.
e. DELIVERY NOZZLES.
(1) MANUAL NOZZLES. The dispensing of Class I liquid into
the fuel tank of a vehicle or into a container shall be under
the control of a competent attendant at all times. The use of
any device which permits the dispensing of Class I liquids
when the hand of the operator of the discharge nozzle is re-
moved from the nozzle control lever is hereby forbidden
except when using an automatic nozzle at an automotive
service station as provided in section 16.64 e(2).
(2) AUTOMATIC NOZZLES WITH LATCH-OPEN DEVICES. In
lieu of being held open by hand, an approved automatic nozzle
may be used for dispensing Class I liquid into the fuel tank
of a vehicle. Such a nozzle shall have the latch-open device
as an integral part of the assembly and shall shut off the
liquid reliably and positively when the gasoline tank is filled,
when it falls from the filling neck of an automobile tank, when
it is subject to rough usage such as dropping or lack of proper
lubrication, or when an automobile is driven away while the
nozzle is still in the tank. A competent attendant shall be in
the immediate vicinity of the vehicle being filled by such an
approved nozzle.
Section 16.65. Marine Service Stations.
a. Tanks and pumps, other than those integral with approved
dispensing devices, supplying Class I liquids at marine service
stations shall be located only on shore, or upon express permission
of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention on a pier of solid-fill
type. Approved dispensing devices with or without integral pumps
may be located on shore, piers of solid-fill type, open piers,
wharves or floating docks.
128
Div. VI SERVICE STATIONS SEC. 16.66
b. Tanks and pumps supplying Class II and III liquids at
marine service stations may be located on shore, on a pier of solid-
fill type or on open piers, wharves or floating docks. Class II or
III liquid tanks which are located other than on shore or on piers
of the solid-fill type shall be limited to 550 gallons aggregate
capacity. Pumps not a part of the dispensing unit shall be located
adjacent to the tanks.
c. Pipe lines attached to piers, wharves or floating docks
shall be protected against physical damage. A readily accessible
valve to shut off the supply from the shore shall be provided in each
pipe line at or near the approach to the pier, wharf or floating dock.
d. Pipe lines to floating docks shall be so designed and in-
stalled as to make appropriate provision for changes in water level
or tide. Transition from the fixed portion of the installation to the
floating unit shall provide desirable product control, flexibility, and
protection from physical damage.
Section 16.66. Electrical Equipment.
a. This section shall apply to areas where Class I liquids are
stored or handled.
b. All installations of electrical wiring and equipment shall
be reasonably safe to persons and property. For Class I liquids
where electrical wiring and equipment are installed, evidence that
such wiring and equipment are of the type approved for use in the
hazardous locations as set forth in Table 16.66 b and that such
wiring and equipment have been installed in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 16.66 b in article 31
of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such wiring
and equipment are reasonably safe to persons and property.
c. In Table 16.66 b a classified area shall not extend beyond
the unpierced wall, roof or other solid partition.
d. For area classifications not covered in section 16.66 b and
not listed in Table 16.66 b, the Chief of the Fire Prevention Bureau
shall have the authority to classify the extent of the hazardous
area.
129
TABLE 16.66b FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
TABLE 16.66 b
Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas—Service Stations.
NEC
Class I,
Group D Extent of
Location Division Classified Area
1 Any pit, box or space below grade
level, any part of which is within the
Division 1 or 2 classified area.
UNDERGROUND TANK— 2 Up to 18 inches above grade level
Fill Opening within a horizontal radius of 10 feet
from a loose fill connection and
within a horizontal radius of 5 feet
from a tight fill connection.
1 Within 3 feet of open end of vent,
UNDERGROUND TANK— extending in all directions.
Vent, Discharging 2 Area between 3 feet and 5 feet of
Upward open end of vent, extending in all
directions.
DISPENSER— 1 Any pit, box or space below grade
Pits level,any part of which is within the
Division 1 or 2 classified area.
DISPENSER— 1 The area 4 feet vertically above
Dispenser Enclosure grade within the enclosure of 18
inches in all directions.
DISPENSER— 2 Up to 18 inches above grade level
Outdoor within 20 feet horizontally of any
edge of enclosure.
DISPENSER— 2 Up to 18 inches above grade or floor
Indoor With Mechanical level within 20 feet horizontally of
Ventilation any edge of enclosure.
DISPENSER— 2 Up to 18 inches above grade or floor
Indoors With Gravity level within 25 feet horizontally of
Ventilation any edge of enclosure.
Any pit, box or space below grade
1 level if any part is within a hori-
zontal distance of 10 feet from any
edge of pump.
REMOTE PUMP—
Outdoor Within 3 feet of any edge of pump,
2 extending in all directions. Also up
to 18 inches above grade level within
10 feet horizontally from any edge
of pump.
130
DIV. VI SERVICE STATIONS SEC. 16.68
Table 16.66 b—Continued
NEC
Class I,
Group D Extent of
Location Division Classified Area
1 Entire area within any pit.
REMOTE PUMP— 2 Within 5 feet of any edge of pump,
Indoor extending in all directions. Also up
to 3 feet above floor or grade level
within 25 feet horizontally from any
edge of pump.
1 Entire area within any pit.
LUBRICATION Room 2 Area up to 18 inches above floor or
grade level within entire lubrication
room.
LUBRICATION ROOM— 2 Within 3 feet of any fill or dispens-
Dispenser for Class I Liquids ing point, extending in all directions.
SPECIAL ENCLOSURE 1 Entire enclosure.
INSIDE BUILDING PER
SECTION 16.63b
If there is any opening to these
rooms within the extent of an out-
door classified area, the entire room
, STORAGE AND REST shall be classified the same as the
SALES
Rooms Ordinary area classification at the point of the
opening. If there is any opening to
these rooms within the extent of an
indoor classified area, the room shall
be classified the same as if the wall,
curb or partition did not exist.
Section 16.67. Drainage and Waste Disposal.
Provision shall be made in the area where Class I liquids may
be spilled to prevent liquids from flowing into interior of service-
station buildings. Such provision may be by grading driveway,
raising door sills, or other effective means. Crankcase drainings
and flammable or combustible liquids shall not be dumped into
sewers, but shall be stored in tanks or tight drums outside of any
building until removed from the premises.
Section 16.68. Sources of Ignition.
In addition to the previous restrictions of this division, the
following shall apply. There shall be no smoking or open flames
131
SEC. 16.69 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
in the areas used for fueling, servicing internal combustion en-
gines, receiving or dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids.
Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting smoking shall be posted
within sight of the customer being served. The motors on all
equipment being fueled shall be shut off during the fueling
operation.
Section 16.69. Fire Control.
Suitable fire-control devices, such as small hose or portable fire
extinguishers, shall be available to locations where fires are likely
to occur.
DIVISION VII
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
Section 16.71. Manner of Storage.
a. GENERAL. Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in
tanks, closed containers or approved safety cans.
b. TANKS. Flammable or combustible liquids stored in tanks,
drums or other closed containers shall conform to the applicable
requirements of division II of this article.
C. CONTAINERS. Flammable or combustible liquids stored in drums
and other closed containers shall conform to the applicable pro-
visions of division III of this article.
Section 16.72. Handling and Use.
a. LOCATION. Flammable or combustible liquids in quantities re-
quiring a permit shall be used in buildings, portions of buildings
or rooms constructed and designed in accordance with the require-
ments of Inside Mixing and Handling Rooms.
b. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF INSIDE MIXING AND HAN-
DLING ROOMS. Rooms shall have at least one exterior wall. Walls,
floors and ceilings shall be of noncombustible material having a
fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours. Door openings
shall be provided with noncombustible liquid-tight sills at least
6 inches high and provided with an approved self-closing fire
door. Adequate drainage to a safe location shall be provided.
Adequate natural or mechanical ventilation shall be provided.
132
DIV. VII COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS SEC. 16.73
Heating shall be by low pressure steam or hot water or by elec-
trical units. All electrical wiring and equipment including lighting
and electrical heating units shall be reasonably safe to persons and
property and shall be approved for Class I hazardous locations.
Evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment are in accord-
ance with the applicable standard specified for this section 16.72 b
in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that
such electrical wiring and equipment are:, reasonably safe to
persons and property. All equipment such as mixers, filters,
pumps, motors, and shafting shall be permanently and effectively
grounded.
C. STORAGE LIMITS FOR INSIDE MIXING AND HANDLING ROOMS.
(1) An Inside Mixing and Handling Room not protected
by an approved automatic fire extinguishing system shall con-
tain not more than,
[a] 1,100 gallons total of Class I, II and III liquids
of which not more than,
[b] 550 gallons may be of Class I liquid of which not
more than,
[c] 275 gallons may be of Class IA liquid.
(2) An Inside Mixing and Handling Room protected by
an approved automatic fire extinguishing system shall not
contain more than,
[a] 11,000 gallons total of Class I, II and III liquids
of which not more than,
[b] 2,750 gallons may be of Class I liquid of which
not more than,
[c] 550 gallons may be of Class IA liquid.
[d] These amounts may be increased to not more
than one day's supply where daily consumption exceeds
the above limits.
Section 16.73. Dispensing.
a. Class I liquids shall be dispensed only in an Inside Mixing
and Handling Room.
b. Class I liquids shall not be drawn from or dispensed into
vessels or containers within a building except by means of a device
drawing from top of the tank or the container. Gravity discharge
133
SEC. 16.74 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
within a building of Class I liquids from tanks, drums, or con-
tainers other than safety cans, is forbidden, except where the
nature of the manufacturing process requires gravity flow. Upon
approval of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention such gravity
flow shall be permitted only from vessels storing flammable or
combustible liquids sufficient for not more than one day's operation.
c. Class I liquids shall not be dispensed within a room or
building which normally contains sources of ignition within the
possible path of vapor travel. Dispensing devices shall be provided
with iron or steel valves where compatible with the flammable or
combustible liquid handled. Where practicable, there shall be, in
addition to the outlet valve, a secondary control device or valve
outside of the immediate area, by which the flow may be stopped
in the event of fire or other accident at the outlet. Outlet valves,
where practicable, shall be of the self-closing type.
d. CONTAINER FILLING FACILITIES. Class I liquids shall not be
run into containers unless the nozzle and container are electrically
interconnected. Where the metallic floor plate on which the con-
tainer stands while filling is electrically connected to the fill stein
or where the fill stem is bonded to the container during filling
operations by means of a bond-wire, the provisions of this para-
graph shall be deemed to have been complied with.
e. EXITS. Exit facilities shall be provided to prevent occupants
being trapped in the event of fire.
Section 16.74. Ventilation.
a. Buildings or rooms or other enclosures in which Class I
liquids are used or stored in open vats or dip tanks shall be pro-
vided with ventilation sufficient at all times to prevent accumula-
tion of flammable vapors. Where natural ventilation is insufficient
under all conditions to prevent the accumulation of flammable
vapors, mechanical ventilation shall be provided and used. The
accumulation of flammable vapors within the combustible or ex-
plosive range under normal operating conditions, as determined
by an approved flammable-vapor indicator, shall be evidence of a
violation of this section 16.74a.
b. Design of ventilating systems shall take into account the
relatively high specific gravity of the vapors. Openings to the out-
side for natural ventilation shall be at floor level and shall be un-
obstructed except by louvers, or coarse screens.
134
DIV. VII COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS SEC. 16.78
Section 16.75. Electrical Equipment.
a. Artificial lighting shall be by electricity only.
b. All installations of electrical wiring and equipment shall
he reasonably safe to persons and property. Where electrical
wiring and equipment is located within the possible path of vapor
travel, evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment are
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 16.75 in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be
evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
Section 16.76. Sources of Ignition.
Open flames, heating devices and processes employing tem-
peratures capable of igniting the vapors of the flammable liquids
used shall be prohibited in buildings, rooms and other confined
spaces in which Class I liquids are used in the open, or in which
Class II and III liquids are used for the purpose of saturating,
coating or otherwise treating goods or materials. Smoking shall
be prohibited and suitable signs to that effect shall be displayed.
Section 16.77. Housekeeping.
a. Whenever flammable or combustible liquids are stored in
containers, provision shall be made and maintained for the detec-
tion of leakage. Leaking containers shall be immediately removed
or made tight.
b. Access shall be provided by unobstructed aisles whereby
first-aid fire-control apparatus may be brought to bear on any part
of such flammable or combustible liquid storage.
c. In buildings, rooms or other confined spaces in which
flammable or combustible liquids are stored, combustible waste
materials shall not be allowed to accumulate, except in closed
metal containers.
d. Flammable liquids or combustible liquids shall not be
dumped into sewers, but shall be stored in tanks or tight drums
outside of any building until removed from the premises.
Section 16.78. Fire Control.
Where flammable or combustible liquids are used or dispensed,
portable fire extinguishers shall be installed to provide reasonable
safety to persons and property. Evidence that portable fire ex-
tinguishers are in accordance with the applicable standard specified
135
SEC. 16.81 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
for this section 16.78 in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code
shall be evidence that such extinguishers provide reasonable safety
to persons and property.
DIVISION VIII
PROCESSING PLANTS
Section 16.81. Manner of Storage.
a. GENERAL. Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in
tanks, closed containers or approved safety cans.
b. TANKS. The storage of flammable or combustible liquids in
tanks shall conform to the applicable requirements of division II
of this article or section 16.63 b.
C. CONTAINERS.
(1) The storage of flammable or combustible liquids in
drums or other closed containers shall conform to division III
or section 16.81 c(2).
(2) The storage of flammable or combustible liquids
within rooms or buildings not meeting division III shall be
limited as follows:
[a] The storage of Class I liquids within wood-frame
buildings is prohibited. The storage of Class II or III
liquids within wood-frame buildings shall be limited to
60 gallons in any container.
[b] In other than wood-frame buildings, Class I
liquids may be stored in closed containers or safety cans
of not more than 5 gallons individual capacity and not
exceeding a total of 25 gallons. Class II liquids may be
stored in closed containers or safety cans of not more
than 5 gallons individual capacity, and in barrels or drums
of not more than 60 gallons individual capacity. The
total quantity that may be stored in this manner shall be
limited to 220 gallons. Class III liquids may be stored
in closed containers of not more than 5 gallons individual
capacity, or in barrels or drums not exceeding 60 gallons
individual capacity. The total quantity stored in this
manner shall be limited to 220 gallons.
136
Drv. VIII PROCESSING PLANTS SEC. 16.84
Section 16.82. Blending and Mixing.
a. Mixing or blending rooms or buildings shall meet the de-
sign requirements of section 16.72 b. Mixing or blending rooms or
buildings shall be provided with natural or mechanical ventilation
that will prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors in haz-
ardous concentrations. Design of ventilating systems shall take
into account the relatively high specific gravity of the vapors.
Openings in outside walls for natural ventilation shall be at floor
level and shall be unobstructed except by louvers, or coarse
screens.
b. Vessels used for mixing or blending of Class I liquids
shall be provided with self-closing tight-fitting noncombustible
lids that will control a fire within such vessel when applied thereto.
Where such devices are impracticable, automatic or manually
controlled chemical or other fire extinguishing devices approved
by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall be provided.
c. Open flames and other sources of ignition shall not be
used within the possible path of vapor travel where flammable or
combustible liquids are mixed or blended in open containers.
d. Vessels shall be electrically connected by bond-wires, pip-
ing, or similar means, where differences of potential could other-
wise be created by accumulation of static-electrical charges.
Section 16.83. Dispensing from Containers Within Buildings.
a. Class I liquids may be dispensed from approved safety
cans, provided that there are no open flames or other sources of
ignition within the possible path of vapor travel.
b. Class II or III liquids may be dispensed from containers
not exceeding 60 gallons in individual capacity by means of a
pump or similar device taking suction through the top of the
container.
Section 16.84. Electrical Equipment.
a. Artificial lighting shall be by electricity only.
b. All installations of electrical wiring and equipment shall
be reasonably safe to persons and property. Where electrical
wiring and equipment is located within the possible path of vapor
travel, evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment are in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
16.84 b in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence
137
SEC. 16.85 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
that such electrical wiring and equipment are reasonably safe to
persons and property.
Section 16.85. Sources of Ignition.
Open flames, heating devices and processes employing tem-
peratures capable of igniting the vapors of the flammable or com-
bustible liquids used shall be prohibited in buildings, rooms and
other confined spaces in which Class I liquids are used in the open,
or in which Class II or III flammable liquids are heated above
their flash point in open containers.
Section 16.86. Housekeeping.
a. Wherever flammable or combustible liquids are stored in
containers, provision shall be made and maintained for the detec-
tion of leakage. Leaking containers shall be immediately removed
and the contents transferred to a tight container.
b. Access shall be provided by unobstructed aisles whereby
portable fire control apparatus may be brought to bear on any part
of such flammable or combustible liquid storage.
c. In buildings, rooms or other confined spaces in which
flammable or combustible liquids are stored, combustible waste
materials shall not be allowed to accumulate, except in closed metal
containers.
d. Flammable or combustible liquids shall not be dumped
into sewers, unless they are designed for this purpose, but shall
be stored in tanks or tight drums outside of any building until
removed from the premises.
Section 16.87. Fire Control.
Where flammable or combustible liquids are stored, or are
used in open vessels, or are dispensed within buildings or other
enclosures, portable fire-control equipment shall provide reason-
able safety to persons and property. Evidence that portable fire
extinguishers are in accordance with the applicable standard spe-
cified for this section 16.87 in article 31 of this Fire Prevention
Code shall be evidence that such extinguishers provide reasonable
safety to persons and property.
138
DIV. IX REFINERIES, CHEMICAL PLANTS & DISTILLERIES SEC. 16.95
DIVISION IX
REFINERIES, CHEMICAL PLANTS AND DISTILLERIES
Section 16.91. Location.
No permit shall be issued for the construction of a refinery,
other plant storing or handling crude petroleum, chemical plant,
or distillery until approval has been given for the proposed loca-
tion with respect to topography, nearness to places of assembly,
residential or mercantile occupancies, and adequacy of water sup-
ply for fire control.
Section 16.92. Storage.
a. Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in tanks
or in containers. Tanks shall be installed in accordance with
division II of this article.
b. Tanks for the storage of flammable or combustible liquids
in tank farms and in locations other than process areas shall be
located in accordance with sections 16.22 b and 16.22 c.
Section 16.93. Fired and Unfired Pressure Vessels.
Fired and unfired pressure vessels shall be constructed so as
to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that fired
and unfired pressure vessels have been constructed in accordance
with the applicable standards specified for this section 16.93 in
article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that
vessels are reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 16.94. Location of Process Units.
Process units shall be located so that they are accessible from
at least one side for the purpose of fire control. Where topo-
graphical conditions are such that flammable liquids may flow
from a processing area so as to constitute a fire hazard to property
of others, provisions shall be made to divert or impound the flow
by curbs, drain, or other suitable means.
Section 16.95. Fire Control.
a. Portable fire extinguishment and control equipment shall
provide reasonable safety to persons and property. Evidence that
portable fire extinguishment is in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 16.95a in article 31 of this Fire
139
SEC. 16.101 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Prevention Code shall be evidence that such equipment provides
reasonable safety to persons and property.
b. Water shall be available in volume and at adequate pres-
sure to supply water hose streams, foam producing equipment,
automatic sprinklers or water spray systems as the need is indi-
cated by the special hazards of operation and storage.
c. Special extinguishing equipment such as that utilizing
foam, inert gas, or dry chemical shall be provided as the need is
indicated by the special hazards of operation and storage.
DIVISION X
TANK VEHICLES FOR FLAMMABLE
AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Section 16.101. Scope.
This division shall apply to tank motor vehicles to be used
for the transportation of asphalt or normally stable flammable and
combustible liquids with a flashpoint below 200°F.
Section 16.102. Definitions.
a. Cargo tank shall mean any container having a liquid ca-
pacity in excess of 100 gallons, used for the carrying of flammable
or combustible liquids or asphalt and mounted permanently or
otherwise upon a tank vehicle. The term "cargo tank" does not
apply to any container used solely for the purpose of supplying
fuel for the propulsion of the tank vehicle upon which it is mounted.
b. Tank vehicle shall mean any vehicle other than railroad
tank cars and boats, with a cargo tank mounted thereon or built as
an integral part thereof used for the transportation of flammable
or combustible liquids. Tank vehicles include self-propelled ve-
hicles, and full trailers and semi-trailers without motive power
and with wheels carrying either part or all of the load.
Section 16.103. Permit Required.
No person shall engage in the business of delivering flam-
mable or combustible liquids from tank vehicles without a permit.
140
DIv. X TANK VEHICLES SEC. 16.106
Section 16.104. Tank Vehicle Design.
a. Cargo tanks used for transporting flammable liquids with
a vapor pressure of 18 psia or over at 100°F. shall be constructed
so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that
cargo tanks used for transporting flammable liquids with a vapor
pressure of 18 psia or over at 100°F. are constructed in accordance
with the applicable standards specified for this section 16.104a in
article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such
cargo tanks are reasonably safe to persons and property.
b. Cargo tanks used for transporting flammable or combus-
tible liquids with a vapor pressure under 18 psia at 100°F. shall
be constructed so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property.
Evidence that cargo tanks used for transporting flammable or
combustible liquids with a vapor pressure under 18 psia at 100°F.
are constructed in accordance with the applicable standards spe-
cified for this section 16.104 b in article 31 of this Fire Prevention
Code shall be evidence that such cargo tanks are reasonably safe
to persons and property.
c. The material used in the construction of the cargo tanks
shall be compatible with the chemical characteristics of the flam-
mable or combustible liquid to be transported.
d. Any tank vehicle designed or used for transporting ma-
terials at liquid temperatures above ambient temperature shall have
a red warning sign permanently attached to the vehicle containing
at least the following:
"Maximum allowable cargo temperature is °F."
This maximum allowable cargo temperature shall be specified by
the manufacturer of the vehicle.
Section 16.105. Tires.
All tank motor vehicles shall be equipped with rubber tires
on all wheels.
Section 16.106. Static Protection.
a. Cargo tanks and vehicle chassis shall be electrically bonded.
b. Provision shall be made in the tank structure of the vehicle
for the bonding of the vehicle to the fill pipe during truck loading
operations.
141
SEC. 16.107 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Section 16.107. Protection Against Collision or Overturn.
a. Draw-off valves or faucets projecting beyond the frame at
the rear of a tank vehicle shall be adequately protected against
collision by bumpers or similar means.
b. On tank vehicles constructed hereafter, all closures for
filling openings shall be protected from damage in the event of
overturning of the tank vehicle by being enclosed within the body
of the tank, or a dome attached thereto, or by the use of suitable
metal guards securely attached to the tank or the frame of the
tank vehicle.
Section 16.108. Lighting.
No lighting device other than electric lights shall be used on
tank vehicles. Lighting circuits shall have suitable overcurrent
protection (fuses or automatic circuit breakers). The wiring shall
have sufficient carrying capacity and mechanical strength, and
shall be secured, insulated, and protected against physical damage.
Section 16.109. Full Trailers and Semi-Trailers.
a. Trailers shall be firmly and securely attached to the vehicle
drawing them, in a manner conforming with accepted engineering
practice.
b. Each full trailer, and semi-trailer, shall be equipped with
reliable brakes on all wheels, and adequate provision shall be made
for their efficient operation from the driver's seat of the vehicle
drawing the trailer, or semi-trailer.
c. Trailer connections shall be such as to prevent the towed
vehicle from whipping or swerving from side to side dangerously or
unreasonably and shall cause the trailer to follow substantially in
the path of the towing vehicle.
Section 16.1010. Marking.
Every tank vehicle used for the transportation of any flam-
mable liquid, regardless of the quantity being transported, or
whether loaded or empty, shall be conspicuously and legibly
marked on each side and the rear thereof, in letters at least 3 inches
high on a background of sharply contrasting color, optionally as
follows:
(1) With a sign or lettering on the motor vehicle with
the word "Flammable."
142
DIv. X TANK VEHICLES SEC. 16.1012
(2) With the common name of the flammable liquid
being transported.
Section 16.1011. Fire Control.
a. Each tank vehicle shall be provided with at least one port-
able fire extinguisher having at least a 12-B,C rating or when more
than one is provided, each extinguisher shall have at least a 6-B
rating.
b. Fire extinguishers shall be kept in good operating condi-
tion at all times, and they shall be located in an accessible place
on each tank vehicle.
Section 16.1012. Operation of Tank Vehicles.
a. Drivers shall be thoroughly instructed in the proper method
of operating tank vehicles.
b. Tank vehicles shall not be operated unless they are in
proper repair, devoid of accumulation of grease, oil or other flam-
mables, and free of leaks.
c. Dome covers shall be closed and latched while the tank
vehicle is in transit.
d. No tank vehicle shall be operated with a cargo tempera-
ture above the maximum allowable cargo temperature specified on
the warning sign required by section 16.104 d.
e. No material shall be loaded into or transported in a tank
vehicle at a temperature above its ignition temperature, unless
properly safeguarded in an approved manner.
f. Flammable liquids with a vapor pressure of 18 psia or over
at 100°F. shall be loaded only into cargo tanks constructed in ac-
cordance with section 16.104a.
g. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be loaded only
into cargo tanks whose material used in construction shall be
chemically compatible with the chemical characteristics of the
liquid. The flammable and combustible liq.iid being loaded shall
also be compatible with the liquid hauled on the previous load
unles the cargo tank has been cleaned.
h. No tank vehicle, or any compartment thereof, which has
been utilized for Class I liquid, shall be loaded with Class II or
III liquid until such tank or compartment and all piping, pumps,
meters and hose connected thereto have been completely drained.
A tank, compartment, piping, pump, meter or hose which does not
143
SEC. 16.1013 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
drain completely shall be flushed at the loading point with a
quantity of Class II or Class III liquid equal to twice the capacity
of piping, pump, meter and hose, to clear any residue of Class I
liquid from the system.
Section 16.1013. Filling and Discharging Tank Vehicles.
a. The driver, operator or attendant of any tank vehicle shall
not remain in the vehicle but shall not leave the vehicle while it is
being filled or discharged. Delivery hose, when attached to a tank
vehicle shall be considered to be a part of the tank vehicle.
b. Motors of tank trucks or tractors shall be shut down during
making and breaking hose connections. If loading or unloading
is done without the use of a power pump, the tank truck or tractor
motor shall be shut down throughout such operations.
c. The cargo tank shall be bonded to the fill-stem or some
part of the rack structure electrically interconnected with the fill
stem piping, except tank vehicles handling asphalt, tank vehicles
loading any flammable liquid through bottom connections, and
tank vehicles used exclusively for transporting Class II or III
liquids when loaded at locations where no Class I liquids are
handled.
d. The bond-wire connection shall be made prior to opening
the dome covers. It shall be maintained in place during the entire
filling operation and the dome covers shall be securely closed before
the bond-wire is disconnected from the cargo tank.
e. No external bond-wire connection nor bond-wire integral
with a hose are needed for the unloading of flammable or com-
bustible liquids into underground tanks.
f. No cargo tank or compartment thereof used for the trans-
portation of any flammable or combustible liquid or asphalt shall
be loaded liquid full. Sufficient space (outage) shall be left vacant
in every case to prevent leakage from or distortion of such tank or
compartment by expansion of the contents due to rise in tempera-
ture in transit and in no case less than one percent.
g. Simultaneous delivery to underground tanks from two or
more hoses shall be made by means of tight connections between
the hose and the fill pipe.
h. Cargo tanks shall be free of all water before they are
loaded with hot asphalt.
144
DIv. X TANK VEHICLES SEC. 16.1015
Section 16.1014. Ignition Sources.
a. Smoking by tank vehicle drivers, helpers, repairmen, or
other personnel is prohibited while they are driving, making deliv-
eries, filling, or making any repairs to tank vehicles.
b. Open flames shall not be used near manholes or vents.
Section 16.1015. Parking and Garaging.
a. Except in an emergency no tank vehicle shall be left unat-
tended on any street, highway, avenue or alley, provided that this
shall not prevent a driver from the necessary absence from the
truck in connection with the delivery of his load, except that during
actual discharge of the liquid some responsible person shall be
present at the vehicle, nor shall it prevent stops for meals during
the day or night if the street is well lighted at point of parking.
b. Tank vehicles containing flammable or combustible liquids
shall not be parked out of doors at any one point for longer than
one hour, except off the streets, and at least 25 feet from any
building used for assembly, institutional or residential occupancy.
c. Tank vehicles shall not be parked or garaged in any build-
ings other than those specifically approved for such use by the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
145
SEC. 17.1 FRUIT RIPENING PROCESSES
ARTICLE 17
FRUIT RIPENING PROCESSES
Section 17.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to the process of ripening green
bananas or citrus fruits in tightly closed rooms heated with direct
fired heaters and shall include those processes where ethylene gas
is introduced into the room to assist the ripening process.
Section 17.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for any fruit ripening process.
Section 17.3. Use of Ethylene.
a. The location of buildings in which fruit ripening processes
utilizing ethylene are conducted shall be approved by the Chief
of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
b. Ethylene shall be introduced by some means under positive
control and measured so that the quantity introduced does not
exceed 1 part ethylene to 1,000 parts of air.
c. Containers storing ethylene shall be constructed so as to
be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that con-
tainers storing ethylene are constructed in accordance with the
applicable standards specified for this section 17.3 c in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such containers
are reasonably safe to persons and property.
d. Containers other than those connected for use shall be
stored outside of the building or in a special building except that
not more than two portable ICC containers not connected for use
may be stored inside the building premises. Such inside rooms or
portions of buildings used for storage of these containers shall be
constructed in accordance with sections 30.17 d and 30.17 e.
e. Ethylene piping shall be of iron pipe. Flexible connectors
and hose, when used, shall be of approved type. Tubing shall be
of brass or copper with not less than 0.049 inch wall thickness.
146
FRUIT RIPENING PROCESSES SEC. 17.5
Section 17.4. Electrical Equipment.
a. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be installed so as to
be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that elec-
trical wiring and equipment are installed in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 17.4a in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such wiring and
equipment are reasonably safe to persons and property.
b. Lighting shall be by electricity.
Section 17.5. Heating.
a. Heating of ripening rooms shall be by indirect means with
low pressure steam,hot water,or warm air;approved electric heat-
ers; or approved gas heaters or approved kerosene heaters both of
which shall have sealed combustion chambers.
b. Steam and hot water pipes and radiators shall have a clear-
ance of at least one inch to combustible material.
c. Gas heaters and their vents shall be installed so as to be
reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that gas
heaters and their vents are installed in accordance with the ap-
plicable standards specified for this section 17.5 c in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such gas heaters
and vents are reasonably safe to persons and property. Gas heaters
shall be equipped with an automatic pilot device to shut off the gas
supply whenever the flame is extinguished.
d. Burners for gas or kerosene heaters shall be installed so
that air for combustion is taken from outside the ripening room
and the products of combustion are discharged to the outside.
e. Kerosene heaters shall be installed in accordance with the
applicable provisions of article 24.
f. Electric heaters shall be of a type having no exposed
surface at a temperature higher than 800°F. and with thermostatic
elements which produce no sparks and shall be of a type approved
for use in hazardous locations.
g. A protective guard shall be provided around any heater to
prevent the possibility of its being knocked over by other equip-
ment such as vehicles or lift trucks.
147
SEC. 17.6 FRUIT RIPENING PROCESSES
Section 17.6. Open Flames.
a. Open flame heaters and open lights shall not be permitted
in ripening rooms.
b. "No Smoking" signs shall be posted at every entrance and
smoking shall be prohibited in the ripening rooms.
Section 17.7. Housekeeping.
Ripening rooms shall be frequently cleared of all combustible
material.
148
FUMIGATION & INSECTICIDAL FOGGING SEC. 18.3
ARTICLE 18
FUMIGATION AND THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING
Section 18.1. Scope.
This article applies to fumigation and thermal insecticidal
fogging operations which shall conform to all other applicable
requirements of this code, as well as the following provisions.
Section 18.2. Definitions.
a. Fumigant shall mean and include any substance which by
itself or in combination with any other substance emits or liberates
a gas (or vapor) in sufficient concentration to be lethal to pest
organisms, insects, fungi, vermin, germs and rodents. This defini-
tion implies that the fumigant acts as a gas and shall be distin-
guished from insecticide or disinfectants which are dispersed as
aerosols or particulate suspensions of liquids or solids in air.
Examples are acrylonitrile, carbon bisulfide, ethylene dibromide,
hydrogen cyamide, methyl bromide and sufuryl fluoride.
b. Fumigation shall mean the use of a fumigant, within an
enclosed space for the destruction of plant or animal life, which
may be hazardous or acutely toxic to man.
c. Thermal insecticidal fogging liquid shall mean any insec-
ticidal liquid specifically designed for emission from a thermal
fog generating unit in the form of an aerosol fog which is lethal
to pest organisms and insects.
d. Thermal insecticidal fogging shall mean the application of
any insecticidal liquid by discharging through a thermal fog-gen-
erating unit, by means of heat, pressure and turbulence, in the form
of an aerosol fog or mist that is blown into an area to be treated.
Section 18.3. Permit Required.
a. A permit shall be required for any person performing any
fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging which is dangerous,
noxious or poisonous to the life or health of human beings, or
which constitutes a fire hazard. All persons actually engaged in
the work shall require a fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging
"operators" permit.
b. Applicants for fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging
"operators" permits shall be required to appear in person before
149
SEc. 18.4 FUMIGATION & INSECTICIDAL FOGGING
the authority granting the permit for such questioning as will
show the training, experience, qualifications, character and reputa-
tion of the applicant in regard to fumigation or thermal insecticidal
fogging. Applicants shall demonstrate knowledge of the properties
of the fumigants and thermal insecticidal fogging liquids used and
shall be familiar with the proper first aid measures to be used in
case of emergencies.
Section 18.4. Sources of Ignition. •
a. All fires, open flames and similar sources of ignition shall
be eliminated from the space utilizing flammable fumigants or
flammable thermal insecticidal fogging liquids. Heating, if needed,
shall be by indirect means with steam or hot water.
b. When utilizing flammable fumigants or flammable thermal
insecticidal fogging liquids, electricity shall be shut off except cir-
culating fans may be used provided such equipment does not create
an ignition hazard. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be de-
signed and installed so as to be reasonably safe to persons and
property. Evidence that electrical wiring and equipment has been
designed and installed in accordance with the applicable standard
specified for this section 18.4 b in article 31 of this Fire Prevention
Code shall be evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment
are reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 18.5. Notification of Fumigation or Thermal Insecticidal
Fogging.
a. The holder of a fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging
permit shall notify the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention at
least 24 hours prior to the beginning of a usual fumigation or
fogging operation except at least 2 hours shall be required for
fumigation in public health emergencies or on shipboard. Such
notification shall give the location of the building, ship or en-
closed space to be fumigated or fogged as well as its character
and use, the fumigants or insecticides to be used, the person or
persons in charge of the operation and the date and time when
it will be started.
b. Notice of any fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging
shall be served with sufficient advance notice upon the occupants
of any building or other enclosed space involved in the operation
to enable them to evacuate the premises. Suitable warning signs
150
FUMIGATION & INSECTICIDAL FOGGING SEC. 18.9
indicating the danger, type of chemical involved, and recommended
precautions shall be posted on all doors and entrances to the
premises and upon all gangplanks and ladders from the dock,
pier or land to the ship. Such notice printed in red ink on white
background letters in the headlines to be at least two inches in
height shall state the date and time of the operation, the name
and address of the person, the name of the operator in charge,
together with a warning to the effect that the premises so
occupied shall be vacated at least an hour before the operation
is started and must not be re-entered until the danger signs have
been removed by the proper authorities.
Section 18.6 Thermal Insecticidal Fogging Liquids.
No thermal insecticidal fogging liquid used for fogging a
building or enclosure shall be a Class I liquid.
Section 18.7. Protective Equipment and Breathing Apparatus.
All persons engaged in the business of fumigation or thermal
insecticidal fogging shall maintain and have available approved
protective equipment and breathing apparatus as may be required.
Section 18.8. Watchman Required During Fumigation.
During the period fumigation is in process, except when fumi-
gation is conducted in a gas-tight vault or tank, a capable, alert
watchman or watchmen shall remain on duty at the entrance or
entrances to the building, ship, or enclosed space fumigated until
after the fumigation is completed and until the premises are prop-
erly ventilated and again safe for human occupancy. Sufficient
watchmen shall be provided to prevent any person from entering
the building, ship or enclosed space under fumigation without be-
ing observed.
Section 18.9. Thermal Insecticidal Fogging.
When conducting thermal insecticidal fogging indoors, not
more than one gallon of insecticide shall be used for each 50,000
cubic feet of space. The fog shall not be blasted directly against
any combustible object or material.
151
SEC. 19.1 GARAGES
ARTICLE 19
GARAGES
Section 19.1. General.
Garages shall conform to all applicable requirements of this
code, as well as to the provisions of this article.
Section 19.2. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for any person using any building,
shed or enclosure as a place of business for the purpose of servicing
or repairing any motor vehicle therein.
Section 19.3. Cleaning with Flammable Liquids.
No Class I liquid shall be used in any garage for washing parts
or removing grease or dirt, unless in a special closed machine ap-
proved for the purpose or in a separate well ventilated room
enclosed by walls having a fire-resistance rating of not less than
two hours with openings therein protected by approved fire doors
or fire windows, and with no opening from such room to any upper
or lower story.
Section 19.4. Handling of Gasoline and Oils.
a. The fuel tanks of motor vehicles shall be filled directly
through hose from approved pumps attached to approved portable
tanks or drawing from underground storage tanks. Storage and
handling of flammable or combustible liquids shall conform to
article 16. The transfer of gasoline in any garage shall not be made
in any open container.
b. Garage floors shall drain to oil separators or traps dis-
charging to sewer. Contents of oil separators or traps of floor
drainage systems shall be collected at sufficiently frequent inter-
vals and removed from the premises to prevent oil from being
carried into the sewers. Self-closing metal cans shall he used for
all oily waste or waste oils.
152
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC.20.2
ARTICLE 20
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
Section 20.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to materials not otherwise covered in
this code which are highly flammable, or which may react to cause
fires or explosions, or which by their presence create or augment a
fire or explosion hazard, or which because of their toxicity, flam-
mability, or liability to explosion render fire fighting abnormally
dangerous or difficult; also to materials and formulations which are
chemically unstable and which may spontaneously form explosive com-
pounds, or undergo spontaneous or exothermic reactions of explo-
sive violence or with sufficient evolution of heat to be a fire hazard.
Hazardous chemicals shall include such materials as corrosive
liquids, flammable solids, highly toxic materials, oxidizing ma-
terials, poisonous gases, radioactive materials, and unstable chem-
icals, as defined in section 20.2.
Section 20.2. Definitions.
a. Corrosive liquid shall mean and include those acids, alka-
line caustic liquids, and other corrosive liquids which when in
contact with living tissue, will cause severe damage of such tissue
by chemical action; or in case of leakage will materially damage
or destroy other containers of other hazardous commodities by
chemical action and cause the release of their contents; or are
liable to cause fire when in contact with organic matter or with
certain chemicals.
b. Flammable solid shall mean and include a solid substance,
other than one classified as an explosive, which is liable to cause
fires through friction, through absorption of moisture, through
spontaneous chemical changes, or as a result of retained heat from
manufacturing or processing. Examples are: white phosphorous,
nitrocellulose, metallic sodium and potassium, and zirconium
powder.
c. Highly toxic material shall mean a material so toxic to man
as to afford an unusual hazard to life and health during fire fighting
operations. Examples are: parathion, TEPP (tetraethyl phos-
phate), HETP (hexaethyl tetraphosphate), and similar insecticides
and pesticides.
153
SEC.20.3 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
d. Oxidizing material shall mean and include substances that
yield oxygen readily to support combustion . Examples are:
chlorates, permanganates, peroxides, and nitrates.
e. Poisonous gas shall mean and include any noxious gas of
such nature that a small amount of the gas in air is dangerous
to life: Examples are: chlorine, cyanogen, fluorine, hydrogen
cyanide, nitric oxide, nitrogen tetraoxide and phosgene.
f. Radioactive material shall mean and include any material
or combination of material that spontaneously emits ionizing radi-
ation.
g. Sealed source shall mean a quantity of radiation so en-
closed as to prevent the escape of any radioactive material but at
the same time permitting radiation to come out for use.
h. Storage, isolated shall mean storage away from incom-
patible materials in a different storage room or in a separate and
detached building located at a safe distance from hazardous occu-
pancies and important exposures.
i. Storage, separated shall mean storage in the same fire area
but physically separated by as much space as practicable, using
sills or curbs as safeguards, or by intervening storage of non-
hazardous, compatible commodities.
j. Unstable (reactive) chemical shall mean any substance,
other than one classified as an explosive or blasting agent, which
will vigorously and energetically react, is potentially explosive, will
polymerize, decompose instantaneously, undergo uncontrollable
auto-reaction or can be exploded by heat, shock, pressure or com-
binations thereof. Examples are: organic peroxides, nitromethane,
and ammonium nitrate.
Section 20.3. Permit Required.
a. A permit shall be required for the storage or handling of
more than 55 gallons of corrosive liquids; or more than 500 pounds
of oxidizing materials; or more than 10 pounds of organic perox-
ides; or more than 500 pounds of nitromethane; or 1,000 pounds or
more of ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate fertilizers and fer-
tilizer mixtures defined in section 20.10a or any amount of highly
toxic material or poisonous gas.
b. A permit shall be required for the storage or handling at
any installation of more than one microcurie of radium not con-
tained in a sealed source; or more than one millicurie of radium or
154
. M '
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC.20.4
other radioactive material in a sealed source or sources, or any
amount of radioactive material for which a specific license from
the United States Atomic Energy Commission is required so as
to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that a
specific license for the radioactive material has been obtained from
the United States Atomic Energy Commission in accordance with
the applicable standard specified for this section 20.3 b in article
31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such license
represents reasonable procedure for safety to persons and property.
c. Before authorizing the issuance of any permit, the Chief
of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may require the applicant to
submit in writing one or more of the following:
(1) A report from an approved testing laboratory setting
forth the physical and chemical properties of the chemical in
question, whenever such properties are not readily available
in published references or from other recognized sources.
(2) Evidence that the manner of manufacture, processing,
storage, use or transportation of the hazardous chemicals in
question is in accordance with nationally recognized safe prac-
tices and that no undue hazard to life or property is involved.
(3) Qualification, experience and knowledge of the person
who is to supervise the operations involving the particular
material.
Reports concerning materials or processes may be marked for
the confidential information of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention, who shall use the data contained therein to evaluate
the fire and explosion hazard.
Section 20.4. General Requirements.
a. The manufacture, storage, handling and use of hazardous
chemicals shall be safeguarded with such protective facilities as
public safety requires.
b. The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may require
the separation, or isolation of any chemical that in combination
with other substances may bring about a fire or explosion or may
liberate a flammable or poisonous gas. The Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention may require separation from other storage facili-
ties, dwellings, places of assembly, educational occupancies, rail-
roads and public highways, when the quantity stored constitutes
a material hazard. Limitations on storable quantities shall be con-
155
SEC.20.5 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
sidered with regard to proximity of these exposures and congested
commercial and industrial districts.
c. Defective containers which permit leakage or spillage shall
be disposed of or repaired, in accordance with recognized safe prac-
tices; no spilled materials shall be allowed to accumulate on floors
or shelves.
d. Where kept for retail sale in containers or packages usual
to the retail trade, storage shall be neat and orderly and shelves
shall be of substantial construction.
Section 20.5. Oxidizing Materials.
Packaged oxidizing materials shall be stored in dry locations
and separated from stored organic and other combustible materials.
Bulk oxidizing materials shall not be stored on or against wooden
surfaces.
Section 20.6. Radioactive Materials.
a. Durable, clearly visible signs warning of radiation dangers
shall be placed at all entrances to areas or rooms where radioactive
materials are used or stored. In addition, each container in which
radioactive materials are used, stored, or transported shall bear a
durable, clearly visible, appropriate warning sign. Such signs shall
be posted to provide reasonable safety to persons and property.
Evidence that such signs are in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 20.6a in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code shall be evidence that such signs provide reason-
able safety to persons and property.
b. Signs are not required for storage of manufactured articles
other than liquids, such as instruments or clock dials or electronic
tubes or apparatus of which radioactive materials are a component
part, and luminous compounds, when securely packed in strong
containers, provided the gamma radiation at any surface of the
package is less than 10 milliroentgen in 24 hours.
c. When not in use, radioactive materials shall be kept in ade-
quately shielded fire-resistant containers of such design that the
gamma radiation will not exceed 200 milliroentgens per hour or
equivalent at any point of readily accessible surface.
156
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC.20.8
Section 20.7. Unstable (Reactive) Chemicals.
a. Storage location for unstable chemicals, such as organic
peroxides, nitromethane and ammonium nitrate shall be subject to
approval by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention with re-
spect to nearness to dwellings, places of assembly, educational
occupancies, institutional occupancies, railroads and public high-
ways. Limitations on storable quantities shall be considered with
regard to proximity of these exposures and congested commercial
or industrial districts.
b. Unstable chemicals shall be stored away from all incom-
patible chemicals and contaminating and sensitizing materials.
Such chemicals shall be kept away from all heat-producing ap-
pliances and electrical devices and shall be protected from external
heat, fire and explosion. Unstable reactive chemicals shall not be
stored in the same building with or in close proximity to explosives
and blasting agents except that ammonium nitrate may be stored
with explosives and blasting agents in accordance with article 12.
Good housekeeping shall be maintained. Uncontaminated contents
of broken or cracked bags, packages or other containers shall be
transferred to new and clean containers before storing. Other spilled
materials and discarded containers shall be promptly gathered up
and destroyed in an approved manner. All electric bulbs shall be
equipped with guards to prevent breakage. Open lights or flames
and smoking shall be prohibited in or near storage areas. Internal
combustion motor vehicles or lift trucks shall not be parked or
stored in the room or compartment where such chemicals are
located.
c. Unstable chemicals that are unstable (reactive) liquids,
such as organic peroxides and nitromethane shall in addition to
complying with the applicable provisions of this article 20 shall
comply with the applicable provisions of division II of article 16.
Section 20.8. Organic Peroxides.
a. Organic peroxide storage shall comply with section 20.7
and this section 20.8.
b. Organic peroxides of 50 pounds or more shall be stored
in a detached, well isolated ventilated and unheated storage build-
ing constructed of materials having a fire resistance rating of not
157
SEC.20.9 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
less than two hours with a noncombustible floor and a light weight
insulated roof. If not adequately protected by a fast-acting deluge
type automatic sprinkler system, the storage building shall be
located the following minimum distances from flammable liquid
storage, combustible materials in the open and from any other
building or highway:
Weight of Organic Peroxide Distance
Pounds Feet
50 to 100 75
100 to 500 100
500 to 1000 125
1000 to 3000 200
3000 to 5000 300
c. Stock supplies stored inside production buildings shall be
limited to 50 pounds at any one time.
d. The organic peroxides shall be stored in the original ship-
ping containers (I.C.C. containers). Care shall be taken to avoid
rough handling or contamination of these chemicals. Readily
legible warning signs and placards shall be prominently placed
in the storage and processing areas.
Section 20.9. Nitromethane.
a. Nitromethane storage shall comply with section 20.7 and
this section 20.9.
b. Nitromethane storage shall be in a suitable isolated out-
door area with no hazardous processing in the vicinity of the
storage area.
c. Nitromethane shall be stored in the drums in which it is
received or in an underground tank with suitable corrosion pro-
tection and a minimum of 2 feet of earth over the tank or in
barricaded tanks above-ground. If the drum storage is not ade-
quately protected by a fast-acting deluge type automatic sprinkler
system, the storage of 2,000 pounds or more shall be located the
following minimum distances from inhabited buildings:
158
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC.20.10
Approxi-
Weight mate
Pounds Pounds Number Distance
over not over of Drums Feet
Beginning at 2,000 4 100
2,000 to 10,000 20 200
10,000 to 20,000 40 300
20,000 to 40,000 80 400
40,000 to 80,000 160 500
d. Care shall be taken to avoid rough handling or contamina-
tion of this chemical. Readily legible warning signs and placards
shall be prominently placed in the storage and processing areas.
Section 20.10. Ammonium Nitrate.
a. Ammonium nitrate in the form of crystals, flakes, grains
or prills shall include technical grade, fertilizer grade as deter-
mined by applicable test procedures and apparatus specified for
this section 20.10a in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code,nitrous
oxide grade, dynamite grade, and other mixtures containing
60% or more ammonium nitrate; but shall not include blasting
agents.
b. Ammonium nitrate storage shall comply with section 20.7
and this section 20.10.
c. Ammonium nitrate storage areas shall be separated by a
space of 30 feet, with sills or curbs, or by approved type walls
of not less than one hour fire-resistance rating, from stocks of
organic chemicals, corrosive liquids, flammable compressed gases,
flammable and combustible materials, such as coal, sawdust, char-
coal, or flour where storage of such materials is permitted with
ammonium nitrate. Walls referred to in this section 20.10 c need
extend only to the underside of the roof. All flooring in storage and
handling areas shall be of noncombustible material and shall be
without drains, traps, pits or pockets into which any molten
ammonium nitrate could flow and be confined in event of fire.
d. Sulphur and finely divided metals, explosives and blasting
agents shall not be stored in the same building with ammonium
nitrate except when stored so as to be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Evidence that sulphur and finely divided metals,
explosives and blasting agents when stored with ammonium nitrate
are in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this
section 20.10 d in article 31 of the Fire Prevention Code shall be
159
SEC.20.10 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
evidence that such storage is reasonably safe to persons and
property.
e. Ammonium nitrate shall not be accepted for storage where
the temperature of the product exceeds 130°F.
f. In areas where lightning storms are prevalent, approved
lightning protection shall be provided.
g. BAGGED STORAGE:
(1) Bagged ammonium nitrate exceeding 60 tons total
weight shall be stored in a well-ventilated building of fire-
resistive or noncombustible construction or in buildings of
other types of construction equipped with an approved auto-
matic sprinkler system.
(2) Quantities of 2500 tons or more shall be stored in
well-ventilated buildings of fire-resistive or noncombustible
construction equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler
system.
(3) Sprinkler protection shall be required for the storage
of less than 2500 tons of ammonium nitrate where the location
of the storage building or industrial occupancy or the presence
of other stored materials may present a special hazard.
(4) Each storage pile of bags or other authorized pack-
ages and containers of such materials shall not exceed 20 feet
in width and 50 feet in length. The length is not limited if
the building is of fire-resistive or noncombustible construction
or sprinkler protected. For pile heights exceeding 15 feet,
a hydraulically engineered sprinkler system shall be required.
Such pile units shall be separated by a clear space of not
less than 36 inches in width from the base to the top of the
piles, serving as cross-aisles. At least one service or main
aisle in the storage area shall be not less than 4 feet in
width. A clearance of not less than 30 inches shall be main-
tained from building walls and partitions and of not less than
36 inches from ceilings or roof structural members with a
minimum of 18 inches from sprinklers.
(5) Automatic sprinkler systems, when required by sec-
tion 20.10 g shall provide reasonable safety to persons and
property. Evidence that automatic sprinkler systems have
been designed and installed in accordance with applicable
standard specified for this section 20.10 g(5) in article 31 of
160
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC. 20.10
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such auto-
matic sprinkler systems provide reasonable safety to persons
and property.
h. BULK STORAGE:
(1) Bulk storage of various grades of ammonium nitrate,
which are described in section 20.10a, shall be permitted
only after due consideration has been given to location in
regard to heavily populated and built up centers, including
marine terminals and other waterfront facilities, and after
specific approval by the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention.
(2) Ammonium nitrate shall be stored in an isolated loca-
tion; when outdoors in covered open piles; or in bins in ware-
houses, away from incompatible materials, or in silo-type or
other detached outdoor enclosed structures. Such storage
facilities shall be well-ventilated.
(3) Height or depth of pile shall be limited by the pres-
sure setting tendency of the product. The range of humidity
and temperature changes, and the pellet quality of the product
in the storage space shall be considered in determining the
pressure setting tendency. Temperature cycles through 90°F.
and high atmospheric humidity shall be considered undesirable
for storage in depth. Pile height shall be at least 36 inches
below ceilings or roof structural members with a minimum
of 18 inches from sprinklers and shall be so sized and arranged
that all material is moved out periodically.
(4) Galvanized iron, copper, lead and zinc shall not he
used in bin structure unless suitably protected. Wooden bins
or aluminum bins protected against impregnation by ammo-
nium nitrate may be permitted. Bins and storage areas shall
be clear and free of materials which may contaminate am-
monium nitrate. Suitable provisions shall be made to prevent
conveyor-system lubricants from dripping onto storage areas.
(5) If a facility in a permitted location provides a low
hazard exposure through isolation, it may be considered ac-
ceptable without sprinkler protection when all other fire pro-
tection safeguards are met.
(6) Dynamite, other explosives and blasting agents shall
not be used to break up or loosen caked ammonium nitrate.
161
SEC.20.10 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
i. All electrical installations shall be reasonably safe to per-
sons and property. Evidence that electrical installations have been
installed in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 20.10 i in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall
be evidence that such electrical installations are reasonably safe
to persons and property. All electrical wiring and equipment shall
be approved for the purpose and, where necessary, designed to
minimize damage from corrosion by any means, including ammo-
nium nitrate dust.
j. Exposed ignition sources, such as open lights, flames, and
smoking shall be prohibited at all storage and bulk handling
facilities.
k. All internal combustion motor vehicles, lift trucks, tractors,
and other specialized bulk-handling and cargo-conveying equip-
ment shall not be permitted to remain overnight in a building
where ammonium nitrate is stored, unless parked in an area ap-
proved exclusively for such parking purposes. All such vehicles
shall be refueled in a safe outside location.
1. All points of entry to commercial warehouses storing am-
monium nitrate shall be identified with a prominently displayed,
durable sign worded "Ammonium Nitrate," with letters at least
2 inches high in colors contrasting with the background, with a
caution notice about open lights, flames, and smoking near such
storage areas.
m. Ammonium nitrate shall be stored so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Evidence that ammonium nitrate
has been stored in accordance with the applicable standard speci-
fied for this section 20.10 m in article 31 of this Fire Prevention
Code shall be evidence that such ammonium nitrate storage is
reasonably safe to persons and property.
n. Housekeeping and maintenance in all warehousing or stor-
age facilities and marine terminals shall be regularly conducted to
provide reasonable safety to persons and property. Evidence that
housekeeping and maintenance in marine terminals has been con-
ducted in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this
section 20.10 n in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be
evidence that such housekeeping and maintenance provide reason-
able safety to persons and property.
162
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS SEC.20.13
Section 20.11. Highly Toxic Materials.
a. Highly toxic materials shall be separated from other chem-
icals and combustible and flammable substances by storage in
a room or compartment separated from other areas by walls and
floor and ceiling assemblies having a fire resistance rating of not
less than one hour. The storage room shall be provided with ade-
quate drainage facilities and natural or mechanical ventilation to
the outside atmosphere.
b. Legible warning signs and placards stating the nature and
location of the highly toxic materials shall be posted at all en-
trances to areas where such materials are stored or used.
Section 20.12. Poisonous Gases.
a. Storage of poisonous gases shall be in rooms of at least
one-hour fire-resistant construction and having natural or me-
chanical ventilation adequate to remove leaking gas. Such ven-
tilation shall not discharge to a point where the gases may endan-
ger any person.
b. Legible warning signs stating the nature of hazard shall
be placed at all entrances to locations where poisonous gases are
stored or used.
Section 20.13. Corrosive Liquids.
Satisfactory provisions shall be made for containing and neu-
tralizing or safely flushing away leakage of corrosive liquids which
may occur during storage or handling.
163
SEC.21.1 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
ARTICLE 21
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
Section 21.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to all storage and handling of lique-
fied petroleum gas and the installation of all equipment pertinent to
systems for such uses.
Section 21.2. Definitions.
a. Liquefied petroleum gas shall mean any material which
is composed predominantly of any of the following hydrocarbons,
or mixtures of them: propane, propylene, butane (normal butane or
iso-butane) and butylenes.
b. Liquefied petroleum gas equipment shall mean all contain-
ers, apparatus, piping (not including utility distribution piping
systems), and equipment pertinent to the storage and handling of
liquefied petroleum gas. Gas consuming appliances shall not be
considered as being liquefied petroleum gas equipment.
Section 21.3. Permits and Reports of Installations.
a. A permit shall be obtained for each installation of lique-
fied petroleum gas employing a container or an aggregate of inter-
connected containers of over 2,000 gallons water capacity, and for
each permanent installation, irrespective of size of containers,
made at buildings in which people congregate for civic, political,
educational, religious, social or recreational purposes. Such build-
ings shall include schools, churches, hospitals, institutions, hotels.
and restaurants, each having a capacity of 20 or more persons.
b. Where the nature of adjoining occupancy, proximity of
adjacent buildings or unusual conditions indicate the need, the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention may require the submittal
of plans to the Bureau of Fire Prevention prior to making the
installation and if compliance with the requirements of this code
is shown by said plans, a permit shall be issued.
c. Installers shall maintain a record of all installations for
which a permit is not required by section 21.3a (but not including
installation of gas burning appliances and replacing of portable
cylinders) and have it available for inspection by the Bureau of
Fire Prevention.
164
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES SEC.21.6
Section 21.4. Inspection of Installations.
It shall be the duty of the Bureau of Fire Prevention to inspect
a reasonable number of liquefied petroleum gas installations to
determine if the provisions of this article are being complied with.
Section 21.5. Installation of Equipment.
All installations of liquefied petroleum gas equipment includ-
ing such equipment installed at utility gas plants, shall be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Liquefied petroleum gas installa-
tions which conform to the applicable provisions of this code shall
be deemed to be reasonably safe to persons and property; on
matters not covered in this code or in other laws or regulations
legally in effect, conformity of liquefied petroleum gas installations
to the applicable standards specified for this section 21.5 in article 31
of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such liquefied
petroleum gas installations are reasonably safe to persons and
property.
Section 21.6. Location of Containers.
a. Within the limits established by law restricting the bulk
storage of liquefied petroleum gas for the protection of heavily
populated or congested commercial areas, the aggregate capacity of
any one installation shall not exceed 2,000 gallons water capacity;
except that in particular installations this capacity limit may
be altered at the discretion of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention after consideration of special features such as topo-
graphical conditions, nature of occupancy and proximity to build-
ings, capacity of proposed tanks, degree of private fire protection to
be provided, and facilities of the local fire department.
b. Multiple container installations with a total storage water
capacity of more than 180,000 gallons (approximately 150,000 gal-
lons LP-Gas cacapity) shall be subdivided into groups containing
not more than 180,000 gallons in each group. Such groups shall be
separated by a distance of not less than 50 feet, unless the tanks are
(1) buried or mounded in an approved manner, or (2) protected
with approved insulation on such areas that may be subject to
impingement of ignited gas from pipelines or other leakage or
(3) protected by fire walls of approved construction, or (4) pro-
tected by an approved system for application of water, or (5) pro-
tected by other approved means. Where one of these forms of
165
SEC.21.7 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
protection is provided, the separation shall not be less than 25 feet
between such container groups.
Section 21.7. Pressures Inside Buildings.
a. Gas for fuel purposes in either the liquid or vapor phase
shall not be piped into any building at pressures in excess of
20 psig except as follows:
(1) Buildings used exclusively to house equipment for
vaporization, pressure reduction, gas mixing, gas manufactur-
ing or distribution.
(2) Buildings, or portions of buildings separated from
other portions by walls, partitions, and floor and ceiling
assemblies of noncombustible material having a fire resistance
rating of not less than 2 hours, used exclusively to house
internal combustion engines or industrial processes.
(3) Buildings, or portions of buildings separated from
other portions by walls, partitions, and floor and ceiling as-
semblies of noncombustible material having a fire resistance
rating of not less than 2 hours, used exclusively for research
and experimental laboratories.
(4) Buildings, structures, or equipment under construc-
tion or repair.
b. Portable containers shall not be taken into buildings except
as provided in section 21.8.
Section 21.8. Containers Inside Buildings.
a. Containers and first stage regulating equipment shall be
located outside of buildings other than buildings especially pro-
vided for this purpose, except containers and regulating equipment
may be used indoors under the following conditions:
(1) If temporarily used for demonstration purposes and
the container has a maximum water capacity of 12 pounds.
(2) If used with a completely self-contained gas hand
torch or similar equipment, and the container has a maximum
water capacity of 2/ pounds.
(3) In industrial applications where oxygen is not re-
quired.
(4) In use as a motor fuel.
(5) In storage awaiting use or resale.
166
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES SEC.21.11
Section 21.9. Marking Cargo Vehicles.
Every tank vehicle used for the transportation of liquefied
petroleum gas shall be marked on each side and rear, thereof,
on a sharply contrasting background, with FLAMMABLE COM-
PRESSED GAS or FLAMMABLE GAS in block letters at least
three inches high, and in block letters at least two inches high,
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS, or BUTANE or PROPANE
as appropriate.
Section 21.10. Parking and Garaging.
The parking and garaging of tank vehicles used for the trans-
portation of liquefied petroleum gases shall be in accordance with
section 16.1015.
Section 21.11. Marine and Pipeline Terminals, Natural-Gasoline
Plants, Refineries, and Tank Farms.
Liquefied petroleum gas installations at marine and pipeline
terminals, natural-gasoline plants, refineries and tank farms shall
be designed and installed so as to be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Evidence that liquefied petroleum gas installations
at marine and pipeline terminals, natural gasoline plants, refineries,
and tank farms, have been designed and installed in accordance
with the applicable standard specified for this section 21.11 in
article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such
liquefied petroleum gas installations are reasonably safe to persons
and property.
167
SEC.22.1 LUMBER YARDS & WOODWORKING PLANTS
ARTICLE 22
LUMBER YARDS AND WOODWORKING PLANTS
Section 22.1. Permit Required.
A person shall not store in excess of 100,000 board feet of
lumber without a permit.
Section 22.2. Open Yard Storage.
a. Lumber shall be piled with due regard to stability of piles
and in no case higher than 20 feet.
b. Driveways between and around lumber piles shall be at
least 15 feet wide and maintained free from accumulation of
rubbish, equipment or other articles or materials. Driveways shall
be so spaced that a maximum grid system unit of 50 feet by 150
feet is produced.
c. Permanent lumber storage, operating under a permit, shall
be surrounded with a suitable fence at least 6 feet high, unless
storage is within a building.
Section 22.3. Operational Fire Hazard in Lumber Yards.
a. The burning of shavings, sawdust and refuse materials
shall be permitted only under boilers, in furnaces, or in incinerators
or refuse burners safely constructed and located. Stacks shall he
provided with approved spark arresters having openings not
greater than /-inch, or other effective means provided which will
eliminate the danger from sparks, such as an expansion chamber,
baffle walls or other effective arrangement. At boiler or other
points where sawdust or shavings are used as fuel, a storage
bin of noncombustible construction with raised sill, shall be pro-
vided.
b. Smoking shall be prohibited except in specified safe loca-
tions in buildings. Large "No Smoking" signs shall be painted on
exterior building walls and on signs, erected at driveways' edges.
"No Smoking" signs shall be posted throughout all buildings ex-
cept in specific locations designated as safe for smoking purposes.
c. Weeds shall be kept down throughout entire yard and shall
be sprayed as often as needed with a satisfactory weed killer or
cut or grubbed out. Dead weeds shall be removed.
168
LUMBER YARDS & WOODWORKING PLANTS SEC.22.5
d. Debris such as sawdust, chips and shorts shall be removed
regularly from piling areas and not less frequently than once a
year. Proper housekeeping shall be maintained at all times.
Section 22.4. Fire Control in Open Yards and Buildings.
Portable fire extinguishing equipment suitable for the fire
hazard involved shall be provided at convenient conspicuous ac-
cessible locations in open yards. When used, approved Class A
portable fire extinguishers, properly protected against freezing
where necessary, shall be provided so that the travel distance to
the nearest unit does not exceed 75 feet. In buildings, fire ex-
tinguishing equipment shall be provided as specified by the Chief
of the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 22.5. Woodworking Plants.
a. Sawmills, planning mills and other woodworking plants
shall be equipped with refuse removal systems which will collect
and remove sawdust and shavings as produced; or suitable metal
or metal-lined bins, provided with normally closed covers or auto-
matically closing covers, shall be installed at or near such ma-
chines, and shavings and sawdust shall be swept up and deposited
in such bins at sufficiently frequent intervals as to keep the prem-
ises clean. Blower and exhaust systems shall be installed so as to
be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that blower
and exhaust systems have been installed in accordance with the
applicable standard specified for this section 22.5a in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such blower and
exhaust systems are reasonably safe to persons and property.
b. Fire fighting equipment, either portable fire appliances or
small hose supplied from a suitable water system, shall be pro-
vided near any machine producing shavings or sawdust.
c. Woodworking plants shall be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Woodworking plants which conform to the applic-
able provisions of this code shall be deemed to be reasonably safe
to persons and property; on matters not covered in this code, con-
formity of woodworking plants to the applicable standard specified
for this section 22.5 c in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code
shall be evidence that such plants are reasonably safe to persons
and property.
169
SEC.23.1 MAGNESIUM
ARTICLE 23
MAGNESIUM
Section 23.1. Scope.
This article applies to the storage, handling and processing
of magnesium.
Section 23.2. Definition.
Magnesium shall mean the pure metal and alloys of which the
major part is magnesium.
Section 23.3. Permit Required.
A permit shall be obtained for the melting, casting, heat treat-
ing, machining, or grinding, of more than 10 pounds of magnesium
per working day.
Section 23.4. Storage of Pigs, Ingots and Billets.
a. Storage of magnesium pigs, ingots and billets out of doors
shall be in piles not exceeding 1,000,000 pounds each, separated by
aisles not less in width than / the height of pile, and separated
from combustible material or buildings on the same or adjoining
property by a distance of not less than the height of the nearest pile.
b. Storage of pigs, ingots and billets in buildings shall be on
floors of noncombustible construction, in piles not larger than
500,000 pounds each, separated by aisles not less in width than jz
the height of the pile.
Section 23.5. Melting Pots.
Floors under and around melting pots shall be of noncombus-
tible construction.
Section 23.6. Storage of Magnesium Articles in Foundries and
Processing Plants.
The size of storage piles of magnesium articles in foundries
and processing plants shall not exceed 1,250 cubic feet and shall
be separated by aisles not less in width than one-half the height of
pile.
Section 23.7. Heat Treating Ovens.
Approved means shall be provided for control of magnesium
fires in heat treating ovens.
170
MAGNESIUM SEC.23.8
Section 23.8. Magnesium Processing Operations.
a. At each grinding, buffing or wire brushing operation on
magnesium, not including rough finishing of castings, dust shall
be collected by means of suitable hoods or enclosures connected to
a liquid precipitation type of separator, such that the dust will be
converted to sludge without contact in a dry state with any high
speed moving parts.
b. Connecting ducts or suction tubes shall be completely
grounded and as short as possible, with no unnecessary bends.
Ducts shall be carefully fabricated and assembled, with a smooth
interior and with internal lap joints pointing in the direction of
air flow, and without unused capped side outlets, pockets or other
dead-end spaces which might allow an accumulation of dust.
c. Each machine shall be equipped with its individual dust
separating unit, except that with multi-unit machines not more
than two dust-producing units may be served by one separator.
Not more than four portable dust-producing units in a single en-
closure or stand may be served by one separator unit.
d. Power supply to dust-producing machines shall be inter-
locked with the motor driving the exhaust blower and the liquid
level controller of the wet collector in such a way that improper
functioning of the dust collecting system will shut down the
machine it serves. A time delay switch or equivalent device shall
be provided in the dust producing machine to prevent the starting
of its motor drive until the wet collector is in complete operation
and several changes of air have swept out any residual hydrogen.
e. All electrical wiring, fixtures and equipment in the im-
mediate vicinity of and attached to dust-producing machines, in-
cluding those used in connection with separator equipment, shall
be reasonably safe to persons and property. In the immediate
vicinity of and attached to dust-producing machines, including
those used in connection with separator equipment, evidence that
all electrical wiring, fixtures and equipment is of a type approved
for Class II, Group E hazardous locations and has been installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 23.8 e in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be
evidence that such electrical wiring, fixtures and equipment are
reasonably safe, to persons and property.
f. All equipment shall be securely grounded by permanent
ground wires.
171
SEC.23.9 MAGNESIUM
Section 23.9. Fire Control.
A supply of approved extinguishing powder in a substantial
container with a hand scoop or shovel for applying powder on mag-
nesium fires or an approved extinguisher unit designed for use
with such powder shall be kept within easy reach of every operator
performing a machining, grinding or other processing operation
on magnesium.
Section 23.10. Storage of Magnesium Articles in Warehouses and
Stores.
a. Magnesium storage in quantity greater than 50 cubic feet
shall be separated from storage of other materials that are either
combustible or in combustible containers, by aisles equal in width
to not less than the height of the piles of magnesium.
b. Magnesium storage in quantity greater than 1,000 cubic
feet shall be separated into piles each not larger than 1,000 cubic
feet with aisles between equal in width to not less than the height
of the piles.
c. Where storage in quantity greater than 1,000 cubic feet is
in a building of combustible construction, or the magnesium is
packed in combustible crates or cartons, or there is other combus-
tible storage within 30 feet of the magnesium, the storage area
shall be protected by automatic sprinklers.
Section 23.11. Handling of Magnesium Fines (Fine Magnesium
Scrap).
a. Chips, turnings and other fine magnesium scrap shall be
collected from the pans or spaces under machines and from other
places where they collect at least once each working day, and
placed in a covered, vented steel container and removed to a safe
location.
b. Magnesium fines shall be kept separate from other com-
bustible materials.
c. Storage in quantity greater than 50 cubic feet of fine mag-
nesium scrap (six 55-gallon steel drums) shall be separated from
other occupancies by five-resistive construction without window.
openings or by an open space of at least 50 feet.
d. Storage in quantity greater than 1,000 cubic feet shall be
separated from all buildings other than those used for magnesium
scrap recovery operations by a distance of not less than 100 feet.
172
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT SEC.24.2
ARTICLE 24
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
Section 24.1. Scope.
This article applies to oil burning equipment except com-
bustion engines, oil lamps, and portable devices such as blow
torches, melting pots, and weed burners.
Section 24.2. Definitions.
a. Conversion range oil burner shall mean an oil burner de-
signed to burn kerosene, range oil or similar fuel. This burner
is intended primarily for installation only in a stove or range, a
portion or all of which originally was designed for the utilization
of solid fuel and which is flue-connected.
b. Fuel oil shall mean kerosene or any hydrocarbon oil spe-
cified for this section 24.2 b in article 31 of this Fire Prevention
Code and having a flash point not less than 100°F.
c. Heating and cooking appliance shall mean an oil-fired ap-
pliance not intended for central heating. These appliances include
kerosene stoves, oil stoves, and conversion range oil burners.
d. Oil Burner shall mean a device for burning oil in heating
appliances such as boilers, furnaces, water heaters, ranges and the
like. A burner of this type may be furnished with or without a
primary safety control; and it may be a pressure atomizing gun
type, a horizontal or vertical rotary type, or a mechanical or
natural draft vaporizing type.
e. Oil burning equipment shall mean an oil burner of any
type together with its tank, piping, wiring, controls and related
devices and shall include all oil burners, oil-fired units, and heating
and cooking appliances but exclude those exempted by section 24.1.
f. Oil-fired unit shall mean a heating appliance equipped
with one or more oil burners and all the necessary safety con-
trols, electrical equipment and related equipment manufactured
for assembly as a complete unit. This definition does not include
kerosene stoves or oil stoves.
Section 24.3. Permit Required.
A single permit shall be required for the initial installation of
173
SEC.24.4 OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
an oil burner and a fuel oil tank used in connection therewith that
is in excess of 25 gallons in a building or in excess of 60 gallons
outside of a building. A separate permit shall be required for the
replacement of either the oil burner or a fuel oil tank connected to
an oil burner.
Section 24.4. Use of Approved Equipment.
Oil burning equipment shall be of approved type.
Section 24.5. General Installation Requirements.
a. The installation shall be made in accordance with the in-
structions of the manufacturer.
b. The installation shall be such as to provide reasonable ac-
cessibility for cleaning heating surfaces, removing burners, replac-
ing motors, controls, air filters, draft regulators and other working
parts and for adjusting, cleaning and lubricating parts requiring
such attention.
c. After installation of the oil burning equipment, operation
tests shall be conducted to make certain that the burner is oper-
ating in a safe and acceptable manner and that all safety devices
function properly.
Section 24.6. Electrical Wiring and Equipment.
Electrical wiring and equipment used in connection with oil
burning equipment shall be installed so as to be reasonably safe
to persons and property. Evidence that electrical wiring and
equipment has been installed in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 24.6 in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code shall be evidence that such electrical wiring and
equipment are reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 24.7. Fuel Oil.
The grade of fuel oil used in a burner shall be that for which
the burner is approved and as stipulated by the manufacturer.
Crankcase oil or any oil containing gasoline shall not be used.
Section 24.8. Design, Construction and Installation of Fuel Oil
Tanks.
a. The design and construction of fuel oil tanks shall comply
with section 16.21, except as provided in sections 24.8 b through
24.8 e.
174
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT SEC.24.8
b. An outside aboveground tank not larger than 60 gallons
capacity may be an ICC-5 Shipping Container (drum) and so
marked or may be an approved safety can.
c. Section 16.21 d shall not apply to the construction of fuel
oil tanks.
d. Atmospheric aboveground tanks built according to Under-
writers Laboratories, Inc. standards in section 16.21 c(1) shall be
limited to 2.5 psig under emergency venting conditions.
e. If pressure tanks built according to section 16.21 e are
larger than 550 gallons or are to be buried underground, all open-
ings in such tanks shall be located above the highest normal
liquid level.
f. The installation of fuel oil tanks shall comply, where ap-
plicable, with sections 16.22 through 16.28 except as provided in
sections 24.8 g through 24.8 m.
g. An unenclosed inside fuel oil supply tank shall have a
capacity of not more than 550 gallons. Not more than one 550
gallon tank or two tanks of aggregate capacity of 550 gallons or
less shall be connected to one oil burning appliance and the aggre-
gate capacity of such tanks installed in the lowest story, cellar or
basement of a building shall not exceed 1100 gallons unless separa-
tion is provided for each 550 gallons of tank capacity. Such separa-
tion shall consist of an unpierced masonry wall or partition extend-
ing from the lowest floor to the ceiling above the tank or tanks and
shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours.
h. A supply tank larger than 550 gallons capacity shall be
enclosed when installed inside of a building as follows:
(1) The nominal gross capacity of enclosed tanks inside a
building shall not exceed:
[a] 10,000 gallons in buildings of other than fire re-
sistive construction.
[b] 15,000 gallons in buildings of fire-resistive con-
struction,
[c] 50,000 gallons with an individual tank capacity
not exceeding 25,000 gallons in any building; provided
that the tank or tanks, enclosed as specified in section
24.8 h(4), and in addition are located in a room cut off
vertically and horizontally from other portions of the
main building by noncombustible construction having a
fire-resistance rating of two hours.
175
SEC.24.8 OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
(2) The tank shall be supported at least four inches above
the floor by masonry saddles at least 12 inches thick, spaced
not more than eight feet on centers and extending the full
width of the tank.
(3) All connections to an enclosed supply tank having a
capacity of more than 550 gallons shall be made through the
top of the tank, and the transfer of oil shall be by pump only
and through continuous piping to and from the consuming
appliances.
(4) The walls of tank enclosures shall be constructed of
solid masonry units or poured concrete construction having a
fire-resistance rating of not less than three hours and bonded
to the floor. The floor shall be of concrete or other fire-
resistive construction. The top shall be of reinforced concrete
at least five inches thick or equivalent fire-resistive construc-
tion, except that where the floor or roof construction above
the enclosure is concrete or other fire-resistive construction,
the walls may be extended to and bonded to the underside of
the construction above in lieu of a separate top. At least 15
inches clearance shall be left around the tank for the purpose
of inspection and repair.
(5) Each tank enclosure shall be provided with an ap-
proved self-closing fire door and a noncombustible liquid tight
sill or ramp at least six inches high. If the sill or ramp is
more than six inches high, the walls to a height corresponding
to the level of oil that will be retained shall be built to with-
stand the lateral pressure due to the liquid head.
i. Stoves which are designed for barometric feed shall not
be connected to separate oil supply tanks.
j. Non flue connected stoves shall he equipped vs ith integral
tanks of capacity not more than 2 gallons.
k. Gravity oil supply tanks installed in conversion range oil
burners shall not exceed one 6 gallon metal tank or two 3 gallon
glass bottles.
1. Supply or storage tanks located above the lowest story,
cellar or basement shall not exceed 60 gallons capacity and the total
capacity of tanks so located shall not exceed 60 gallons.
m. Oil supply tanks other than those furnished as an integral
part of the stove or range shall not be located within 5 feet, hori-
176
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT SEC.24.9
zontally, of any fire or flame; except that tanks not over 6 gallons
capacity may be within this distance but not within 2 feet of the
stove or range in which the burner is installed, provided the tem-
perature rise of the oil supply at this distance is not excessive
when the burner is operated at full capacity.
Section 24.9. Piping Materials and Design.
a. All piping shall be wrought iron, steel, or brass pipe, or
brass or copper tubing. Aluminum tubing shall not be used be-
tween the fuel oil tank and the burner unit. Wall thicknesses of
pipe shall be such that they are reasonably safe to persons and
property. Evidence that wall thicknesses of pipe are in accordance
with the applicable standard specified for this section 24.9a in
article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such
wall thicknesses are reasonably safe to persons and property.
Approved flexible metal hose may be used to reduce the effect of
jarring and vibration or where rigid connections are impracticable
and shall be installed in full compliance with its approval.
b. Piping used in the installation of oil burners and appli-
ances other than conversion range oil burners shall be not smaller
than / inch iron pipe size or / inch OD tubing. Copper or brass
tubing shall have 0.035 inch nominal and 0.032 inch minimum wall
thickness.
c. Piping between conversion range oil burners and tanks
shall be standard steel, wrought iron or brass pipe not smaller than
1/4 inch in size of brass or copper tubing not less than 5/16 inch
OD with a wall thickness not less than 0.049 inch.
d. Pipe shall be connected with standard fittings and tubing
with fittings of approved type. Connectors shall not be used inside
of buildings or aboveground outside of buildings. If used below-
ground outside of buildings, connectors shall be of approved type
and installed in accordance with their approval. All threaded
joints and connections shall be made tight with suitable lubricant
or pipe compound. Unions requiring gaskets or packing, right
and left couplings, and sweat fittings employing solder having a
melting point of less than 1000°F. shall not be used in oil lines.
Cast iron fittings shall not be used.
e. Piping shall be substantially supported and protected
against physical damage and where necessary protected against
177
SEC.24.10 OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
corrosion. All buried piping except copper piping shall be pro-
tected against corrosion.
f. Proper allowance shall be made for expansion, contraction,
jarring and vibration. Pipe lines, other than tubing, connected to
underground tanks, except straight fill lines and test wells, shall
be provided with double swing joints arranged to permit the tanks
to settle without impairing the tightness of the pipe connections.
Section 24.10. Fill and Return Piping.
a. A fill pipe on a tank larger than 60 gallons shall terminate
outside of a building at least two feet from any building opening.
Every fill terminal shall be equipped with a tight metal cover.
b. A return line from a burner or pump to a supply tank
shall enter the top of the tank.
c. An auxiliary tank installed in the supply piping between
a burner and its main fuel supply tank shall be filled by pumping
from storage tanks.
Section 24.11. Supply Connections.
a. All piping, except the burner supply line from a tank hav-
ing a capacity not over 550 gallons and the cross connection be-
tween two such tanks having an aggregate capacity of 550 gallons
or less, shall be connected into the top of the supply tank.
b. The burner supply connection to tank or tanks having a
capacity of more than 550 gallons shall be connected to the top
of the tank except in commercial and industrial installations
the burner supply connection may be below the liquid level but
each such connection shall be provided with an internal or external
shutoff valve located as close as practicable to the shell of the
tank. External valves and their connections to the tank shall be
of steel.
c. A transfer pump may be used to deliver oil from a supply
tank to a burner or to an auxiliary tank. Except in commercial,
industrial or centralized oil distribution installations, such a pump
shall be connected to tankage having a capacity of not more than
550 gallons or to two tanks having an aggregate capacity of not
over 550 gallons.
d. The pressure at the oil supply inlet to an appliance shall
not be greater than 3 psi.
178
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT SEC.24.14
e. Where supply tanks are set below the level of the burner,
the oil piping shall be so laid as to pitch toward the supply tank
without traps.
f. Pressurized tank feed shall not be used.
g. All tanks in which a constant oil level is not maintained
by an automatic pump shall be equipped with an approved method
of determining the oil level.
Section 24.12. Vent Piping.
Vent pipes shall terminate outside of buildings not less
than two feet measured vertically or horizontally from any window
or other building opening. Vent terminals shall terminate in a
weather-proof vent cap which shall have a minimum free open
area equal to the cross-sectional area of the vent pipe. If the static
head of the vent pipe filled with oil exceeds 10 psi, the tank shall
be designed for the maximum static head which will be imposed.
Section 24.13. Oil Pumps.
a. An oil pump not a part of an approved burner shall be a
positive displacement type which automatically shuts off the oil
supply when stopped.
b. An automatic pump not an integral part of a burner shall
be an approved type installed in full compliance with its approval.
Section 24.14. Valves.
a. Readily accessible manual shut-off valves shall be installed
at each point where required to properly control the flow of fuel
in normal operation and where required to avoid oil spillage during
servicing. The valve shall be installed to close against the supply.
b. Where a shutoff is installed in the discharge line of an oil
pump not an integral part of a burner, a pressure relief valve
shall be connected into the discharge line between the pump and
the shut-off valve and arranged to return surplus oil to the supply
tank or to bypass it around the pump, unless the pump includes
an internal bypass.
c. Where oil is supplied to a burner requiring uniform flow
by gravity feed and a constant level valve is not incorporated in
the burner assembly or the oil is not supplied by an automatic
pump, a constant level valve shall be installed in the supply line
at the gravity tank or as close thereto as practicable, to insure
179
SEC.24.15 OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
uniform delivery of oil to the burner. The vent opening of such
constant level valve shall be connected by piping or tubing to the
outside of the building, unless the constant level valve is provided
with an anti-flooding device. Vent piping or tubing of constant
level valves shall not be connected to tanks or tank vents.
Section 24.15. Installation of Oil Burners and Oil-Fired Units.
a. Oil burners other than oil stoves with integral tanks, shall
be provided with some means for manually stopping the flow of
oil to the burner. Such device or devices shall be placed in a con-
venient location at a safe distance from the burner.
b. Oil burners for which a competent attendant will not be
constantly on duty in the room where the burner is located while
the burner is in operation shall be equipped with a primary safety
control of a type specifically approved for the burner with which
it is used. When primary safety controls are installed in con-
nection with other oil burners such automatic devices shall be
of a type specifically approved for use with the burner to which
they are attached.
c. Each appliance fired by oil burners and each oil-fired unit
shall be provided with automatic limit controls which will prevent
unsafe pressure or low water in a steam boiler or overheating
within a hot-water boiler, furnace or heater.
d. Limiting controls and low-water shutoffs intended to pre-
vent unsafe operation of heating equipment by opening an elec-
trical circuit to the burner or oil shut-off device shall be so arranged
as to effect the direct opening of that circuit, whether the switch-
ing mechanism is integral with the sensing element or remote
from same.
e. A water heater shall be provided with water pressure,
temperature and vacuum relief devices. Means shall be provided
to prevent siphoning in any boiler or tank to which any circulating
water heater is attached.
f. Electric motor-driven oil burners of the type not equipped
with primary safety controls with integral oil pumps and electric
motor-driven pump sets for use with such burners not equipped
with integral pumps, shall be provided with a motor controller
incorporating no-voltage protection to be wired into the power
supply to the motor.
180
OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT SEC. 24.16
g. In systems where either steam or air is used for atomizing
the oil or where air for combustion is supplied by a source which
may be interrupted without shutting off the oil supply, the oil and
atomizing or air supply shall be interlocked in a manner to imme-
diately shut off the oil supply upon failure of the atomizing or
air supply.
h. When automatically-operated burners are used in instal-
lations equipped with forced or induced draft fans or both, means
shall be provided to immediately shut off the oil supply upon fan
failure.
i. Oil burners not equipped to provide safe automatic restart-
ing after shut down shall require manual restarting after any
control functions to extinguish the burner flame.
j. Oil-fired appliances shall be installed in rooms that are
large compared with the size, of the appliance except that an
appliance specifically approved for installation in a confined space
such as an alcove or closet may be so installed when the installa-
tion is in compliance with the approval. In alcove and closet
installations, the clearances from the appliance to the walls and
ceiling shall be not less than as specified in the approval, regard-
less of the type of construction.
k. Oil burning appliances shall be installed so as to be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that oil burning
appliances have been installed in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 24.15 k in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code shall be,evidence that such oil burning appliances
are reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 24.16. Installation of Heating and Cooking Appliances.
a. Kerosene and oil stoves shall be equipped with a primary
safety control furnished as an integral part of the appliance by
the manufacturer to stop the flow of oil in the event of flame
failure. Barometric oil feed shall not be considered a primary
safety control.
b. A conversion range oil burner shall be equipped with a
thermal (heat actuated) valve in the oil supply line, located in the
burner compartment of the stove.
c. Small heating and cooking appliances shall be installed
so as to be, reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence
181
SEC.24.16 OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT
that small heating and cooking appliances have been installed in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
24.16 c in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence
that such small heating and cooking appliances are reasonably
safe to persons and property.
182
ORGANIC COATINGS SEC.25.4
ARTICLE 25
ORGANIC COATINGS, MANUFACTURE OF
Section 25.1. Scope.
a. This article shall apply to (1) processes manufacturing
protective and decorative finishes or coatings (paints) for indus-
trial, automotive, marine, transportation, institutional, household
or other purposes and (2) the handling of flammable and com-
bustible liquids, certain combustible solids and potential dust ex-
plosion conditions.
b. This article shall not apply to (1) processes manufactur-
ing nonflammable or water thinned coatings or (2) operations
applying coating materials.
Section 25.2. Definition.
Organic coating shall mean a liquid mixture of binders such
as alkyd, nitrocellulose, acrylic, or oil, and flammable and com-
bustible solvents such as hydrocarbon, ester, ketone, or alcohol,
which when spread in a thin film convert to a durable protective
and decorative finish.
Section 25.3. Permit Required.
A permit shall be required for any organic coating manufac-
turing operation making more than one gallon of an organic
coating on any working day.
Section 25.4. Location.
a. Each organic coating manufacturing operation within 50
feet of the line of adjoining property that may be built upon or
public thoroughfare shall have the exposing wall constructed as
indicated in the schedule below.
Distances in Feet from Line
of Adjoining Property That Construction of Exposing
May Be Built Upon or Wall Expressed in Terms
Public Thoroughfare of Fire Resistance Rating
Less than 10 at least 4 hours
10 to 30 at least 3 hours
Over 30 but less than 50 at least 2 hours
When approved automatic spri-ikler systems are installed, a 50 per
cent reduction in the distances to property lines and the fire resist-
ance ratings of the exposing walls may be made.
183
SEC.25.5 ORGANIC COATINGS
b. An organic coating manufacturing operation shall not be
located in the same building with other occupancies. Operations
incidental to or in connection with organic coating manufacturing
shall not be classed as "other occupancies" for the purpose of this
provision.
c. An organic coating manufacturing operation shall be ac-
cessible from at least one side for the purpose of fire control.
d. Where topographical conditions are such that flammable and
combustible liquids may flow from the organic coating manufac-
turing operation so as to constitute a fire hazard to properties of
others, drainage facilities shall be provided in accordance with
sections 25.6 h and 25.6 i.
Section 25.5. Storage of Raw Materials and Finished Products.
a. The storage, handling and use of flammable and combus-
tible liquids shall be in accordance with division II and III of
article 16.
b. Tank storage for flammable and combustible liquids inside
of buildings shall be permitted only in storage areas at or above-
grade which are detached from the processing area or cut off from
the processing area by noncombustible construction having at
least a two hour fire resistance rating and openings shall be
equipped with approved fire doors. This is not intended to prevent
processing equipment from containing flammable and combustible
liquids or storage in such quantities as are essential to the con-
tinuity of operations.
c. Tank car and tank vehicle loading and unloading stations
for Class I liquids shall be separated from the processing area,
other plant buildings, nearest line of adjoining property that may
be built upon or public thoroughfare by a clear distance of not
less than 25 feet.
d. Loading and unloading structures and platforms for flam-
mable and combustible liquids shall be designed and installed in
accordance with section 16.54.
e. Tank cars for flammable liquids shall be unloaded so as
to be reasonably safe to persons and property. Evidence that such
tank cars have been unloaded in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 25.5 e in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code shall be evidence that such tank car unloading
is reasonably safe to persons and property.
184
ORGANIC COATINGS SEC.25.5
f. Tank vehicles for flammable and combustible liquids shall
be loaded and unloaded in accordance with division X of article 16.
g. Finished products that are flammable or combustible
liquids shall be stored outside of buildings, in a separate building,
or in a separate room cut off from the processing area by a non-
combustible wall or partition having at least a two-hour fire re-
sistance rating and openings shall be equipped with approved fire
doors. The storage of finished products shall be in tanks or in
closed containers in accordance with divisions II and III of
article 16.
h. The nitrocellulose storage shall be in a separate building
or in a room cut off by noncombustible construction having a fire
resistance rating of at least two hours and openings shall be
equipped with approved fire doors. The nitrocellulose storage
shall be used for no other purpose. Electrical wiring and equip-
ment installed in such rooms or buildings shall be reasonably safe
to persons and property. In nitrocellulose storage rooms or build-
ings evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a type
approved for Class I Division 2 hazardous locations and has been
installed in accordance with the applicable standard specified for
this section 25.5 h in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall
be evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment are reason-
ably safe to persons and property.
i. Nitrocellulose shall be stored only in closed containers.
Barrels shall be stored on end and, if tiered, not more than two
high. Barrels or other containers of nitrocellulose shall not be
opened in the main storage building but at the point of use or
other location set aside for the purpose.
j. Spilled nitrocellulose shall be promptly wetted with water
and disposed of by use or by burning in the open at a suitable
detached location.
k. The storage of organic peroxides shall be in accordance
with sections 20.7 and 20.8.
1. The size of the package containing the organic peroxide
shall be selected so that, as nearly as practical, full packages are
185
SEC.25.6 ORGANIC COATINGS
utilized at one time. Any peroxide spilled shall be promptly
cleaned up and disposed of as recommended by the supplier.
Section 25.6. Process Buildings.
a. Buildings shall be of fire resistive or noncombustible con-
struction without load bearing walls and without basements or
pits. The first floor shall be at or above grade.
b. Raw material and finished stock storage buildings shall
be limited to one story in height and either detached or cut off
from manufacturing buildings by noncombustible construction
having a fire-resistance rating of at least two hours and openings
shall be equipped with approved fire doors.
c. Stairway enclosures and structures housing elevators shall
be enclosed by noncombustible walls having a fire-resistance
rating of at least two hours, and be equipped with approved fire
doors.
d. Each manufacturing room shall have at least two exits,
well separated, one of which shall be directly to the outside.
Access to all exits shall be kept clear and doors shall open in the
direction of travel. Door fastenings shall be of the safety release
type. Supervisory management offices, change and locker rooms
located in manufacturing buildings shall be provided with ade-
quate exits.
e. Structures in which Class I liquids or finely divided flam-
mable solids are processed shall be provided with explosion
venting.
f. Enclosed buildings in which Class I liquids are processed
or handled shall be ventilated at a rate of not less than / cubic
foot per minute per square foot of solid floor area. This shall
be accomplished by exhaust fans preferably taking suction
at floor levels, and discharging to a safe location outside the
building. Provision shall be made for introduction of noncon-
taminated intake air in such a manner that all portions of solid
floor areas will be subject to continuous uniformly distributed
movement of air.
g. Heating in hazardous areas, if required, shall be provided
by indirect means. Ignition sources such as open flames, or elec-
trical heating elements, except as provided in section 25.11 shall
not be used within the building.
186
ORGANIC COATINGS SEC.25.7
h. Drainage facilities shall be provided to direct flammable
and combustible liquid leakage and fire protection water to a safe
location away from the building, any other important value, or
adjoining property.
i. Emergency drainage systems containing flammable and
combustible liquids connected to public sewers or discharging into
public waterways shall be equipped with traps or separator tanks.
Section 25.7. Process Mills, Mixers, and Kettles.
a. Mills operating with close clearances and used for the proc-
essing of flammable and heat sensitive materials, such as nitro-
cellulose, shall be located in a detached building or in a non-
combustible structure without other occupancy. The amount of
nitrocellulose or other flammable material brought into the area
shall be no more than that required for a batch.
b. Mixers shall be of the enclosed type or, if of the open type
shall be provided with properly fitted covers. Where gravity flow
is used, a shutoff valve shall be installed as close as practical to
the mixer and a control valve shall be provided near the end of the
fill pipe.
c. Open kettles shall be located in an outside area, provided
with a protective roof or in a separate building or noncombustible
construction or separated from other areas by means of a non-
combustible wall or partition having a fire-resistance rating of
two hours.
d. The vaporizer section of heat transfer systems heating
closed kettles containing solvents shall be remotely located. Con-
tact heated kettles containing solvents shall be equipped with
safety devices that in case of fire can turn the process heat off,
turn the cooling medium on, and inject inert gas into• the kettle.
e. The kettle and thin-down tank shall be instrumented, con-
trolled and interlocked so that any failure of the controls will
result in a safe condition. The kettle shall be provided with a
pressure rupture disc in case the normal vent becomes inoperative.
The vent piping from the rupture disc shall be of minimum length
and shall discharge to a safe location. The thindown tank shall be
adequately vented. Thinning operations shall be provided with
an adequate vapor removal system.
187
SEC.25.8 ORGANIC COATINGS
Section 25.8. Process Piping.
a. All piping, valves and fittings shall be designed for the
working pressures and structural stresses to which they may be
subjected. They shall be of steel or other material approved for
the service intended.
b. Valves shall be of an indicating type. Terminal valves on
remote pumping systems shall be of the "dead-man" type which
will shut off both the pump and the flow of solvent.
c. Piping systems shall be substantially supported and pro-
tected against physical damage. Piping shall be pitched to avoid
unintentional trapping of liquids or suitable drains shall he
provided.
d. Approved flexible connectors may be used where vibration
exists or where frequent movement is necessary. Approved hose
shall be used at dispensing stations.
e. Before being placed in service, all piping shall be free
of leaks when tested to not less than 1/ times the working
pressure or a minimum of not less than 5 psig at the highest point
in the system. Tests shall continue for a minimum of 30 minutes.
Section 25.9. Transfer of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
In Process Areas.
a. The transfer of large quantities of flammable and combus-
tible liquids shall be through piping by means of pumps. The use
of compressed air as a transfer medium shall be prohibited.
b. Pumps shall be selected for the flammable and combustible
liquid used, the working pressures and the structural stresses to
which they may be subjected.
c. Where solvents are pumped from storage to points of use,
approved switches shall be provided in the processing areas and
at the pumps to shut down the pumps in case of fire.
d. Empty and filled containers shall be stored outside the
filling area.
Section 25.10. Raw Materials in Process Areas.
a. The amount of nitrocellulose brought into the operating
area shall not exceed that required for a shift. Any nitrocellulose
which may be spilled on the floor or elsewhere shall be promptly
188
ORGANIC COATINGS SEC.25.11
swept up, put into a pail of water, and removed at the end of the
day or shift and disposed of by use or by burning in the open at a
suitable detached location.
b. Organic peroxides brought into the operating area shall
be in the original shipping container and shall not exceed the
quantity required for a shift. When in the operating area the
peroxide shall not be placed in locations exposed to ignition
sources, heat or mechanical shocks.
Section 25.11. Electrical Equipment.
a. All electrical wiring and equipment within storage or
processing areas shall be installed so as to be reasonably safe to
persons and property.
b. Where Class I liquids are exposed to the air, the design
of equipment and ventilation of buildings shall be such as to
limit the Class I, Division 1 locations to pits, the interior of
equipment and the "immediate vicinity" of pumps or equipment
locations such as dispensing stations, open centrifuges, plate and
frame filters, opened vacuum filters, change cans, and the surfaces
of open equipment. Immediate vicinity means a zone extending
from the vapor liberation point 20 feet horizontally in all direc-
tions and vertically from the floor to a level 6 feet above the
highest point of vapor liberation.
c. All locations not covered by section 25.11 b where Class I
liquids are handled shall be Class I, Division 2. If the flash point
of the liquid processed is higher than ambient temperature and at
least 100°F., ordinary electrical equipment may be used though
care shall be used in locating electrical apparatus to prevent hot
metal from falling into open processing equipment.
d. Ordinary electrical equipment, including switch gear, may
be used if installed in a room which is maintained under positive
pressure with respect to the hazardous area. Air or other media
for pressurization shall be taken from a location where entrain-
ment of flammable vapor is improbable.
e. Evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a type
approved as provided in sections 25.11a through 25.11 e and has
been installed in accordance with the applicable standard specified
for this section 25.11 e in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code
shall be evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment are
reasonably safe to persons and property.
189
SEC.25.12 ORGANIC COATINGS
Section 25.12. Protection Against Static Electricity and Lightning.
a. All equipment such as tanks, machinery and piping, where
an ignitible mixture may be present shall be bonded and connected
to a ground. The bond or ground or both shall be physically
applied or shall be inherently present by the nature of the instal-
lation. This electrically conductive path shall have a resistance
of not more than one million ohms.
b. Electrically isolated sections of metallic piping or equip-
ment shall be bonded to the other portions of the system or
grounded.
c. Tank vehicles loaded or unloaded through open connec-
tions shall be grounded and bonded to the receiving system.
d. When a flammable mixture is transferred from one port-
able container to another, a bond shall be provided between the
two containers.
e. Steel framing of buildings shall be grounded with resist-
ance of not more than five ohms.
Section 25.13. Fire Control and Detection.
a. Important manufacturing and storage buildings shall be
protected by a sprinkler system or a water spray system. Sprinkler
systems or water spray systems shall be installed to provide
reasonable safety to persons and property. Evidence that such
sprinkler systems or water spray systems are installed in accord-
ance with the applicable standards specified for this section
25.13a in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence
that such sprinkler systems or water spray systems provide rea-
sonable safety to persons and property.
b. An adequate supply of portable fire extinguishers suitable
for flammable liquid fires shall be provided.
c. Standpipe and hose shall be provided in important op-
erating buildings.
d. Where good public fire protection facilities are not readily
available, private fire protection facilities shall be provided.
e. A suitable fire alarm system shall be provided.
190
ORGANIC COATINGS SEC.25.14
f. All plant fire protection facilities shall be adequately main-
tained, periodically inspected and tested.
Section 25.14. Maintenance.
a. The cleaning of tanks or vessels which have contained
flammable or combustible liquids shall only be done under the
supervision of persons who understand the fire and explosion
potential.
b. When necessary to make repairs involving "hot work" the
work shall be authorized by the responsible individual in charge
before the work is started.
c. When necessary to enter a tank, pit, manhole or other
confined spaces, such entry shall be authorized by the responsible
individual in charge.
d. Power operated industrial trucks shall be of a type ap-
proved for the location.
e. Open flames and direct-fired heating devices shall be pro-
hibited in areas where flammable vapor-air mixtures may exist.
f. Smoking shall be prohibited except in designated safe areas.
g. Empty containers previously used for flammable or com-
bustible liquids shall be removed to a well detached, outside loca-
tion and if not cleaned on the premises, removed from the plant
as soon as practical.
h. Full containers stored outside shall be kept a safe distance
from buildings or other exposures.
i. Adequate aisles shall be maintained for unobstructed move-
ment of personnel and so that fire protection equipment can be
brought to bear in all parts of processing and storage areas of
buildings.
191
SEC.26.1 OVENS AND FURNACES
ARTICLE 26
OVENS AND FURNACES
Section 26.1. Scope.
This article shall apply to the location, design, construction
and operation of industrial processing ovens and furnaces operat-
ing at approximately atmospheric pressures and temperatures not
exceeding 700°F. which are heated with oil or gas fuel or which
during operation contain flammable vapors from the products be-
ing processed. It is the intent of this article to provide for the
operation of these ovens and furnaces within certain limitations
of control depending on oven or furnace design, flammable formu-
lations and ventilation needs, the disregard of which may cause
them to function in an unsafe manner, thereby becoming liable
to destruction by fire or explosion.
Section 26.2. Definition.
Catalytic combustion system shall mean an oven heater of
any construction that employs catalysts to accelerate oxidization
or combustion of fuel-air or fume-air mixtures for eventual release
of heat to an oven process.
Section 26.3. Permits and Plans Required.
a. No oven or furnace to which this code applies shall be
operated without a permit from the Chief of the Bureau of Fire
Prevention.
b. Application for a permit shall be accompanied by plans
showing all essential details as to location, design, construction,
controls and calculations for safe operation. The process and ma-
terials involved shall be fully described. Catalytic combustion sys-
tems utilized for the oxidization or combustion of the exhaust
gases or vapors shall be described.
Section 26.4. Location and Construction.
a. Ovens, furnaces and related equipment shall be located
with due regard to the possibility of fire resulting from over-
heating or from the escape of fuel gas or fuel oil and the pos-
sibility of damage to the building and injury to persons resulting
from explosion.
192
OVENS AND FURNACES SEC.26.5
b. Ovens and furnaces shall be located at or above grade, or
if in basements at least fifty per cent of the wall area of the room
in which the oven or furnace is located shall be above grade.
c. Ovens and furnaces shall be so located as to readily acces-
sible for inspection and maintenance and with adequate clearances
to permit the proper functioning of explosion vents. Roofs and
floors of ovens and furnaces shall be sufficiently insulated and
ventilated to keep temperatures at combustible ceilings and floors
below 160°F.
d. Ovens and furnaces shall be constructed of noncombustible
materials throughout except where the maximum oven operating
temperature is not over 160°F. The amount of insulation used in
oven panel construction shall be enough to prevent the outside
surface temperature from exceeding 160°F., or adequate guards
shall be provided to protect personnel. The metal frames of ovens
or furnaces shall be electrically grounded.
e. Ovens and furnaces which may contain flammable air-gas
mixtures shall be equipped with relief vents for freely relieving
internal explosion pressures, and all explosion-venting panels or
doors shall be arranged so that when open, the full vent opening
will be an effective relief area.
f. All duct work shall be constructed of noncombustible ma-
terial. Ducts shall be made tight throughout and shall have no
openings other than those required for the proper operation and
maintenance of the system. Ducts passing through combustible
walls, floors, or roofs shall have adequate insulation and clear-
ances to prevent surface temperatures from exceeding 160°F. Ex-
haust ducts shall not discharge near doors, windows or other air
intakes in a manner that will permit re-entry of vapors into the
building.
Section 26.5. Ventilation.
a. Ovens and furnaces in which flammable or toxic vapors are
liberated or through which products of combustion are circulated
shall be ventilated by the introduction of a supply of fresh air and
proper exhaust to outdoors. Discharge pipes shall not terminate
within 10 feet measured horizontally from any door, window or
wood frame walls of any building. Such ventilation shall be
arranged to provide vigorous and well distributed air circulation
within the oven or furnace to insure that the flammable vapor
193
SEC.26.6 OVENS AND FURNACES
concentration will be safely below the lower explosion limit at
all times. Unless the oven or furnace is operated in accordance
with specific approval specifying particular solvents and rate of
ventilation, the rate of ventilation shall not be less than 10,000
cubic feet of fresh air per gallon of solvent evaporated in con-
tinuous process ovens or furnaces and not less than 380 cubic feet
per minute per gallon of flammable solvent evaporated in batch
process ovens or furnaces.
b. Exhaust duct openings shall be located in the area of great-
est concentration of vapors.
c. All exhaust shall be by mechanical means using power
driven fans.
Section 26.6. Design and Installation.
Ovens and furnaces including catalytic combustion systems
shall be designed and installed so as to be reasonably safe to per-
sons and property. Evidence that ovens and furnaces including
catalytic combustion systems have been designed and installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 26.6 in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evi-
dence that such ovens and furnaces including catalytic combustion
systems are reasonably safe to persons and property.
Section 26.7. Safety Controls.
a. Safety controls shall be sufficient in number, and substan-
tially constructed and arranged to maintain the required condi-
tions of safety and prevent the development of fire and explosion
hazards.
b. Ventilation cotnrols, suitably interlocked, shall be provided
which will insure the required preventilation and ventilation of
the system.
c. Fuel safety controls, suitably interlocked and arranged to
minimize the possibility of dangerous accumulations of explosive
air-fuel mixtures in the heating system, shall be provided.
d. Excess temperature controls shall be provided to maintain
a safe operating temperature within the oven or furnace.
e. Conveyor interlocks shall be provided in conveyor ovens
or furnaces having a flammable vapor hazard, so that the conveyor
cannot move unless ventilating fans are operating and discharging
the required amount of air.
194
OVENS AND FURNACES SEC.26.8
Section 26.8. Fire Control.
a. Ovens, furnaces and exhaust ducts containing or processing
sufficient combustible materials to sustain a fire shall be equipped
with automatic sprinklers as required by the Chief of the Bureau
of Fire Prevention.
b. Approved portable fire extinguishers shall be installed near
the oven, furnace, and related equipment to provide reasonable
safety to persons and property. Evidence that approved portable
fire extinguishers have been provided in accordance with the ap-
plicable standard specified for this section 26.8 b in article 31 of
this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such portable fire
extinguishers provide reasonable safety to persons and property.
195
SEC.27.1 PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
ARTICLE 27
PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
Section 27.1. Definitions.
a. Decorative material shall include all such materials as
curtains, draperies, streamers, surface coverings applied over the
building interior finish for decorative, acoustical or other effect,
and also cloth, cotton batting, straw, vines, leaves, trees and moss
used for decorative effect, but it shall not include floor coverings,
ordinary window shades, nor materials one fortieth * of an inch
or less in thickness applied directly to and adhering tightly to a
noncombustible base.
b. Place of assembly shall mean a room or space used for
assembly or educational occupancy for 100 or more occupants or
which has a floor area of 1,500 square feet or more used for such
purposes. Such room or space shall include any similar occu-
pied connecting room or space in the same story, or in a story
or stories above or below, where entrance is common to the rooms
or spaces.
Section 27.2. Permit Required.
No place of assembly as defined in section 27.1 b shall be main-
tained, operated or used as such without a permit, except that no
permit shall be required for any place of assembly used solely as a
place of religious worship.
Section 27.3. Decorative Material.
a. No decorative material shall be used which as applied will
ignite and allow flame to spread over the surface or allows burning
particles to drop when exposed to a match flame test applied to a
piece removed from the material and tested in a safe place. The
piece shall be held in a vertical position and the bottom edge ex-
posed to a flame from a common match held in a horizontal posi-
tion, one-half inch underneath the piece, and at a constant location
for a minimum of 15 seconds.
b. Treatments used to accomplish this flameproofing shall be
renewed as often as may be necessary to maintain the flameproof
effect.
*May be measured by folding a piece to 15 thicknesses and measuring to
see if the thickness of 5 layers exceeds
196
PLACES OF ASSEMBLY SEC.27.9
Section 27.4. Proxylin Coated Fabric.
Pyroxylin coated fabric used as a decorative material in ac-
cordance with section 27.3, or as a surface covering on fixed fur-
nishings, shall be limited as follows: Such fabrics containing
1.4 ounces or more of cellulose nitrate per square yard shall not
be used in excess of a total amount equivalent to one square foot
of fabric surface to 15 cubic feet of room volume. Each square foot
of such fabric which contains 1.7 ounces or more of cellulose nitrate
per square yard shall be counted as two square feet in making
this computation.
Section 27.5. Motion Picture Screens.
In places of assembly no motion picture screen or screen
masking shall be used which will ignite and allow flame to spread
over the surface when exposed to the match flame test described
in section 27.3a.
Section 27.6. Exit Doors.
During the period of occupancy, no exit door shall be locked,
bolted, or otherwise fastened or obstructed by any means, so that
the door cannot be opened from the inside by the use of the ordi-
nary door latch or knob or by pressure on the door or on a panic
release device.
Section 27.7. Aisles.
In each room where chairs, or tables and chairs, are used, the.
arrangement shall be such as will provide for ready access by
aisles to each exit doorway. Aisles leading directly to exit door-
ways shall have not less than 36 inches clear width which shall not
be obstructed by chairs, tables or other objects.
Section 27.8. Use of Exit Ways.
No part of a stairway, whether interior or exterior, nor of a
hallway, corridor, vestibule, balcony or bridge leading to an exit
way shall be used for any purpose which will interfere with its
value as an exit way.
Section 27.9. Plan of Exit Ways and Aisles.
A plan showing the capacity and location of exit ways and
of aisles leading thereto shall be submitted for approval to the
197
SEC.27.10 PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
Bureau of Fire Prevention and an approved copy shall be kept
on display in the premises.
Section 27.10. Marking and Lighting of Exit Ways.
All exit ways in places of assembly shall be marked and
lighted in accordance with sections 11.2 and 11.3.
Section 27.11. Number of Occupants Permitted.
Each place of assembly shall be posted with a legible sign
in contrasting colors conspicuously located stating the maximum
number of occupants permitted. The number shall be determined
by the capacity of exit ways provided.
Section 27.12. Fire Control.
All fire protection equipment required under article 14 shall
be kept in working condition. Extinguishers and hose and similar
appliances shall be visible and convenient at all times. It shall
be the duty of the owner and the tenant of each building, or part
of a building, occupied as a place of assembly to properly train
sufficient regular employees in the use of fire appliances so that
such appliances can be quickly put in operation.
Section 27.13. Ash Trays.
Where smoking is permitted, there shall be provided on each
table and at other convenient places suitable noncombustible ash
trays or match receivers.
198
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL SEC.28.2
ARTICLE 28
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL
Section 28.1. Bonfires and Outdoor Rubbish Fires.
a. PERMIT REQUIRED. No person shall kindle or maintain any
bonfire or rubbish fire or authorize any such fire to be kindled or
maintained on or in any public street, alley, road or other public
ground without a permit or other proper authorization. During
construction or demolition of buildings or structures no waste
materials or rubbish shall be disposed of by burning on the prem-
ises or in the immediate vicinity without having obtained a permit
or other proper authorization.
b. LOCATION RESTRICTED. No person shall kindle or maintain
any bonfire or rubbish fire or authorize any such fire to be kindled
or maintained on any private land unless (1) the location is not
less than 50 feet from any structure and adequate provision is made
to prevent fire from spreading to within 50 feet of any structure,
or (2) the fire is contained in an approved waste burner located
safely not less than 15 feet from any structure.
C. ATTENDANCE OF OPEN FIRES. Bonfires and rubbish fires shall
be constantly attended by a competent person until such fire is
extinguished. This person shall have a garden hose connected to
the water supply, or other fire extinguishing equipment readily
available for use.
d. CHIEF MAY PROHIBIT. The chief of the Fire Department
may prohibit any or all bonfires and outdoor rubbish fires when
atmospheric conditions or local circumstances make such fires
hazardous.
Section 28.2. Matches.
a. PERMIT REQUIRED. No person shall manufacture matches with-
out a permit. No person shall store matches exceeding in aggregate
25 cases of matches without a permit.
b. WHOLESALE STORAGE. At wholesale establishments and wher-
ever matches exceeding 25 cases are stored, shipping containers
containing matches shall be arranged in piles not exceeding 18 feet
in height nor 25,000 cubic feet in volume. Such pile units shall be
separated from each other and from other combustible material by
199
SEC.28.3 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL
a clear space of not less than 4 feet. In storage rooms where ship-
ping containers containing matches are open, the broken containers
and contents shall be neatly piled with other match stock in a
portion devoted to match storage exclusively.
Section 28.3. Smoking Prohibited Under Certain Conditions.
a. Smoking shall mean and include the carrying of lighted
pipe, cigar, cigarette or tobacco in any form.
b. Where conditions are such as to make smoking a hazard in
any areas of piers, wharves, warehouses, stores, industrial plants,
institutions, places of assembly, and in open spaces where combus-
tible materials are stored or handled, the Chief of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention is empowered and authorized to order the owner
or occupant in writing to post `'No Smoking" signs in each build-
ing, structure, room or place in which smoking shall be prohibited.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall designate specific
safe locations, if necessary, in any building, structure or place in
which smoking may be permitted.
c. "No Smoking" signs of approved sized lettering and loca-
tion required in accordance with section 28.3 b shall read "By Order
of the Fire Chief."
d. It shall be unlawful for any person to remove any legally
required "No Smoking" sign or to smoke in any place, where such
signs are posted.
Section 28.4. Use of Torches for Removing Paint.
Any person using a torch or other flame-producing device for
removing paint from any building or structure shall provide one
approved fire extinguisher or water hose connected to the water
supply on the premises where such burning is done. In all cases,
the person doing the burning shall remain on the premises 1 hour
after the torch or flame-producing device has been used.
Section 28.5. Hot Ashes and Other Dangerous Materials.
No person shall deposit hot ashes or cinders, or smouldering
coals, or greasy or oily substances liable to spontaneous ignition,
into any combustible receptacle,or place the same within ten feet of
any combustible materials, except in metal or other noncombustible
receptacles. Such receptacles, unless resting on a noncombustible
floor or on the ground outside the building, shall be placed on non-
combustible stands, and in every case shall be kept at least two
200
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL SEC.28.9
feet away from any combustible wall or partition or exterior
window opening.
Section 28.6. Accumulations of Waste Materials.
Roofs, courts, yards, vacant lots and open spaces shall be
kept free and clear of deposits or accumulations of waste paper,
hay, grass, straw, weeds, litter or combustible waste or rubbish
of any kind. All weeds, grass, vines or other growth, when same
endangers property, or is liable to be fired, shall be cut down and
removed by the owner or occupant of the property.
Section 28.7. Handling Readily Combustible Materials.
No person making, using, storing or having in charge, or un-
der his control any shavings, excelsior, rubbish, sacks, bags, litter,
hay, straw or combustible waste materials shall fail or neglect at
the close of each day to cause all such material which is not com-
pactly baled and stacked in an orderly manner to be removed from
the building or stored in suitable vaults or in metal or metal lined,
covered, receptacles or bins. The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Pre-
vention shall require suitable baling presses to be installed in
stores, apartment buildings, factories and similar places where
accumulations of paper and waste materials are not removed at
least every second day.
Section 28.8. Storage of Readily Combustible Materials.
a. PERMIT REQUIRED. No person shall store in any building
or upon any premises in excess of 2,500 cubic feet gross volume of
combustible empty packing cases, boxes, barrels or similar con-
tainers, or rubber tires, or baled cotton, rubber or cork, or other
similarly combustible material without a permit.
b. STORAGE REQUIREMENTS. Storage in buildings shall be orderly,
shall not be within two feet of the ceiling, and not so located as to
endanger exit from the building. Storage in the open shall not be
more than twenty feet in height, shall be so located, with respect
to adjacent buildings, as not to constitute a hazard, and shall be
compact and orderly.
Section 28.9. Flammable Decorative Materials in Buildings of
Mercantile and Institutional Occupancy.
Highly flammable materials such as cotton batting, straw, dry
vines, leaves, trees, artificial flowers or shrubbery and foam plastic
201
•
SEC.28.10 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL
materials shall not be used for decorative purposes in show windows
or other parts of mercantile and institutional occupancies unless
first rendered flameproofed in accordance with section 27.3. Electric
light bulbs in mercantile and institutional occupancies shall not
be decorated with paper or other combustible materials unless such
materials shall first have been rendered flameproofed.
Section 28.10. Open Flames or Lights Restricted.
a. No person shall take an open flame or light into any build-
ing, barn, vessel, boat or any other place where highly flammable,
combustible, or explosive material is kept, unless such light or
flame shall be well secured in a glass globe, wire mesh cage or
similar approved device.
b. No heating or lighting apparatus or equipment capable of
igniting flammable materials of the types stored or handled shall be
used in the storage area of any warehouse storing rags, excelsior,
hair or other highly flammable or combustible material; nor in the
work area of any shop or factory used for the manufacture, repair
or renovating of mattresses or bedding; nor in the work areas of
any establishment used for the upholstering of furniture.
Section 28.11. Kindling of Fire on Land of Others Restricted.
No person shall kindle a fire upon the land of another without
permission of the owner thereof or his agent.
Section 28.12. Maintenance of Chimneys and Heating Appliances.
a. All chimneys, smokestacks or similar devices for conveying
smoke or hot gases to the outer air and the stoves, furnaces,
restaurant type cooking equipment, incinerators, fire boxes or boil-
ers to which they are connected shall be constructed and main-
tained in such a manner as not to create a hazardous condition.
b. Commercial and industrial type incinerators used for burn-
ing of rubbish or other readily combustible solid waste material
and flue-fed incinerators shall be provided with approved spark
arrestors or other effective means for arresting sparks and fly
particles.
Section 28.13. Trapdoors to be Closed.
All trapdoors, except those which are automatic in their opera-
tion, in any factory building or building used for storage shall be
closed at the completion of the business of each day.
202
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE, GENERAL SEC.28.14
Section 28.14. Shaftways to be Marked.
Every outside window in a building used for manufacturing
purposes or for storage which opens directly on any hoistway or
other vertical means of communication between two or more floors
in such building, shall be plainly marked with the word "SHAFT-
WAY"in red letters at least six inches high on a white background;
such warning sign to be so placed as to be easily discernible from
the outside of the building. Every door or window opening on
such shaftway from the interior of the building, unless the con-
struction of the partition surrounding the shaftway is of such dis-
tinctive nature as to make its purpose evident at a glance, shall be
similarly marked with the warning word, "SHAFTWAY" so
placed as to be easily visible to any one approaching the shaftway
from the interior of the building.
203
SEC.29.1 TENTS
ARTICLE 29
TENTS
Section 29.1. Permit Required.
No tent covering an area in excess of 120 square feet shall be
erected, maintained, operated or used without a permit.
Section 29.2. Fire Watchers to be Employed.
One or more qualified persons to serve as fire watchers shall
be employed by all circuses, carnivals, or other exhibitions where
large crowds assemble. They shall familiarize themselves with all
fire protection facilities and fire prevention features and with the
condition of exits, and shall patrol the entire tent area during the
time of occupancy. They shall see that aisles and exitways are
kept open and that "No Smoking" rules are enforced.
Section 29.3. Tents for Assembly to Conform to Recognized
Good Practice.
The design, construction, flameproofing, location, maintenance
and use of tents for assembly shall be reasonably safe to persons
and property. Evidence that the design, construction, flame-
proofing, location, maintenance, and use of tents are in accordance
with the applicable standard specified for this section 29.3 in
article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence that such
tents are reasonably safe to persons and property.
204
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC.30.2
ARTICLE 30
WELDING OR CUTTING, ACETYLENE GENERATORS,
AND CALCIUM CARBIDE
Section 30.1. Scope.
a. This article shall apply to:
(1) Installation and operation of oxygen-fuel gas, gas-
eous fuels generated from.flammable liquids under pressure,
or electric-arc welding or cutting or any combination thereof,
or
(2) Storage of calcium carbide and gases used in welding,
cutting or heat treating.
Section 30.2. Definitions.
a. Acetlyene, low pressure shall mean acetylene at a pressure
not exceeding 1 psig.
b. Acetylene, medium pressure shall mean acetylene at pres-
sures exceeding 1 psig. but not exceeding 15 psig.
c. Acetylenic compound shall mean a material which, like
acetylene, have a triple bond between two carbon atoms.
d. Fuel gas shall mean acetylene, hydrogen, LP-Gas, and
other liquefied and nonliquefied flammable gases.
e. Hydraulic back-pressure valve as a term is used inter-
changeably with "hydraulic seal" and "hydraulic valve."
f. Machine shall mean a device in which one or more torches
using fuel gas and oxygen are incorporated.
g. Manifold shall mean an assembly of pipe and fittings for
connecting two or more cylinders for the purpose of supplying
gas to a piping system or directly to a consuming device.
h. Oxygen manifold, high-pressure shall mean a manifold
connecting oxygen containers having an ICC service pressure
exceeding 200 psig.
i. Oxygen manifold, low-pressure shall mean a manifold con-
necting oxygen containers having an ICC service pressure not
exceeding 200 psig.
205
SEC.30.3 WELDING OR CUTTING
j. Piping shall mean pipe or tubing or both for any purpose
and made of any material that is acceptable under this article.
Pipe shall mean a rigid conduit.
Tubing shall mean a semi-rigid conduit.
k. Portable outlet header shall mean an assembly of piping
and fittings used for service-outlet purposes which is connected to
the permanent service piping by means of hose or other non-rigid
conductors.
1. Station outlet shall mean the point at which gas is with-
drawn from the service piping system.
Section 30.3. Permit Required for Welding or Cutting.
a. A permit shall be required of each company, corporation,
copartnership or owner-operator performing welding or cutting
operations except as provided in section 30.3 b. This permit shall
not be required for each welding or cutting job location. The
company, corporation, copartnership or owner-operator shall notify
the Bureau of Fire Prevention in advance where such work is
taking place, except where such work is done in response to an
emergency call that does not allow time for the Bureau of Fire
Prevention to be notified in advance of the work.
b. A permit shall not be required of any company, corpora-
tion, copartnership or owner-operator:
(1) Where the welding or cutting is performed in areas
approved for the purpose, or
(2) Having an approved permit system established for
control of the fire hazards involved.
c. Application for a permit required by this article shall be
made by the company, corporation, copartnership or owner-opera-
tor performing the welding or cutting operation or by his duly
authorized agent.
d. A permit for welding or cutting operations shall not be
issued unless the individuals in charge of performing such opera-
tions are capable of doing such work in a safe manner. Demonstra-
tion of a working knowledge of the provisions of this article shall
constitute acceptable evidence of compliance with this requirement.
e. Companies, corporations, copartnerships and owner-opera-
tors required to have a permit shall maintain a record of all loca-
206
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC.30.6
tions where welding or cutting operations are performed and have
it available for inspection by the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
Section 30.4. Equipment.
Approved equipment shall be used in welding and cutting.
Section 30.5. Installation and Operation of Welding and Cutting
Equipment.
a. Welding and cutting equipment shall be installed and
operated so as to be reasonably safe to persons and property.
Evidence that welding and cutting equipment has been installed
and is operated in accordance with the applicable standards speci-
fied for this section 30.5a in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code
shall be evidence that such welding and cutting equipment and
operations thereof are reasonably safe to persons and property.
b. The use of liquid acetylene or liquid acetylenic compounds
= is prohibited unless properly stabilized.
Section 30.6. Fire Control.
a. Before welding or cutting operations are begun in areas
not designed or approved for the purpose, specific authorization
shall be obtained from the owner of the premises or his duly
authorized agent.
b. When welding or cutting operations are performed above,
or within 35 feet of combustible construction or material exposed
to the operation, or within 35 feet of floor, ceiling or wall openings
so exposed:
(1) Such combustible construction or material shall be
protected by noncombustible shields or covers from possible
sparks, hot metal or oxide.
(2) Such floor, ceiling or wall openings shall be protected
by noncombustible shields or covers.
(3) A fire watcher shall be provided to watch for fires,
make use of portable fire extinguishers or fire hose, and per-
form similar fire prevention and protection duties. The fire
watcher shall remain on the job at least thirty minutes after
the welding or cutting operations have been completed to
insure that no fire exists. A signed inspection report attesting
to that fact shall be filed and available for inspection by the
Bureau of Fire Prevention.
207
SEC.30.7 WELDING OR CUTTING
C. One or more portable fire extinguishers of approved type
and size shall be kept at the location where welding or cutting is to
be done.
d. Welding or cutting shall not be done in or near rooms or
locations where flammable gases, liquids or vapors, lint, dust, or
loose combustible stocks are present when sparks or hot metal
from the welding or cutting operations may cause ignition or
explosion of such materials.
e. Except as provided in section 30.6 f, welding or cutting
shall not be performed on containers and equipment which contain
or have contained flammable liquids, gases or solids until these
containers and equipment have been thoroughly cleaned or inerted
or purged.
f. "Hot tapping" may be permitted on tanks and pipe lines
provided such operations are performed by companies, corpora-
tions, copartnerships or owner-operators not required to have a
permit under section 30.3 b(2).
g. Sprinkler protection shall not be shut off while welding or
cutting work is being performed. When welding or cutting is done
close to automatic sprinkler heads, sheet asbestos or damp cloth
guards may be used to shield the individual heads but shall be
removed when the work is completed.
Section 30.7. Permit Required for Cylinder and Container Storage.
A permit shall be required for the storage of cylinders or con-
tainers used in conjunction with welding or cutting operations
when more than 2,000 cubic feet of flammable compressed gas
other than liquefied petroleum gas, 300 pounds of liquefied pe-
troleum gas, or 6,000 cubic feet of nonflammable compressed gas
is stored.
Section 30.8. Storage of Cylinders and Containers.
a. Fuel gas cylinders stored inside of buildings, except those
in actual use or attached ready for use, shall be limited to a total
capacity of 2,000 cubic feet of gas or 300 pounds of liquefied pe-
troleum gas. Storage exceeding 2,000 cubic feet total gas capacity
of cylinders of 300 pounds of liquefied petroleum gas shall be in a
separate room in accordance with sections 30.17 d and 30.17 e, or
cylinders shall be stored outside or in a separate building.
208
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC.30.8
b. Separate rooms or buildings for fuel gas storage shall be
well ventilated. Heating systems, electrical equipment and con-
trol of sources of ignition shall comply with sections 30.17 h
through 30.17 j.
c. Cylinders of dissolved acetylene shall be stored with the
valve end up to minimize possibility of solvent being discharged
as liquid.
d. Oxygen cylinders shall not be stored in inside acetylene
generator rooms.
e. Oxygen cylinders stored in outside generator houses shall
be separated from the generator or carbide storage rooms by a
noncombustible partition having a fire-resistance rating of at
least one hour. This partition shall be without openings and shall
be gastight.
f. Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be separated from fuel
{ gas cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or grease),
a minimum distance of 20 feet or by a noncombustible barrier at
least 5 feet high having a fire-resistance rating of at least / hour.
g. Cylinders permitted inside of buildings shall be stored at
least 20 feet from highly combustible materials and where they
will not be exposed to excessive rise in temperature, physical
damage, or tampering by unauthorized persons.
h. Empty cylinders shall have their valves closed while in
storage and during shipment.
i. Where caps are provided for valve protection, such caps
shall be in place except when the cylinders are in service or con-
nected ready for service.
j. Welding or cutting work shall not be supported by com-
pressed gas cylinders.
k. Gas shall not be transferred from one cylinder to another
or mixed with another gas in a cylinder.
1. Pressure adjusting screws on regulators shall be fully
released before the regulator is attached to a cylinder and the
cylinder valve opened.
m. Valves on cylinders of compressed gas shall be opened
slowly.
209
SEC.30.9 WELDING OR CUTTING
n. Before a regulator is removed from a cylinder valve, the
cylinder valve shall be closed and the gas released from the
regulator.
o. High-pressure oxygen cylinders shall be used only with
pressure-regulating devices approved and marked for use with
oxygen.
p. As oxygen under high pressure may react violently with
oil or grease, every possible precaution shall be taken to prevent
oxygen from coming in contact with oil or grease. Oxygen cyl-
inders, valves, regulators, hose, and other apparatus shall be kept
free from oil or grease and shall not be handled with oily hands,
oily gloves, or with greasy equipment.
q. Fuel gas shall not be used from cylinders through torches
or other devices equipped with shutoff valves without reducing the
pressure through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder
valve or manifold.
Section 30.9. Manifolding of Cylinders.
a. Except as provided in section 30.9 b, fuel gas cylinders
connected to one manifold inside a building shall be limited to a
total capacity not exceeding 300 pounds of liquefied petroleum gas
or 3000 cubic feet of other fuel gas. More than one such manifold
with connected cylinders may be located in the same room provided
the manifolds are at least 50 feet apart.
b. Fuel gas cylinders connected to one manifold having an
aggregate capacity exceeding 300 pounds of liquefied petroleum
gas or 3000 cubic feet of other fuel gas shall be located outdoors,
or in a separate building or room constructed in accordance with
sections 30.17 d and 30.17 e.
c. Separate manifold buildings or rooms may also be used
for the storage of drums of calcium carbide and cylinders con-
taining fuel gases. Such buildings or rooms shall have no open
flames for heating or lighting and shall be well ventilated.
d. High-pressure fuel gas manifolds shall be provided with
approved pressure regulating devices.
e. Oxygen manifolds shall not be located in an acetylene
generator room. Oxygen manifolds shall be separated from fuel
gas cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or grease),
210
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC.30.9
a minimum distance of 20 feet or by a noncombustible barrier at
least 5 feet high having a fire-resistance rating of at least / hour.
f. Except as provided in section 30.9 g, oxygen cylinders con-
nected to one manifold shall be limited to a total gas capacity of
6000 cubic feet. More than one such manifold with connected
cylinders may be located in the same room provided the manifolds
are at least 50 feet apart.
g. An oxygen manifold, to which cylinders having an aggre-
gate capacity of more than 6000 cubic feet of oxygen are con-
nected, shall be located outdoors or in a separate noncombustible
building. Such a manifold, if located inside a building having
other occupancy, shall be located in a separate room of noncombus-
tible construction having a fire resistance of at least / hour or in
an area with no combustible material within 20 feet of the manifold.
h. High-pressure oxygen manifolds shall be provided with
approved pressure-regulating devices.
i. Low-pressure oxygen manifolds shall be suitable for use
with oxygen at a pressure of 250 psig, have a minimum bursting
pressure of 1000 psig and be protected by a safety relief device
which will relieve at a maximum pressure of 500 psig. The fol-
lowing sign shall be conspicuously posted at each low pressure
oxygen manifold:
LOW-PRESSURE MANIFOLD
DO NOT CONNECT HIGH-PRESSURE CYLINDERS
MAXIMUM PRESSURE-250 PSIG
j. Portable outlet headers shall not be used indoors except
for temporary service where the conditions preclude a direct
supply from outlets located on the service piping system.
k. Each outlet on the service piping from which oxygen or
fuel gas is withdrawn to supply a portable outlet header shall be
equipped with a readily accessible shutoff valve.
1. Master shutoff valve for both oxygen and fuel gas shall
be provided at the entry end of the portable outlet header.
m. Portable outlet headers for fuel gas service shall be pro-
vided with an approved hydraulic back-pressure valve installed
at the inlet and preceding the service outlets, unless an approved
pressure-reducing regulator, an approved back-flow check valve,
211
SEC.30.10 WELDING OR CUTTING
or an approved hydraulic back-pressure valve is installed at each
outlet. Outlets provided on headers for oxygen service may be
fitted for use with pressure-reducing regulators or for direct hose
connection.
n. The pressure in the gas cylinders connected to and dis-
charged simultaneously through a common manifold shall be
approximately equal.
Section 30.10. Service Piping Systems for Fuel Gases and Oxygen.
a. Piping and fittings shall be reasonably safe to persons and
property, and comply with sections 30.10 b through 30.1Od. Evi-
dence that piping and fittings are in accordance with the applicable
standard specified for this section 30.10a in article 31 of this Fire
Prevention Code shall he evidence that said piping and fittings
are reasonably safe to persons and property.
b. Pipe shall be at least schedule 40 and fittings shall be at
least standard weight in sizes not over six inches in nominal size.
c. Copper tubing shall be Type K or L so as to be reasonably
safe to persons and property. Evidence that copper tubing is in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
30.10 c in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence
that said copper tubing is reasonably safe to persons and property.
d. Piping shall be steel, wrought iron, brass or copper pipe,
or seamless copper, brass or stainless steel tubing except as pro-
vided in sections 30.10 e and 30.10 f.
e. Oxygen piping and fittings at pressures in excess of 700
psig. shall be stainless steel or nonferrous metal.
f. Pipe for acetylene or acetylenic compounds shall be steel
or wrought iron, except that unalloyed copper may be used in
listed equipment.
g. Acetylene shall not be piped (except in approved cylinder
manifolds) or utilized at a pressure in excess of 15 psig.
h. Joints in steel or wrought iron piping shall be welded,
threaded or flanged. Fittings, such as ells, tees, couplings and
unions, may be rolled, forged or cast steel, malleable iron or
nodular iron. Gray or white cast-iron fittings are prohibited.
i. Joints in brass or copper pipe shall be welded, brazed,
threaded or flanged. If of the socket type, they shall be brazed
with silver-brazing alloy or similar high melting point filler metal.
212
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC.30.11
j. Joints in seamless copper, brass, or stainless steel tubing
shall be approved gas tubing fittings or the joints shall be brazed.
If of the socket type, they shall be brazed with silver-brazing
alloy or similar high melting point filler metal.
k. Threaded connections in oxygen pipe shall be tinned or
made up with litharge and glycerine, litharge and water, or other
joint compound approved for oxygen service applied to the male
threads only.
1. Piping shall be run as directly as practicable, protected
against corrosion and physical damage, and allowance made for
expansion, contraction, jarring and vibration.
m. Readily accessible gas valves shall be provided to shut off
the gas supply to buildings, in the discharge from generators, gas
holders, manifolds or other sources of supply.
n. Underground pipe and tubing and outdoor ferrous pipe
and tubing shall be covered or painted with a suitable corrosion
resisting material.
o. All piping shall be tested and proved tight at one and one-
half times its maximum working pressure. Any medium used for
testing oxygen lines shall be oil-free and nonflammable.
Section 30.11. Protective Equipment.
a. Service piping systems shall be protected by pressure
relief devices set to function at not more than the design pressure
of the systems and discharging to a safe location.
b. Approved protective equipment shall be installed in the
fuel gas piping to prevent: (1) backflow of oxygen into the fuel
gas supply system; (2) passage of a flash back into the fuel gas
supply system; and (3) excessive back pressure of oxygen in the
fuel gas supply system.
c. The protective equipment shall be located in the main
supply line, or at the head of each branch line, or at each location
where gas is withdrawn.
d. Backflow protection shall be provided by an approved
device that will prevent oxygen from flowing into the fuel gas
system.
e. Flash-back protection shall be provided by an approved
device that will prevent flame from passing into the fuel gas system.
213
SEC. 30.12 WELDING OR CUTTING
f. Back-pressure protection shall be provided by an approved
pressure-relief device set at a pressure not greater than the pres-
sure rating of the backflow or the flash-back protection device,
whichever is lower. The pressure-relief device shall be located on
the downstream side of the backflow and flash-back protection
devices.
g. Fuel gas for use with equipment not requiring oxygen
shall be withdrawn upstream of the piping protective devices.
Section 30.12. Station Outlet Protective Equipment.
a. A check valve, pressure regulator, hydraulic seal, or com-
bination of these devices shall be provided at each station outlet,
including those on portable headers, to prevent backflow.
b. A shutoff valve shall be installed at each station outlet
and shall be located on the upstream side of other station outlet
equipment.
Section 30.13. Hose and Hose Connections.
Hose for oxygen and fuel gas service including hose used to
connect portable outlet headers to service piping shall be reason-
ably safe to persons and property. Evidence that hose for oxygen
and fuel gas service including hose used to connect portable outlet
headers is in accordance with the applicable standard specified
for this section 30.13 in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall
be evidence that said hose is reasonably safe to persons and
property.
Section 30.14. Pressure Reducing Regulator.
Regulators or automatic reducing valves shall be used only
for the gas for which they are intended.
Section 30.15. Permit Required for Acetylene Generators.
No person shall operate an acetylene generator having a
carbide capacity exceeding 5 pounds without a permit.
Section 30.16. Acetylene Generators.
a. Acetylene shall not be generated at a pressure in excess
of 15 psig.
b. Portable generators shall not be operated within 10 feet
of combustible material other than floors.
214
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC.30.17
c. Portable generators shall be taken outdoors for cleaning,
charging or purging.
Section 30.17. Outside Generator Houses and Inside Generator
Rooms for Stationary Acetylene Generators.
a. Outside generator houses shall be of noncombustible con-
struction. Openings in any outside generator house shall not be
located within 5 feet of any opening in another building.
b. Exit doors shall be located so as to be readily accessible in
case of emergency.
c. Buildings in which acetylene generators are located shall
not exceed one story in height except that they may be installed
on the top floor or roof of a multi- or single-story building.
d. Generators installed inside buildings shall be enclosed in a
separate room of ample size. The walls, partitions, floors, and ceil-
ings of inside generator rooms shall be of noncombustible con-
struction having a fire-resistance rating of at least one hour. The
walls or partitions shall be continuous from floor to ceiling and
shall be securely anchored. At least one wall of the room shall be
an exterior wall.
e. Openings from an inside generator room to other parts of
the building shall be protected by an approved swinging type,
self-closing fire door. Windows in partitions shall be wired glass in
approved metal frames with fixed sash. Fire doors and windows
shall be installed so as to be reasonably safe to persons and prop-
erty. Evidence that fire doors and windows have been installed in
accordance with the applicable standard specified for this section
30.17 e in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be evidence
that such fire doors and windows are reasonably safe to persons
and property.
f. Explosion venting for outside generator houses and inside
generator rooms shall be provided in exterior walls or roofs. The
venting area shall be equal to not less than one square foot per 50
cubic feet of room volume and may consist of any one or any
combination of the following: walls of light, noncombustible ma-
terial preferably single-thickness, single-strength glass; lightly
fastened hatch covers; lightly fastened swinging doors in exterior
walls opening outward; lightly fastened walls or roof designed to
relieve at a maximum pressure of 25 pounds per square foot.
215
SEC.30.18 WELDING OR CUTTING
g. Inside generator rooms or outside generator houses shall
be well ventilated with vents located at floor and ceiling levels.
h. Heating shall be by steam, hot water, or other indirect
means. Heating by flames or fires shall be prohibited in outside
generator houses or inside generator rooms, or in any enclosure
communicating with them.
i. All electrical wiring and equipment in outside generator
houses or inside generator rooms shall be reasonably safe to
persons and property. When electrical wiring and equipment
are used in outside generator houses or inside generator rooms,
evidence that electrical wiring and equipment is of a type approved
for Class I, Division 2 hazardous locations and has been installed
in accordance with the applicable standard specified for this sec-
tion 30.17 i in article 31 of this Fire Prevention Code shall be
evidence that such electrical wiring and equipment is reasonably
safe to persons and property.
j. Source of ignition shall be prohibited in outside generator
houses or inside generator rooms.
k. Operating instructions shall be posted in a conspicuous
place near the generator or kept in a suitable place available for
ready reference. When recharging generators the order of opera-
tions specified in the instructions supplied by the manufacturer
shall be followed.
Section 30.18. Permit Required for Storage of Calcium Carbide.
No person without a permit shall store or keep calcium
carbide in excess of two hundred pounds.
Section 30.19. Containers for Calcium Carbide.
Calcium carbide shall be contained in metal packages of
sufficient strength to prevent rupture. The packages shall be
provided with a screw top or equivalent and shall be constructed
water- and air-tight. Solder shall not be used in such a manner
that the package would fail if exposed to fire. Packages shall be
conspicuously marked "Calcium Carbide—Dangerous If Not Kept
Dry" or with equivalent warning.
Section 30.20. Storage of Calcium Carbide in Buildings.
a. Storage of calcium carbide inside buildings shall be in a
dry, waterproof and well-ventilated location.
b. Calcium carbide not exceeding 600 pounds may be stored
inside buildings or in the same room with fuel gas cylinders.
216
WELDING OR CUTTING SEC.30.22
c. Calcium carbide exceeding 600 pounds but not exceeding
_ 5000 pounds shall be stored in accordance with section 30.20 d, or
an inside generator room or outside generator house, or, in a
separate room in a one-story building which may contain other
occupancies, but without cellar or basement beneath the carbide
storage section. Such rooms shall be constructed in accordance
with sections 30.17 d and 30.17 e. These rooms shall be used for
no other purpose.
d. Calcium carbide in excess of 5000 pounds shall be stored
in one story buildings without cellar or basement and used for no
other purpose, or in outside generator houses. The location of
such storage buildings shall be away from congested mercantile
and manufacturing districts. If the storage building is of non-
combustible construction, it may adjoin other one-story build-
ings if separated therefrom by unpierced fire walls; if it is detached
less than 10 feet from such building or buildings, there shall be no
opening in any of the mutually exposing sides of such buildings
within 10 feet. If the storage building is of combustible construc-
tion, it shall be at least 20 feet from any other one- or two-story
building, and at least 30 feet from any other building exceeding
two stories.
Section 30.21. Storage of Calcium Carbide Outside Buildings.
Calcium carbide in unopened metal containers may be stored
outdoors. Storage areas shall be at least 10 feet from lines of ad-
joining property that may be built upon.
Section 30.22. Electric Arc-Welding and Cutting.
a. The frame or case of the welding machine except internal
combustion engine driven machines shall be grounded. Ground
connections shall be mechanically strong and electrically adequate
for the required current.
b. Welding current return circuits from the work to the
machine shall have proper electrical contact at all joints and
periodic inspection shall be made to ascertain that proper electrical
contact is maintained.
c. When electric arc-welding or cutting is to be discontinued
for any substantial period of time, such as during lunch hour or
overnight, all electrodes shall be removed from the holders, the
holders shall be carefully located so that accidental contact cannot
occur, and the machines shall be disconnected from the power
source.
217
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
ARTICLE 31
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Compliance with the standards or publications listed under
the section numbers in this article shall be evidence of compliance
with the section of the code referring to this article.
The abbreviations preceding these standards and publications
shall have the following meaning and are the organizations issuing
the standards and publications listed.
American Insurance Association
85 John Street, New York, N. Y. 10038
222 West Adams Street, Chicago, Ill. 60606
465 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94104
API—American Petroleum Institute
1271 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N. Y. 10020
ASA—American Standards Association
10 East 40th Street, New York, N. Y. 10016
ASME—American Society of Mechanical Engineers
345 East 47th Street, New York, N. Y. 10017
ASTM—American Society for Testing Materials
1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
CGA—Compressed Gas Association, Inc.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10036
MCA—Manufacturing Chemists' Association
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington 9, D. C.
NFPA—National Fire Protection Association
60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. 02110
NPFI—National Plant Food Institute
1700 K Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 2006
218
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
SD—Superintendent of Documents
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
U. L., Inc.—Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.
207 East Ohio Street, Chicago, Ill. 60611
2550 Dundee Road, Box 247, Northbrook, Ill. 60062
Walt Whitman Road, Melville, Long Island, N. Y. 11749
1655 Scott Blvd., Santa Clara, Calif. 95050
USBM—United States Bureau of Mines
4800 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
Sections 5.5a and 5.7
NFPA No. 40, Standard for Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture
Film, 1962 edition.
Section 8.4
Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 71 through 78, Inter-
state Commerce Commission Regulations, 1964 edition. Copies
available from the Superintendent of Documents.
ASME, Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1962 edition.
ASA Z48.1, Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Con-
tainers to Identify the Material Contained, 1954 edition.
Section 8.5a
NFPA No. 56, Standard for Flammable Anesthetics, 1962 edition.
Section 8.6
NFPA No. 565, Standard for Nonflammable Medical Gas Systems,
1962 edition.
Section 8.7
NFPA No. 566, Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer
Sites, 1962 edition.
Section 8.8
ASA K 61.1, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous
Ammonia, 1960 edition.
219
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 8.9
NFPA No. 567, Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at
Consumer Sites, 1963 edition.
Section 9.4 e
NFPA No. 91, Standard for Blower and Exhaust Systems for
Dust, Stock and Vapor Removal or Conveying, 1961 edition.
Sections 9.8a, 9.8 b and 10.3 f
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
Section 10.3 g
NFPA No. 60, Standard for Pulverized-Fuel Systems, 1961 edition.
NFPA No. 61A, Standard for Starch Factories, 1962 edition.
NFPA No. 61B, Standard for Terminal Grain Elevators, 1959
edition.
NFPA No. 61C, Standard for Flour and Feed Mills, 1962 edition.
NFPA No. 62, Standard for Pulverizing Sugar and Cocoa, 1959
edition.
NFPA No. 63, Principles for Prevention of Dust Explosions in
Industrial Plants, 1964 edition.
NFPA No. 64, Standard for Country Grain Elevators, 1959 edition.
NFPA No. 65, Code for Processing and Finishing of Aluminum,
1963 edition.
NFPA No. 651, Code for the Manufacture of Aluminum Bronze
Powder, 1963 edition.
NFPA No. 652, Code for Plants Producing or Handling Mag-
nesium Powder, 1959 edition.
NFPA No. 653, Standard for Coal Preparation Plants, 1959 edition.
NFPA No. 654, Code for the Plastics Industry, 1963 edition.
NFPA No. 655, Standard for the Prevention of Sulfur Fires and
Explosions, 1959 edition.
NFPA No. 656, Code for Spice Grinding Plants, 1959 edition.
NFPA No. 657, Code for Confectionery Manufacturing Plants,
1959 edition.
220
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 12.6 0
NFPA No. 495, Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Stor-
age and Use of Explosives and Blasting Agents, 1962 edition.
Section 12.7 d
NFPA No. 512, Good Practice for Truck Fire Protection, 1955
edition.
Sections 12.8 g, 12.11 c, 12.11 d
NFPA No. 495, Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Stor-
age and Use of Explosives and Blasting Agents, 1962 edition.
USBM-IC 8179, Safety Recommendations for Sensitized Ammo-
nium Nitrate Blasting Agents, 1963 edition.
Section 13.3 d
NFPA No. 494, Model State Fireworks Law, 1964 edition.
Section 14.5
NFPA No. 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and
Hose Systems, 1963 edition.
Sections 15.15, 15.25 d, 15.25 e, 15.210 d(5), 15.36 b and 15.36 e
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
Section 16.12 d
ASTM D-86, Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Pe-
troleum Products, 1962 edition.
Section 16.12 m
Except for fuel oils and certain viscous materials, the flash point
of a liquid having a flash point at or below 175°F. shall be
determined in accordance with the applicable provisions of
ASTM D-56, Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the
Tag Closed Tester, 1961 edition.
Except for fuel oils, the flash point of liquids having a flash point
above 175°F. shall be determined in accordance with the
applicable provisions of ASTM D-92, Standard Method of Test
for Flash Point by the Cleveland Open Cup Tester, 1957
edition.
The flash point of fuel oils and certain viscous materials having a
flash point at or below 175°F. shall be determined in accord-
221
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
ance with the applicable provisions of ASTM D-93, Standard
Method of Test for Flash Point by the Pensky-Martens Closed
Tester, 1962 edition.
Section 16.12 t
ASTM D323, Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of
Petroleum Products (Reid Method), 1958 edition.
Section 16.14
U.L., Inc. Gas and Oil Equipment List listing containers, tanks,
equipment and apparatus, 1964 edition.
Section 16.21 c(1)
API Standard No. 12A, Specification for Oil Storage Tanks with
Riveted Shells, 1951 edition.
API Standard No. 12B, Specification for Bolted Production Tanks,
1958 edition. Tanks built in accordance with this standard
shall be used only as production tanks for crude oil storage
in oil producing areas.
API Standard No. 12D, Specification for Large Welded Produc-
tion Tanks, 1957 edition. Tanks built in accordance with this
standard shall be used only as production tanks for crude oil
storage in oil producing areas.
API Standard No. 12F, Specification for Small Welded Production
Tanks, 1961 edition. Tanks built in accordance with this
standard shall be used only as production tanks for crude oil
storage in oil producing areas.
API Standard No. 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 1964
edition.
U.L., Inc. Subject No. 58, Standard for Underground Tanks, 1961
edition.
U.L., Inc. Subject No. 80, Standard for Inside Tanks for Oil
Burner Fuel, 1963 edition.
U.L., Inc. Subject No. 142, Standard for Aboveground Tanks for
Flammable Liquids, 1963 edition.
222
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 16.21 d(2)
API Standard No. 620, Recommended Rules for the Design and
Construction of Large, Welded Low Pressure Storage Tanks,
1963 edition.
ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1962 edition.
Section 16.21 e(2)
ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1962 edition.
Section 16.22 d(2)
API RP2000, Guide for Tank Venting, 1965 edition.
Section 16.22 g(3)(g)[3]
NFPA No. 15, Standard for Water Spray Systems for Fire Pro-
tection, 1962 edition.
Section 16.32 b
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
Section 16.35 b
NFPA No. 13, Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems,
1964 edition.
Section 16.41a
ASA B31.3, Petroleum Refinery Piping, 1962 edition with 1963
addenda.
ASA B31.4, Oil Transportation Piping, 1959 edition with 1963
addenda.
Section 16.54 b
NFPA No. 77, Static Electricity, 1961 edition.
Section 16.55 b
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
Section 16.58
NFPA No. 11, Standard for Foam Extinguishing Systems, 1963
edition.
Sections 16.66 b, 16.72 b and 16.75
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
223
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 16.78
NFPA No. 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1963
edition.
Section 16.84 b
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
Section 16.87
NFPA No. 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1963
edition.
Section 16.93
ASME Code for Power Boilers, 1962 edition.
ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1962 edition.
Section 16.95a
NFPA No. 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1963
edition.
Section 16.104a
Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations. Part 78 of Interstate Com-
merce Commission Regulations, 1964 edition. ICC Specifica-
tions MC304, MC330 or MC331. Copies available from the
Superintendent of Documents.
NFPA No. 58, Standard for Liquefied Petroleum Gases, Division
III, 1963 edition.
Section 16.104 b
Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations. Part 78 of Interstate Com-
merce Commission Regulations, 1964 edition. ICC Specifica-
tions MC300, MC302, MC303, MC304, MC305, MC330, and
MC331. Copies available from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments.
NFPA No. 58, Standard for Liquefied Petroleum Gases, Division
III, 1963 edition.
NFPA No. 385, Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and
Combustible Liquids, 1964 edition.
Section 17.3 c
Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations. Part 78 of Interstate Com-
merce Commission Regulations, 1964 edition. Copies available
from Superintendent of Documents.
224
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1962 edition.
Section 17.4a
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
Section 17.5 c
NFPA No. 54, Standard for Gas Appliances and Gas Piping, 1964
edition.
American Insurance Association Code for the Installation of Heat
Producing Appliances, 1955 edition.
Section 18.4 b
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
Section 20.3 b
Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations. Part 30, Licensing of By-
Product Material—Radioisotope Distribution, 1964 edition. Part
70, Special Nuclear Materials, 1964 edition. Copies available
from Superintendent of Documents.
Section 20.6a
ASA N2.1, Radiation Symbol, 1960 edition.
Section 20.10a
NPFI, Definition and Test Procedures for Ammonium Nitrate
Fertilizer, 1961 edition.
Section 20.10 d
NFPA No. 495, Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage
and Use of Explosives and Blasting Agents, 1962 edition.
Section 20.10 g(5)
NFPA No. 13, Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems,
1964 edition.
Section 20.10 i
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
Section 20.10 m
NFPA No. 490T, Code for the Storage of Ammonium Nitrate,
1964 edition.
Section 20.10 n
NFPA No. 307, Operation of Marine Terminals, 1961 edition.
225
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 21.5
NFPA No. 58, Standard for Liquefied Petroleum Gases, 1963
edition.
NFPA No. 59, Liquefied Petroleum Gases at Utility Gas Plants,
1963 edition.
Section 21.11
API Standard 2510, Design and Construction of Liquefied Petro-
leum Gas Installations at Marine and Pipeline Terminals, Nat-
ural Gasoline Plants, Refineries, and Tank Farms, 1957 edition.
Section 22.5a
NFPA No. 91, Standard for Blower and Exhaust Systems for
Dust, Stock and Vapor Removal or Conveying, 1961 edition.
Section 22.5 c
NFPA No. 664, Code of Woodworking Plants, 1962 edition.
Section 23.8 e
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
Section 24.2 b
ASTM D-396, Specifications for Fuel Oils, 1963T edition.
Section 24.6
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
Section 24.9a
ASA B31.1, Section 3 of the American Standard Code for Pressure
Piping, 1955 edition.
Sections 24.15 k and 24.16 c
NFPA No. 31, Standard for Oil Burning Equipment, 1964 edition.
American Insurance Association Code for the Installation of Heat
Producing Appliances, 1955 edition.
Section 25.5 e
MCA Sheet TC-4, Unloading Flammable Liquids from Tank Cars,
1952 edition.
Sections 25.5 h and 25.11e
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
226
LIST OF STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
Section 25.13a
NFPA No. 13, Standard for Sprinkler Systems, 1964 edition.
NFPA No. 15, Standard for Water Spray Systems, 1962 edition.
Section 26.6
NFPA No. 86A, Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 1963 edition.
Section 26.8 b
NFPA No. 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1963
edition.
Section 29.3
NFPA No. 102, ASA Z20.3, Places of Outdoor Assembly, Grand-
stand and Tents, 1957 edition.
Section 30.5a
NFPA No. 51, Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding and Cut-
ting, 1964 edition.
ASA Z49.1, Safety in Welding and Cutting, 1958 edition.
Section 30.10a
ASA B31.1, Section 2 of the American Standard Code for Pressure
Piping, 1955 edition with 1963 addenda.
Section 30.10 c
ASTM-B88, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water
Tube, 1962 edition.
Section 30.13
CGA-RMA Specification for Rubber Welding Hose, 1958 edition.
Section 30.17 e
NFPA No. 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Windows, 1962 edition.
Section 30.17 i
NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, 1962 edition.
227
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
PROTECTION OF TANKS CONTAINING FLAMMABLE
OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS IN LOCATIONS
THAT MAY BE FLOODED.
1. Scope.
The provisions herein are for the protection of tanks contain-
ing flammable or combustible liquids that may become buoyant
due to a rise in the level of the water table or due to their location
in an area that may be subjected to flooding.
2. Aboveground Tanks.
a. VERTICAL TANKS:
(1) No aboveground vertical storage tank containing a
flammable or combustible liquid shall be located so that the
allowable liquid level within the tank is below the established
maximum flood stage, unless the tank is provided with a
guiding structure such as described in section 6.
(2) Independent water supply facilities shall be provided
at locations where there is no ample and dependable public
water supply available for loading empty tanks with water.
(3) In addition to the preceding requirements, each tank
so located that more than 70 per cent, but less than 100 per
cent, of its allowable liquid storage capacity will be submerged
at the established maximum flood stage, shall be safeguarded
by one of the following methods:
(a) Tank shall be raised, or its height shall be in-
creased, until its top extends above the maximum flood
stage a distance equivalent to 30 per cent or more of its
allowable liquid storage capacity, provided, however, that
the submerged part of the tank shall not exceed 2Y2 times
the diameter; or
(b) As an alternate to the foregoing, adequate non-
combustible structural guides, designed to permit the tank
to float vertically without loss of product, shall be pro-
vided.
228
TANKS IN LOCATIONS THAT MAY BE FLOODED
b. HORIZONTAL TANKS:
(1) Independent water supply facilities shall be provided
at locations where there is no ample and dependable public
water supply available for loading partially empty tanks with
water.
(2) Each horizontal tank so located that more than 70
per cent of its storage capacity will be submerged at the estab-
lished flood stage, shall be anchored, attached to a foundation
of concrete or of steel and concrete of sufficient weight to pro-
vide adequate load for the tank when filled with flammable
or combustible liquid and submerged by flood waters to the
established flood stage, or adequately secured by other means.
C. OTHER TYPES OF TANKS: Spherical and spheroidal tanks
shall be protected by applicable methods as specified for either
vertical or horizontal tanks.
3. Underground Tanks.
a. At locations where there is no ample and dependable water
supply, or where filling of underground tanks with liquids is im-
practicable because of the character of their contents, their use, or
for other reasons, each tank shall be safeguarded against move-
ment when empty and submerged by high ground water or flood
waters by anchoring, weighting with concrete or other approved
solid loading material, or securing by other means. Each such tank
shall be so constructed and installed that it will safely resist exter-
nal pressures due to high ground water or flood waters.
b. At locations where there is an ample and dependable water
supply available, underground tanks containing flammable or com-
bustible liquids, so installed that more than 70 per cent of their
storage capacity will be submerged at the maximum flood stage,
shall be so anchored, weighted, or secured by other means, as to
prevent movement of such tanks when filled with flammable or
combustible liquids, and submerged by flood waters to the estab-
lished flood stage.
4. Pipe Connections.
Pipe connections below the allowable liquid level in a tank
shall be provided with valves or cocks located as closely as prac-
ticable to the tank shell. Such valves and their connections to tanks
229
APPENDIX A
shall be of steel or other material suitable for use with the liquid
being stored. Cast iron shall not be permitted.
5. Independent Water Supply Facilities.
a. At locations where an independent water supply is re-
quired, it shall be entirely independent of public power and water
supply. Independent sources of water shall be available when flood
waters reach a level not less than 10 feet below the bottom of the
lowest tank on a property.
b. The self-contained power and pumping unit shall be so lo-
cated or so designed that pumping into tanks may be carried on
continuously throughout the rise in flood waters from a level 10
feet below the lowest tank to the level of the potential flood stage.
c. Capacity of the pumping unit shall be such that the rate of
rise of water in all tanks shall be equivalent to the established
potential average rate of rise of flood waters at any stage.
d. Each independent pumping unit shall be tested periodically
to insure that it is in satisfactory operating condition.
6. Structural Guides.
a. Structural guides for holding floating tanks above their
foundations shall be so designed that there will be no resistance to
the free rise of a tank, and shall be constructed of noncombustible
material.
b. The strength of the structure shall be adequate to resist
lateral movement of a tank subject to a horizontal force in any
direction equivalent to not less than 25 pounds per square foot act-
ing on the projected vertical cross-sectional area of the tank.
c. Where tanks are situated on exposed points or bends in a
shore line where swift currents in flood waters will be present, the
structures shall be designed to withstand a unit force of not less
than 50 pounds per square foot.
7. Safe Practices.
a. WATER LOADINGS:
(1) The filling of a tank to be protected by water loading
shall be started as soon as flood waters reach a dangerous flood
stage. The rate of filling shall be at least equal to the rate of
rise of flood waters (or the established average potential
rate of rise).
230
TANKS IN LOCATIONS THAT MAY BE FLOODED
(2) Sufficient fuel to operate the water pumps shall be
available at all times to insure adequate power to fill all tank-
age with water.
(3) All valves on connecting pipe lines shall be closed and
locked in closed position when water loading has been com-
pleted.
b. FLOATING TANKS:
(1) Where structural guides are provided for the protec-
tion of floating tanks, all rigid connections between tanks and
pipe lines shall be disconnected and blanked off or blinded
before the flood waters reach the bottom of the tank, unless
control valves and their connections to the tank are of a type
designed to prevent breakage between the valve and the tank
shell.
(2) All valves attached to tanks other than those used in
connection with water loading operations shall be closed and
locked.
(3) If a tank is equipped with a swing line,the swing pipe
shall be raised to and secured at its highest position.
8. Inspections.
a. The Bureau of Fire Prevention shall make periodic inspec-
tions of all plants where the storage of flammable or combustible
liquids is such as to require compliance with the foregoing pro-
visions, in order to assure the following:
(1) That all flammable or combustible liquid storage
tanks are in compliance with these requirements and so
maintained.
(2) That detailed printed instructions of what to do in
flood emergencies are properly posted.
(3) That station operators and other employees depended
upon to carry out such instruction are thoroughly informed as
to the location and operation of such valves and other equip-
ment necessary to effect the intent of these provisions.
231
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX B
ABANDONMENT OR REMOVAL
OF UNDERGROUND TANKS
1. Methods.
a. Underground tanks taken out of service shall be safe-
guarded or disposed of by any one of the three following means:
(1) Placed in a "temporarily out of service" condition.
Tanks shall be rendered "temporarily out of service" only
when it is planned that they will be returned to active service
at the location or pending removal within 90 days.
(2) Abandoned in place, with proper safeguarding.
(3) Removed.
2. Records.
a. In cases where tanks are either rendered "temporarily out
of service" or permanently abandoned, records shall be kept of
tank size, location, date of abandonment, and method used for
placing the abandoned tank in a safe condition. With any of the
methods described in section 1, no cutting torch or other flame
or spark producing equipment shall be used until the tank has
been completely purged or otherwise rendered safe. In each case,
the steps given shall be carried out successively.
3. Tanks Rendered Temporarily Out of Service.
a. With tanks rendered "temporarily out of service",
(1) The fill line, gage opening, and pump suction shall be
capped and secured against tampering.
(2) The vent line shall be left open.
4. Tanks Abandoned in Place.
a. With underground tanks abandoned in place,
(1) All flammable or combustible liquid shall be removed
from the tank and from all connecting lines.
(2) The suction, inlet, gage, and vent lines shall be dis-
connected.
(3) The tank and any remaining stubs shall be filled com-
pletely with a nonshrinking inert solid material.
(4) All tank inlets and outlets shall be capped.
232
ABANDONMENT OR REMOVAL OF UNDERGROUND TANKS
5. Tanks Removed.
a. When underground tanks are removed,
(1) All flammable or combustible liquids in the tank and
connecting lines shall be removed.
(2) The suction, inlet, gage and vent lines shall be dis-
connected. Sections of connecting lines which are not to be
used shall be removed. Inlets, outlets, and leaks, if any, shall
be capped or plugged.
(3) After removal, the tank shall be gas freed; on the
premises if it can be done safely at that location, or trans-
ported to an area not accessible to the public and the tank gas
freed at that location.
6. Tanks That Are Junked.
a. If a tank is to be disposed of as junk, it shall be retested
for flammable vapors, and, if necessary, rendered gas free. After
junking and before releasing to junk dealer, a sufficient number of
holes or openings shall be made in it to render it unfit for further
use.
7. Tanks That Are Reused.
a. Used tanks which are to be reused for flammable or com-
bustible liquid service shall meet all the provisions of article 16
for the installation of underground tanks.
233
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX C
PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST BUT NOT LISTED
IN ARTICLE 31
American Association for Advancement of Sciences
1515 Massachusetts Ave. N.W., Washington, D. C. 2005
Modern Blasting Agents by Melvin A. Cook, Science,
Vol. 132, No. 3434, October 21, 1960, pp. 1105-1114.
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
345 East 44th Street, New York, N. Y. 10017
Ammonia Nitrate Explosion Hazards by W. G. Sykes,
R. H. Johnson, R. N. Hainer; Chemical Engineering
Progress, Vol. 59 No. 1, January 1963, pp. 66-71.
Explosion Hazard from Fires in Ammonium Nitrate:
The Liquid Phase by Reed H. Johnson, Wendell G. Sykes,
Raymond M. Hainer; Proceedings 98th National Meeting,
August 1962.
American Insurance Association
successor to National Board of Fire Underwriters
Engineering and Safety Department
85 John Street, New York, N. Y. 10038
222 West Adams Street, Chicago, Ill. 60606
465 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94104
Standards
45. Rubber Tire Protection.
84. Merchandise Vaults and Safes.
410. Operational Hazards in Aircraft Hangars.
505. Limited Access Highways, Tunnels and Bridges.
Miscellaneous Publications
Building Code, National.
Building Code, National (Abbreviated Edition).
Building Codes, Their Scope and Aims.
Code for Heat Producing Appliances.
234
PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST
Code Provisions for Windstorm Resisting Construction.
Damage to Fireproof Buildings, Illustration of.
Fire Alarm Thermostat Tests.
Fire Prevention Code (Abbreviated Edition).
Fire Resistance Ratings.
Fire Resistance Ratings of Less Than One Hour.
Fire Safe Hospitals.
Fire Safe Hotels.
Fire Safe Schools.
Flood Problem in Fire Prevention and Protection.
Highway Transportation of Extra Hazardous Commodities
A Program for
Suggested Guide for State Action.
Internal Cleaning of Sprinkler Piping.
LP-Gas, Safe Handling and Use.
Ordinance for Welding or Cutting Operations.
Ordinance on Nursing, Convalescent and Old Age Homes
Protection of High Piled Stock.
Recommended Method for Laying Out Fire Limits.
Safeguarding Waterfront Properties.
Special Interest Bulletins.
Windstorm Damage Prevention.
Windstorm Precautions.
Research Reports
1. Fire Hazards of the Plastics Industry.
2. Potential Hazards in Molten Salt Baths for Heat Treat-
ment of Metals.
5. Processes, Hazards and Protection Involved in the Manu-
facture of Spirituous Liquors.
6. Hazard Survey of a High-Voltage Electrostatic Process for
Spray-Deposition and Dip-Detearing of Paints.
7. Precautionary Fire and Explosion Safeguards in the Use
of Chlorine Dioxide for Industrial Bleaching.
8. Survey on Causes and Prevention of Cotton Fires.
235
APPENDIX C
9. Fire and Explosion Hazards of Thermal Insecticidal
Fogging.
10. Mechanism of Extinguishment of Fire by Finely Divided
Water.
11. Fire and Explosion Hazards of Organic Peroxides.
12. Nitroparaffins and Their Hazards.
Technical Surveys
1. Fire Safeguarding Warehouses.
2. Fire Hazards and Safeguards for Metalworking Industries.
American Standards Association
10 East 40th Street, New York, N. Y.
ASA B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.
Compressed Gas Association
500 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. 10036
Standard for Solid Ammonium Nitrate (Nitrous and Oxide
Grade).
Institute of Makers of Explosives
420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017
Pamphlet No. 1. Standard Storage Magazines.
Manufacturing Chemists Association
1825 Connecticut Ave., Washington 9, D. C.
MCA Safety Data Sheets
National Fire Protection Association
60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. 02110
NFPA No. 77M. Static Electricity.
NFPA No. 701. Flameproofed Textiles.
National Fire Codes„ Vol. 1, Flammable Liquids.
National Fire Codes, Vol. 2, Gases.
National Fire Codes, Vol. 3, Combustible Solids, Dusts, and
Explosives.
Blasting Agents: History, Hazards and Protection by Glen
H. Damon, Fire Journal, Vol. 59 No. 2, March 1965,
pp. 52-57.
Detonation Characteristics on Prilled Ammonium Nitrate
by Dr. C. H. Winning, Fire Technology, February 1965,
pp. 23-31.
236
PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST
Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.
207 East Ohio Street, Chicago, Ill. 60611
2550 Dundee Road, Box 247, Northbrook, Ill. 60062
1285 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, L. I., N. Y. 11749
1655 Scott Boulevard, Santa Clara, Calif. 95050
Accident, Automotive, and Burglary Protection Equipment
Lists.
Building Materials List.
Fire Protection Equipment List.
Gas and Oil Equipment List.
Electrical Appliance and Utilization Equipment List.
Electrical Construction Materials List.
Hazardous Location Equipment List.
237
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX D
AN ORDINANCE ADOPTING A FIRE PREVENTION CODE
PRESCRIBING REGULATIONS GOVERNING CONDITIONS
HAZARDOUS TO LIFE AND PROPERTY FROM FIRE OR
EXPLOSION, AND ESTABLISHING A BUREAU OF FIRE
PREVENTION AND PROVIDING OFFICERS THEREFOR
AND DEFINING THEIR POWERS AND DUTIES.
Be it ordained by the
Section 1. Adoption of Fire Prevention Code.
There is hereby adopted by the
for the purpose of prescribing regulations governing conditions
hazardous to life and property from fire or explosion, that certain
code known as the Fire Prevention Code recommended by the
American Insurance Association, being particularly the 1965 edi-
tion thereof and the whole thereof, save and except such por-
tions as are hereinafter deleted, modified or amended (by section
7 of this ordinance), of which code not less than three (3) copies
have been and now are filed in the office of the Clerk of the
and the same are hereby adopted
and incorporated as fully as if set out at length herein, and from
the date on which this ordinance shall take effect, the provisions
thereof shall be controlling within the limits of the
NoTE: Permits covered by section 1.9 of the Fire Prevention Code
and required in various articles (see index for list of locations) are for
the purpose of giving the Bureau of Fire Prevention more effective control
over hazardous conditions regulated by the code. Where fees are charged
for such permits it is desirable that the money for fees be handled by some
agency other than the Fire Department, to avoid the impression that inspec-
tions are made for obtaining the fees rather than for providing fire pre-
vention service.
It is also desirable to fix in the adopting ordinance the time period for
which a permit is valid. Where licenses are required by a municipality
in addition to permits required by the Fire Prevention Code and such
licenses are renewable each year, it is suggested that permits be made valid
for an indefinite period. Where licenses are not required it is suggested
that permits be made renewable each year.
Section 2. Establishment and Duties of Bureau of Fire Prevention.
a. The Fire Prevention Code shall be enforced by the Bureau
of Fire Prevention in the Fire Department of the_____________________________
238
ADOPTING ORDINANCE
which is hereby established and which shall be
operated under the supervision of the Chief of the Fire Department.
b. The Chief (or Fire Marshal) in charge of the Bureau of
Fire Prevention shall be appointed by (name of appointing au-
thority) on the basis of exam-
ination to determine his qualifications. His appointment shall con-
tinue during good behavior and satisfactory service, and he shall
not be removed from office except for cause after public trial.
c. The Chief of the Fire Department may detail such members
of the fire department as inspectors as shall from time to time be
necessary. The Chief of the Fire Department shall recommend
to the _ the employment of
technical inspectors, who, when such authorization is made, shall
be selected through an examination to determine their fitness for
the position. The examination shall be open to members and non-
members of the fire department, and appointments made after ex-
amination shall be for an indefinite term with removal only for
cause.
No, : The name of the proper administrative authority should be
inserted in the blank space.
d. A report of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall be made
annually and transmitted to the chief executive officer of the munic-
ipality; it shall contain all proceedings under this code, with such
statistics as the Chief of the Fire Department may wish to include
therein; the Chief of the Fire Department shall also recommend
any amendments to the code which, in his judgment, shall be
desirable.
Section 3. Definitions.
a. Wherever the word "Municipality" is used in the Fire Pre-
vention Code, it shall be held to mean the
b. Wherever the term "Corporation Counsel" is used in the
Fire Prevention Code, it shall be held to mean the Attorney for
the --
NOTE: 'Where the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention is given the
title "Fire Marshal," add the following definition: Wherever the words
"Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention" are used in the Fire Prevention
Code they shall be held to mean the Fire Marshal.
239
APPENDIX D
Section 4. Establishment of Limits of Districts in which Storage
of Explosives and Blasting Agents is to be Prohibited.
The limits referred to in section 12.5 b of the Fire Prevention
Code, in which storage of explosives and blasting agents is pro-
hibited, are hereby established as follows:—_______
NOTE: These limits should include the principal business district,
closely-built commercial areas, and heavily populated areas. Where the
code is adopted by reference, these limits should be detailed in the adopting
ordinance unless such limits have previously been established. If the code
is enacted in full, the limits may be detailed in section 12.5 b.
Section 5. Establishment of Limits of Districts in which Storage
of Flammable Liquids in Outside Aboveground Tanks
is to be Prohibited.
a. The limits referred to in section 16.22a of the Fire Preven-
tion Code in which storage of flammable liquids in outside above-
ground tanks is prohibited, are hereby established as follows:---
NOTE: These limits should include the mercantile and other congested
districts. Where the code is adopted by reference these limits should be
detailed in the adopting ordinance unless such limits have previously been
established. If the code is enacted in full the limits may be detailed in
section 16.22a.
b. The limits referred to in section 16.51 of the Fire Preven-
tion Code, in which new bulk plants for flammable or combustible
liquids are prohibited, are hereby established as follows•
NOTE: These limits should include such areas as those zoned solely
for residential occupancies, and for mercantile establishments primarily
retail in character. Where the code is adopted by reference these limits
should be detailed in the adopting ordinance unless such limits have pre-
viously been established. If the code is enacted in full the limits may
be detailed in section 16.51.
Section 6. Establishment of Limits in which Bulk Storage of
Liquefied Petroleum Gases is to be Restricted.
The limits referred to in section 21.6a of the Fire Prevention
Code, in which bulk storage of liquefied petroleum gas is restricted,
are hereby established as follows:
NOTE: These limits should include the heavily populated and the con-
gested commercial areas. Where this code is adopted by reference these
limits should be detailed in the adopting ordinance unless such limits have
previously been established. If the code is adopted in full the limits may be
detailed in section 21.6a.
240
ADOPTING ORDINANCE
Section 7. Amendments Made in the Fire Prevention Code.
The Fire Prevention Code is amended and changed in the fol-
- lowing respects:
Section and are amended as follows:
NOTE: Amendments deemed necessary should be inserted. A study
should be made to determine whether there are existing local or state laws
on subjects covered by this code. Sections in the code dealing with subjects
adequately and specifically covered by existing local or state laws may be
cited as deleted.
Section 8. Modifications.
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall have power
to modify any of the provisions of the Fire Prevention Code upon
application in writing by the owner or lessee, or his duly authorized
agent, when there are practical difficulties in the way of carrying
out the strict letter of the code, provided that the spirit of the code
shall be observed, public safety secured, and substantial justice
done. The particulars of such modification when granted or al-
lowed and the decision of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Preven-
tion thereon shall be entered upon the records of the department
and a signed copy shall be furnished the applicant.
Section 9. Appeals.
Whenever the Chief of the Fire Department shall disapprove
an application or refuse to grant a permit applied for, or when
it is claimed that the provisions of the code do not apply or that
the true intent and meaning of the code have been misconstrued
or wrongly interpreted, the applicant may appeal from the de-
cision of the Chief of the Fire Department to within 30 days from the date of the decision
appealed.
NOTE: Fill in body to which appeal should be made.
Section 10. New Materials, Processes or Occupancies which may
Require Permits.
The (municipal govern-
ing official), the Chief of the Fire Department and the Chief of the
Bureau of Fire Prevention shall act as a committee to determine
and specify, after giving affected persons an opportunity to be
heard, any new materials, processes or occupancies, which shall
require permits, in addition to those now enumerated in said code.
241
APPENDIX D
The Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention shall post such list in
a conspicuous place in his office, and distribute copies thereof to
interested persons.
Section 11. Penalties.
a. Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of the
code hereby adopted or fail to comply therewith, or who shall vio-
late or fail to comply with any order made thereunder, or who shall
build in violation of any detailed statement of specifications or
plans submitted and approved thereunder, or any certificate or per-
mit issued thereunder, and from which no appeal has been taken,
or who shall fail to comply with such an order as affirmed or modi-
fied by the ___ or by a court of competent
jurisdiction, within the time fixed herein, shall severally for each
and every such violation and noncompliance respectively, be guilty
of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not less than $ —
nor more than $ or by imprisonment for not less than
days nor more than days or by both such
fine and imprisonment. The imposition of one penalty for any
violation shall not excuse the violation or permit it to continue;
and all such persons shall be required to correct or remedy such
violations or defects within a reasonable time; and when not other-
wise specified, each ten days that prohibited conditions are main-
tained shall constitute a separate offense.
b. The application of the above penalty shall not be held to
prevent the enforced removal of prohibited conditions.
Section 12. Repeal of Conflicting Ordinances.
All former ordinances or parts thereof conflicting or incon-
sistent with the provisions of this ordinance or of the code hereby
adopted are hereby repealed.
NOTE: It might be well, as is sometimes done, to certify definitely the
ordinances or parts of ordinances which are intended to be repealed.
Section 13. Validity.
The ____� —_— hereby declares that
should any section, paragraph, sentence, or word of this ordinance
or of the code hereby adopted be declared for any reason to be in-
valid, it is the intent of that it would
have passed all other portions of this ordinance independent of the
242
ADOPTING ORDINANCE
elimination herefrom of any such portion as may be declared in-
valid.
Section 14. Date of Effect.
This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after
its approval as required by law.
243
INDEX
A
Section
Accumulation of Waste Materials 28.6
Acetylene:
Generators 30.16
Low Pressure Defined 30.2a
Manifolding of Cylinders 30.9
Medium Pressure Defined 30.2 b
Piping for 30.10
Storage of Cylinders 30.8
Acetylenic Compounds Defined 30.2 c
Adopting Ordinance Apx. D
Adoption of Fire Prevention Code Apx. D-1
Agricultural Products, Storage of 7 5
Aircraft Service Stations 16.12a, 16.61 to 16.69
Aisles in Places of Assembly 27.7
Alarm Systems 14.6
Alleys, Bowling, Resurfacing of 4 3
Aluminum Pulverizing 10.1 to 10.3
American Gas Association Laboratories-See Approved, Defined 1 12
American Insurance Association Standards 1 1
American Table of Distances for Explosives Storage Table 12.6
Ammonia, Anhydrous 8 8
Ammonium Nitrate 20.10
Ammunition-See Explosives, and Blasting Agents
Anchorage of Flammable or Combustible Liquid Storage
Tanks 16.25 f, Apx. A
Anesthetics, Cylinder System for 8 5
Apparatus, Laboratory Listed, Acceptable for Flammable Liquids 16.14
Appeals Apx. D-9
Application for Permit 1 9 c
Application of Code 12
Appointment of Chief of Bureau of Fire Prevention Apx. D-2 b
Approved Defined 1 12
Approved Oil Burning Equipment Required 24.4
Ash Trays in Places of Assembly 27.13
Ashes, Disposal of Hot 28.5
Assembly Occupancy Defined 112
Assembly-See Places of Assembly
Authority to Enter Premises 1 3
Automatic Fire Alarm Systems 14.6
Automatic Sprinklers-See Sprinklers
Automobile:
Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 1 to 2.5
Undercoating 15.51
Wrecking Yards 3 1 to 3.5
Automotive Service Stations 16.12 b, 16.61 to 16.69
B
Baled Combustible Fibre Storage 7 4
Barrel, Defined 16.12 c
Basements, Sprinklers Required in 14.4
Blasting Agents 12.1 to 12.13
Blending at Processing Plants 16.82
Boiling Points, Defined 16.12 d
244
Bond Required for: Section
Blasting 12.4
Fireworks Display 13.4
Bonding or Grounding 16.12 d
Bonding-See Static Protection
Bonfires 28.1
Booths:
Motion Picture 5 7
Paint Spraying 15.23
Bowling, Establishments 41 to 4.4
Breathing Apparatus for Fumigation or Insecticidal Fogging 18.7
Brushing in Dry Cleaning Plants 9 16
Building Requirements-See Structural Requirements
Bulk Plants for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.51 to 16.58
Bureau of Fire Prevention, Establishment and Duties of Apx. D-2
Burning:
Excelsior, Shavings, Grass or Weeds 28.1
Lumber Yards 22.3a
Paint from Buildings 28.4
Rubbish or Trash 28.1
Scrap Nitrate Film, Prohibited 5 6 c
Wrecked Automobiles and Parts 3 4
Butane-See Liquefied Petroleum Gases
C
Cabinets:
Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film 5 4
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic 6 4
Dry Cleaning 912
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Containers 16.33
Calcium Carbide 30.18 to 30.21
Cargo Tank Defined 16.102a
Carrier, Defined 12.2 b
Catalytic Combustion System Defined 26.2a
Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film 51 to 5.9
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics (Pyroxylin) 61 to 6.6
Chemical Plants 16.91 to 16.95
Chemicals, Hazardous 20.1 to 20.13
Chimneys, Maintenance of 28.12
Classification:
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 1 c
Dry Cleaning Solvent 9 1 b
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.12 n
Cleaning with Flammable Liquids:
Dry Cleaning 91 to 9.18
Repair Garages 19.3
Closed Container Defined 16.12 h
Coal Pulverizing 10.1 to 10.3
Cocoa Pulverizing 10.1 to 10.3
Collision, Protection Against-Flammable or Combustible
Liquid Tank Vehicles 16.107
Combination Dry Cleaning Unit 914
Combustible Decorative Materials, Use of 28.9
Combustible Fibres, Storage and Handling of 71 to 7.5
Combustible Liquid Defined 16.12 n
Combustible Materials, Storage of 28.8
Combustible Waste Materials, Removal of 28.7
Commercial and Ipdustrial Establishments Handling Flammable
or Combustible Liquids 16.71 to 16.78
Complaints 14 b
Compressed Gases 81 to 8.9
Condensers in Dry Cleaning Plants 9 11
245
Construction of (See also Structural Requirements): Section
Containers for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.15
Dip Tanks 15.34
Exhaust Ducts of Spray Booths 15.26 g
Fuel Oil Tanks 24.8a, 24.8 b, 24.8 c
Ovens and Furnaces 26.4
Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.21
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liqiuds 16.104
Containers:
Calcium Carbide 30.19
Compressed Gases 8 4
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.15
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 21.5
Welding & Cutting Gases 30.8
Controls:
Electrostatic Equipment 15.42
Industrial Baking and Drying Oven 26.7
Oil Burner 24.15, 24.16
Cooking Appliances Using Class I Liquid May be Prohibited 16.16
Corrosion Protection, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Piping 16.45
Corrosive Liquids 20.13
Covers, Dip Tank 15.39
Crude Petroleum 16.11 to 16.1015
Cutting-See Welding and Cutting
Cylinders-See Containers
D
Damages, Liability for 113
Dangerous Conditions or Materials, Orders to Eliminate 1 5
Decorative Materials:
Mercantile and Institutional Occupancies 28.9
Places of Assembly 27.3
Definitions:
Acetylene, Low Pressure 30.2a
Acetylene, Medium Pressure 30.2 b
Acetylenic Compounds 30.2 c
Aircraft Service Station 16.12a
Approved 1 12
Assembly Occupancy s 112
Automatic Fire Alarm System 1 12
Automotive Service Station (Garage) 16.12 b
Barrel 16.12 c
Basement 1 12
Blasting Agent 12.2a
Boil-Over 16.12 e
Boiling Point 16.12 d
Bonded or Grounded 112
Bulk Oxygen System 8 2a
Bulk Plant 16.12 f
Business Occupancy 112
Cargo Tank 16.102a
Carrier 12.2 b
Catalytic Combustion System 26.2a
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) 61
Chemical Plant 16.12 g
Closed Container 16.12 h
Combustible Fibre 71
Combustible Liquid 16.12 n
Commercial Establishment 16.12 i
Compressed Gas 8 2 b
246
Definitions, continued: Section
Container 16.12 j
Conversion Range Oil Burner 24.2 b
Corrosive Liquid 20.2a
Crude Petroleum 16.12 k
Decorative Material 27.1a
Dip Tank 15.31a
Distillery 16.121
Dry Cleaning 9 la
Dust 10.1
Dwelling 1 12
Dwelling Unit 112
Educational Occupancy 1 12
Explosive 12.2 c
Explosive-Actuated Power Device 12.2 d
Explosive Material 12.2 e
Fire Resistance Rating 112
Fireworks 13.2
Flammable Anesthetic 8 2 c
Flammable Liquid 16.12 n
Flammable Solid 20.2 b
Flash Point 16.12 m
Fuel Gas 30.2 d
Fuel Oil 24.2 d
Fumigant 18.2a
Fumigation 18.2 b
Gaseous Hydrogen System 8 2 d
Hazardous Chemical 20.1
Heating and Cooking Appliance 24.2 c
High Hazard Occupancy 112
Highly Toxic Material 20.2 c
Highway 12.2 f
Hydraulic Back Pressure Valve 30.2 e
I. C. C. Container 12
Industrial Establishments 16.12 i
Industrial Occupancy 1 12
Inhabited Building 12.2 g
Institutional Occupancy 1 12
Liquefied Petroleum Gas 21.2a
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Equipment 21.2 b
LP-Gas 1 12
Liquid 16.12 n
Machine 30.2 f
Magazine for Explosives 12.2 h
Magnesium 23.2
Manifold 30.2 g
Marine Service Station 16.12 o
Mercantile Occupancy 112
Multifamily House 112
Municipality Apx. D-3
Nonflammable Medical Gas 8 2 e
Oil Burner 24.2 d
Oil Burning Equipment 24.2 e
Oil Fired Unit 24.2 f
Organic Coating 25.2
Owner 1 12
Oxidizing Material 20.2 d
Oxygen Manifold, High Pressure 30.2 h
Oxygen Manifold, Low Pressure 30.2 i
Person 1 12
Pipe
30.2 j
247
Definitions, continued: Section
Piped Distribution System
8 2 f
Piping
30.2 j
Place of Assembly
270 b
Poisonous Gas
20.2 e
Portable Outlet Header
30.2 k
Pressure Vessel
1 12
Process Area
16.12 p
Processing Plant
16.12 p
Propellant-Actuated Power Device 12.2 i
Public Conveyance
12.2 j
Radioactive Material
20.2 f
Railway
12.2 1
Refinery
16.12 r
Residential Occupancy
1 12
Safety Can
16.12 s
Sealed Source
20.2 g
Small Arms Ammunition 12.2 m
Small Arms Ammnunition Primer 12.2 n
Smokeless Propellant 12.2 o
Solvent Classification 9 1 b
Spraying Area
15.22
Special Industrial Explosive Device 12.2 p
Special Industrial Explosive Material 12.2 g
Station Outlet
30.2 1
Storage Occupancy
112
Storage, Isolated
20.2 h
Storage, Separated
20.2 i
System Classification
9 1 c
Tank, Atmospheric
112
Tank, Low Pressure 1 12
Tank Vehicle 16.102 b
Terminal
12.2 r
Test Blasting Cap No. 8 12.2 s
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.2 d
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging Liquid 18.2 c
Tubing 30.2 j
Unstable (Reactive) Chemical 20.2 j
Unstable (Reactive) Liquid 16.12 n
Vapor Area 15.31 b
Vapor Pressure 16.12 t
Vehicle
12.2 t
Ventilation
16.12 u
Depth of Underground Tanks 16.23 b
Design of:
Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.21
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.104
Dikes, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks 16.22 g(3)(b)
Dip Tank Covers 15.39
Dip Tanks 15.31 to 15.312
Discharge of Fireworks 13.3
Dispensing Systems, Flammable or Combustible Liquid:
Bulk Plants 16.54
Commercial Establishments 16.73
Industrial Establishments 16.73
Processing Plants 16.83
Service Stations 16.64
Display of:
Bond Required for Fireworks 13.4
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics in Stores 6 3
Disposal of:
Hot Ashes 28.5
Unfired Fireworks 13.5
248
Section
Distilleries 16.91 to 16.95
Districts in Which Restrictions Apply to:
Explosives and Blasting Agents 12.5 b, Apx. D-4
Flammable Liquid Bulk Plants 16.51, Apx. D-5 b
Flammable Liquids Storage in Outside
Aboveground Tanks 16.22a, Apx. D-5a
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Storage 21.6a, Apx. D-6
Doors, Exit, Places of Assembly 27.6
Doors, Stairway, to be Kept Closed 11.4
Doors, Trap, to be Closed 28.13
Drainage:
Bulk Plants 16.57
Diked Areas 16.22 g(3)(e)
Repair Garages 19.4 b
Service Stations 16.67
Drills, Fire 111
Dry Cleaning Plants 91 to 9.18
Drying Apparatus with Flammable Spray Finishing 15.210
Drying Tumblers in Dry Cleaning 912
Dust Collecting Systems:
Automobile Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 4
Magnesium Operations 23.8
Plants Using Materials Producing Dust 10.3 c
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 5 b
Woodworking Plants 22.5
Dust Explosions, Prevention of 10.1 to 10.3
Duties of Bureau of Fire Prevention Apx. D-2
Dwelling, Defined 112
Dwelling Unit, Defined 1 12
E
Educational Occupancy: 1 12
Defined
Fire Protection Equipment 14.2
Electric Arc Welding and Cutting 30.22
Electrical Requirements:
Bulk Plants 16.55
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics 6 3 e
Commercial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Establishments 16.75
Dip Tank Operations 15.15, 15.36
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 8
Dust Producing Plants 10.3 e
Electrostatic Equipment 15.15, 15.41
Exit Ways 11.3
Explosives 12.6 g
Flammable Finishing 15.15
Fruit Ripening 17.4
Industrial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Establishments 16.75
Oil Burning Equipment 24.6
Organic Coating Plants 25.11
Processing Plants, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.84
Service Stations 16.66
Spray Finishing 15.15, 15.25
Tank Vehicles, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.108
Electrostatic Equipment for Spraying and Dipping
Operations 15.41 to 15.44
Enclosures for:
Motion Picture Propectors 5 7
Tanks at Service Stations 16.63 b
Tanks in Buildings 24.8 h
249
Section
Enter Premises, Authority to 13
Equipment, Laboratory Listed, Acceptable, for Flammable Liquids 16.14
Establishment of Bureau of Fire Prevention Apx. D-2
Ethylene in Fruit Ripening 17.3
Examination of Bureau Personnel Apx. D-2 b, c .,
Exchanges, Nitrate Motion Picture Film, to be Sprinklered 5 9
Existing Conditions, Application to 12
Exit Doors, Places of Assembly 27.8
Exits:
Lighting of 11.3, 27.10
Marking of 11.2, 27.10
Obstructions of 11.1
Exit Ways:
Maintenance of, General 11.1 to 11.4
Places of Assembly 27.6 to 27.10
Explosions, Dust, Prevention of 10.1 to 10.3
Explosive-Actuated Power Device 12.2 d
Explosives, Ammunition and Blasting Agents 12.1 to 12.13
Explosive Material 12.2 e
Extinguishers-See Fire Protection Equipment
Extractors, Dry Cleaning 913
F
Fabric, Pyroxylin Coated, in Places of Assembly 27.4
Farms, Storage of Agricultural Products on 7 5
Feed Mills 10.1 to 10.3
Fees Apx. D-1, Note
Fencing of Lumber Storage 22.2 c
Fibres, Combustible 71 to 7.5
Filling of Flammbale or Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles 16.1013
Film:
Cabinets for Nitrate Film 5 4
Exchanges, Nitrate Motion Picture, to be Sprinklered 5 9
Motion Picture Cellulose Nitrate 51 to 5.9
Vaults for Nitrate Film 5 5
Filters for Spray Finishing 15.24
Fines Apx. D-11
Fire Alarm Systems, Automatic, Required 14.6
Fire Doors:
Buildings Storing Combustible Fibres 7 3 d(3)
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 5 c
To Be Kept Closed in Stairways 11.4
Fire Drills in Educational and Institutional Occupancies 111
Fire Escapes, Obstructions of 1 5, 11.1
Fire Prevention in Welding or Cutting 30.6
Fire Protection Equipment:
Automatic Fire Alarm Systems 14.1 to 14.6
Bulk Plants 16.58
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics 6 5
Chemical Plants 16.95
Chief May Specify Kind to be Provided 14.2
Closed Containers 16.35
Combustible Fibres 7 3 d(4)
Commercial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Establishments 16.78
Dip Tank Operation Areas 15.38
Distilleries 16.95
Dry Cleaning Plants 917
Educational Occupancy 14.2
Garages, Repair 14.2
General 14.1 to 14.6
250
Fire Protection Equipment, continued: Section
Hotel 14.2
Industrial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Establishments 16.78
Institutional Occupancy 14.2
Lumber Yards 22.4
Magnesium Plants 23.9
Maintenance of 1 4a, 14.3
Mercantile Occupancy 14.2
Multi-family House 14.2
Nitrate Motion Picture Film Exchanges 5 9
Notification of Tests and Repairs to 14.3
Organic Coating Plants 25.13
Ovens and Furnaces 26.8
Paint Spraying Areas 15.28
Places of Assembly 14.2, 27.12
Processing Plants 16.87
Refineries 16.95
Residential Occupancy 14.6
Service Stations 16.69
Spray Finishing 15.28
Sprinklers-See Sprinklers Required
Standpipes 14.2, 14.3, 14.5
Tank Vehicles, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.1011
Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 3 b
Trailer Camp 14.2
Welding and Cutting 30.6
Woodworking Plants 22.5 b
Fire Records 1 8
Fire Resistance Ratings Defined 1 12
Fires:
Investigation of 1 7
Kindling of, on Land of Others Restricted 28.11
Reporting of 1 7 b
Suspicious 1 7
Fire, Precautions Against, General 28.1 to 28.14
Fire Watchers-See Watches, Fire
Fireworks 13.1 to 13.6
Flame-producing Devices for Paint Burning 28.4
Flameproofing:
Decorative Materials in Stores 28.9
Decorative Materials-Places of Assembly 27.3
Tents 29.3
Flammable Finishes, Application of:
Automobile Undercoating 15.15
Dip Tanks 15.31 to 15.312
Electrostatic Equipment 15.41 to 15.44
General Provisions 15.11 to 15.15
Spray Finishing 15.21 to 15.210
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.11 to 15.1016
Abandonment of Tanks Apx. B
Bulk Plants 16.51 to 16.58
Chemical Plants 16.91 to 16.95
Cleaning With, in Repair Garages 19.3
Closed Container Storage 16.31 to 16.37
Commercial Establishments 16.71 to 16.78
Defined 16.12 n
Dip Tank Operations 15.35
Distilleries 16.91 to 16.95
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 10
Flashpoint, How Determined 16.12 in
Garages, Use in Repair 19.4
General Provisions 16.11 to 16.16
Industrial Establishments 16.71 to 16.78
251
Flammable or Combustible Liquids, continued: Section
Permits Required 16.13, 16.103
Piping, Valves and Fittings 16.41 to 16.47
Processing Plants 16.81 to 16.87
Refineries 16.91 to 16.95
Removal of Tanks Apx. B
Service Stations 16.61 to 16.69
Tanks in Flooded Areas Apx. A
Tank Storage 16.21 to 16.27
Tank Vehicles 16.101 to 16.1016
Flammable Solid 20.1 to 20.13
Flash Point Defined 16.12 m
Floods, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks Against Apx. A
Flour Mills 10.1 to 10.3
Flow Coat Operations (Flammable Finishes) 15.311
Fogging, Thermal Insecticidal 18.1 to 18.9
Fruit Ripening Processes 17.1 to 17.7
Fuel Gas Defined 30.2 d
Fuel Gas Cylinder Storage 30.8
Fuel Oil for Oil Burning Equipment 24.7
Fumigant Defined 18.2a
Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging - 18.1 to 18.9
Fumigation Defined 18.2 b
Furnaces 26.1 to 26.8
G
Garages, Repair 19.1 to 19.4
Garaging of:
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles 16.1016
LP-Gas Tank Vehicles 21.10
Gas Masks for Fumigation or Insecticidal Fogging 18.7
Gaseous Hydrogen System Defined 8 2 d
Gases:
Anesthetic 8 5
Anhydrous Ammonia 8 8
Compressed 81 to 8.9
Hydrogen 8 9
Liquefied Peroleum 21.1 to 21.11
Medical, Nonflammable 8 5, 8.6
Oxygen in Bulk 8 7
Poisonous 20.12
Welding and Cutting 30.1 to 30.21
General Provisions of Code 1 1 to 1.13
Generators, Acetylene-See Acetylene Generators
Generator Rooms, Acetylene 30.17
Grain Elevators 10.1 to 10.3
Grounding-See Static Protection:
H
Handling of Materials:
Cellulose,Nitrate Plastic 6 4
Explosives 12.9
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.21 to 16.1015
Magnesium Fines 23.11
Nitrate Film 5 6, 5.8
Readily Combustible Material 28.7
Spray Finishing 15.27
252
Section
Hardening and Tempering Tanks 15.310
Hazardous Chemicals 20.1 to 20.13
Hazardous Conditions, Order to Eliminate Dangerous or 1 5
Heating Equipment: 16.53 c
Bulk Plants 6 6
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics Storage Areas 9 7
Dry Cleaning Plants
Fruit Ripening 17.5
Maintenance of 28.10
Oil Burning 24.1 to 24.16
Plants Producing Dust 10.3 e
Prohibited, in Explosives Magazines 12.6 g
Restricted in Certain Warehouses, Workshops or Factories 28.10
Spraying Areas • 14.25 b
High Hazard Occupancy Defined 112
Highly Toxic Materials 20.11
Highway Defined 12.2 f
Hose, Gas Welding and Cutting 30.13
Hotel, Fire Protection Equipment 14.2
Housekeeping at:
Commercial Establishments 16.77
Fruit Ripening 17.7
Industrial Establishments 16.77
Match Storage 28.2 b
Processing Plants 16.86
Hydraulic Back Pressure Valve 32.2 e
I
ICC: 1 12
Definition of ICC Container 12 b
Regulations of
Ignition-See Sources of Ignition
Incinerators 22.3a, 28.1 b
Industrial Establishments, Flammable or Combustible Liquid...16.71 to 16.78
Inhabited Building, Defined 12.2 g
Insecticidal Fogging, Thermal 18.1 to 18.9
Inside Acetylene Generator Rooms 30.17
Inside Storage Rooms, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.32
Inspection of: 14
Buildings and Premises
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations 21.5
Institutional Occupancies: 28 3
Chief to Prohibit Smoking in Certain Areas
Decorative Materials 28.9
Defined 1 12
Dip Tank Operations 15.32
Fire Drills 111
Fire Protection Equipment 14.2
Spray Finishing 15.21
Intent of Code 11
Intermixing of Flammable or Combustible Liquids in Tanks 16.1015
Investigation of Fires
J
Junk Yards 3 1 to 3.5
K
Kerosene Heaters, Stoves and Ranges 24.16
253
L
Section
Labels for Containers of Flammable Liquids 16.16
Laboratory Listed Tanks, Containers and Equipment Acceptable 16.14
Liability of Municipality for Damages 1 13
Lighting:
Exits 11.3
Lights over Display of Nitrate Plastic Materials in Stores 6 3 e
Magazines Containing Explosives 12.6 g
Open Lights Restricted 28.10
Tank Vehicles, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.108
Lighting Appliance Using Class I Flammable Liquid
May Be Prohibited 16.17
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 21.1 to 21.11
Liquid Defined 16.12 n
Liquids:
Flammable or Combustible 16.11 to 16.1015
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.6
Loading of Flammable or Combustible Liquid Vehicles at
Bulk Plants 16.54
Location of:
Automobile Wrecking Yards, Junk Yards and Waste Material
Handling Plants 3 3
Bonfires Restricted 28.1 b
Bulk Plants 16.51
Chemical Plants 16.91
Dip Tank Operations 15.32
Distilleries 16.91
Electrostatic Equipment 15.41
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Bulk Plants 16.51
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Containers 21.6
Magazines Containing Explosives 12.6 b
Organic Coatings 25.4
Ovens and Furnaces 26.4
Refineries 16.91
Refinery Process Units 16.94
Rubbish Fires Restricted 28.1 b
Service Stations 16.61
Spray Finishing Operations 15.21
Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.11 to 16.1015
Locking of Exit Doors in Places of Assembly 27.6
Lumber Yards and Woodworking Plants 22.1 to 22.5
M
Machine Defined 30.2 f
Machines, Dry Cleaning 911, 9.12, 9.13, 9.14, 9.15
Magazines:
Defined 12.2 h
For Explosives 12.6
Magnesium 23.1 to 23.11
Magnesium Defined 23.2
Magnetic Separators Required 10.3 b
Maintenance of:
Dip Tank Operation Areas 15.37
Exitways 1 4a, 11.1 to 11.4
Fire Detecting and Extinguishing Equipment 1 4a, 14.3, 27.9
Heating Appliances, Chimneys 28.12
Lumber Yards 22.3 c, d
Magazines Storing Explosives 12.6 f
Organic Coating Plants 25.14
Spraying Areas 15.29
Manifold Defined 30.2 g
254
Section
Manifolding of Cylinders for Welding and Cutting Gases 30.9
Manufacture of:
Explosives 12.3
Fireworks 13.3
Organic Coatings 25.1 to 25.14
Marine Service Stations 16.65
Marking of:
Containers at Service Stations 16.63 d
Containers for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.16
Exit Ways 11.2
LP-Gas Tank Vehicles 21.9
Shaftways 28.14
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.1010
Match Flame Test in Connection with Flameproofing 27.2 b
Matches 28.2
Material, Decorative: 27 3
Places of Assembly 28 3
Stores
Medical Gases:
Cylinder Systems 8 5
Piping Systems 8 6
Melting Pots, Magnesium, Floor Construction at 23.5
Mercantile Occupancy:
Decorative Materials 28.9
Defined 1 12
Fire Protection Equipment 14.2
Mills Producing Dust 10.1 to 10.3
Mixing:
At Processing Plants 16.82
Blasting Agents 12.11
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.72 c
Modifications of the Code Apx. D-7
Motion Picture:
Cellulose Nitrate Film 51 to 5.9
Enclosures for Projectors 5 7
Film Exchanges to be Sprinklered 5 9
Handling Nitrate Film at Theatres 5 8
Multifamily House:
Defined 1 12
Fire Protection Equipment 14.2
Municipality Defined Apx. D-3
Municipality-Liability for Damages 1 13
N
National Bureau of Standards (See Approved Defined) 1 12
National Fire Protection Association Standards 1 1
Natural Gasoline Plants, LP-Gas 21.11
New Materials, Processes or Occupancies Apx. D-9
Nitrate Motion Picture Film 51 to 5.9
Nitrate Plastics 61 to 6.6
Nitromethane 20.9
Notification of:
Blasting to Utilities 12.8 f
Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.5
Tests, Repairs, Alterations to Fire Protection Equipment 14.3
0
Obstructions to:
Aisles 11.1 c
Means of Egress 1 5 e, 11.1, 27.7
255
Section
Oil Burning Equipment 24.1 to 24.16
Open Flame or Light Restricted (See also Sources of Ignition) 28.10
Operations in:
Blasting 12.9
Flow Coating with Flammable Finishes 15.29, 15.37
Magnesium Processing 23.9
Tank Vehicles, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.1012
Undercoating Automobiles 15.51
Orders, Service of 1 6
Orders to Eliminate Dangerous or Hazardous Conditions 1 5
Organic Coatings 25.1 to 25.14
Organic Peroxides 20.8
Ovens and Furnaces 26.1 to 26.8
Ovens, Heat Treating, Magnesium 23.7
Owner Defined 112
Oxidizing Material 20.5
Oxygen:
Bulk Systems at Consumer Sites 8 7
Manifold, High Pressure 30.2 h
Manifold, Low Pressure 30.2 i
Medical 8 5, 8.6
Welding and Cutting 30.1 to 30.21
P
Paint Burning 28.4
Paint Spraying Booths 15.23
Parking of:
Blasting Agent Vehicle 12.9
Explosive Vehicle 12.9
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles 16.1015
LP-Gas Tank Vehicles 21.10
Penalties Apx. D-10
Permits:
Basic Requirements 19
Revocation 1 10
Permit Required for:
Acetylene Generator 30.15
Ammunition 12.3
Automobile Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 2
Automobile Wrecking Yards 3 2
Blasting Agents 12.3
Bonfires 28.1a
Bowling Establishments 4 2
Calcium Carbide Storage 30.18
Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film 5 2
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics 6 2
Combustible Fibres 7 2
Combustible Materials 28.8a
Compressed Gases 8 3
Containers for Welding and Cutting Gases 30.17
Dipping Operations-Flammable Finishes 15.12
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 2
Dust Producing Materials, Plants Handling 10.2
Explosives 12.3
Fireworks Display 13.3
Flammable Finishes 15.12
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.13
Fruit Ripening 17.2
Fumigation 18.3
Garages, Repair 19.2
256
Permit Required for, continued: Section
Hazardous Chemicals 20.3
Junk Yards 3 2
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 21.3
Lumber Yards 22.1
Magnesium 23.3
Matches 28.2a
Oil Burning Equipment 24.3
Organic Coatings 25.3
Ovens and Furnaces 26.3
Places of Assembly 27.1
Rubbish Fires 28.1a
Spraying Operations (Flammable Finishes) 15.12
Storing Readily Combustible Materials 28.7a
Tank Vehicles Transporting Flammable or Combustible Liquids...16.103
Tents 29.1
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.3
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 2
Welding and Cutting 30.2, 30.7, 30.16
Woodworking Plants 22.1
Person Defined 1 12
Pins, Bowling, Refinishing 4 4
Piping:
Defined 30.2 j
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.41 to 16.47
Oil Burner 24.9 to 24.12
Organic Coating Plants 25.8
Solvents in Dry Cleaning Plants 9 10
Welding and Cutting Gases 30.10
Places of Assembly 27.1 to 27.11
Aisles 27.7
Ash Trays 27.13
Chief to Prohibit Smoking in Certain Areas 28.3
Decorative Materials 27.3
Definition 27.1 b
Exit Doors 27.6
Fire Control 27.12
Fire Protection Equipment to be Provided 14.2
Lighting of Exit Ways 27.10
LP-Gas Installations 21.3
Motion Picture Screens 27.4
Permit Required 27.1
Plan of Exit Ways and Aisles 27.9
Tents 29.1 to 29.3
Use of Exit Ways 27.8
Use of Pyroxylin Coated Fabrics 27.4
Plants Producing Dust 10.1 to 10.3
Plastics, Cellulose Nitrate 6 1 to 6.6
Pneumatic Separators Required 10.3 b
Poisonous Gas 20.12
Portable Acetylene Generators 30.16
Portable Outlet Header Defined 30.2 k
Potentially Explosive Chemical: See Unstable Chemical
Precautions Against Fire, General 28.1 to 28.14
Pressure Vessels at Refineries, Chemical Plants and Distilleries 16.93
Process Units at Refineries, Chemical Plants and Distilleries 16.94
Processing:
Magnesium 23.8
Plants for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.81 to 16.87
Prohibition of Smoking-See Smoking Prohibited
Propane 21.1 to 21.11
Propellant-Actuated Power Device, Defined 12.2 i
257
Protection Against: Section
Collision, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles . 16.107
Corrosion, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Piping 16.45
Floods, Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks Apx. A
Intermixing, Flammable or Combustible Liquids in Tank
Vehicles 16.1012 h
Public Conveyance Defined 12.2 j
Publications of Interest not Listed in Article 31 Apx. C
Pyrotechnics 13.1 to 13.6
Pyroxylin Coated Fabric in Places of Assembly 27.4
Pyroxylin Plastics 61 to 6.6
Q
Qualifications of Chief of Fire Prevention Bureau Apx. D-2 b
R
Radioactive Materials 20.6
Railway, Defined 12 21
Ranges, Oil Burning 24.16
Records, Fire 18
Records to be Kept for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations 21.3 b
Refineries 16.91 to 16.95
Refuse Burners at Lumber Yards 22.3a
Relief Vents, Flammable or Combustible
Liquid Tanks 16.22 d, 16.22 e, 16.23, 16.24 b
Removing of Paint by Burning 28.4
Reporting of Fires 1 7 b
Residential Occupancy:
Defined 1 12
Dip Tank Operations 15.32
Fire Protection Equipment 14.2, 14.6
Spray Finishing Operations 15.21
Responsibility for Damages 113
Retroactive Provisions 12
Revocation of Permit 110
Roll Coating 15.312
Rooms, Acetylene Generator 30.17
Rooms, Storage or Handling, Flammable or
Combustible Liquid 16.32, 16.72
Rubbish Burning 281
S
Safety Can Defined 16.12 s
Safety Controls:
Ovens and Furnaces 26.7
Welding and Cutting 30.11 to 30.12
Sale of:
Explosives 12.4
Fireworks 13.3
Schools, Fire Drills 1 11
Scope:
Automobile Tire Rebuilding Plants 21
Automobile Wrecking Yards, Junk Yards and Waste Material
Handling Plants 31
Bowling Establishments 41
Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film 51
Cellulose Nitrate Plastics (Pyroxylin) 61
Combustible Fibres 71
Compressed Gases 81
Dry Cleaning Plants 91
258
Scope, continued: Section
Dust Explosions 10.1
Exit Ways 11.1
Explosive, Ammunition and Blasting Agents 12.1
Fire Protection Equipment 14.1
Fireworks 13.1
Flammable Finishes 15.11
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.11
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles 16.101
Fruit Ripening Processes 17.1
Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.1
Garages 19.1
Hazardous Chemicals 20.1
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 21.1
Lumber Yards and Woodworking Plants 22.1
Magnesium 23.1
Oil Burning Equipment 24.1
Organic Coatings 25.1
Ovens and Furnaces 26.1
Places of Assembly 27.1
Precautions Against Fire, General 28.1
Tanks in Locations that may be Flooded Apx. A-1
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.101
Tents 29.1
Welding or Cutting, Acetylene Generators and Calcium Carbide 30.1
Scouring in Dry Cleaning Plants 9 16
Scrap:
Magnesium 23.11
Nitrate Film 5 6 c
Nitrate Plastic 6 4 h
Screens for Motion Pictures in Places of Assembly 27.5
Seizure of Fireworks 13.6
Service of Orders 1 6
Service Stations 16.61 to 16.69
Shaftways to be Marked 28.14
Signs:
Electrostatic Equipment 15.43
Exits 11.2
Explosive Storage Magazines 12.7 s, t
"No Smoking" 28.3 b
"No Welding" 15.14
Vehicles Transporting Blasting Agents 12.13 c
Vehicles Transporting Explosives 12.7 j
Small Arms Ammunition:
Definition 12.2 m
Primer, Definition 12.2 n
Smokeless Propellant, Defined 12.2 o
Smoking Prohibited:
Bulk Plants for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.56
Commercial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Establishments 16.76
Dipping Operation Areas 15.13
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 18
Dust Producing Operations 10.3 e
Explosives Handling 12.8 d
Explosives Magazines 12.6 c
Industrial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Establishments 16.76
Lumber Yards 22.3 b
Plants Producing Dust 10.3 e
Service Stations 16.68
Spray Finishing Areas 15.13
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.1014
Under Certain Conditions 28.3
259
Section
Solvent Classification, Defined 9 1 b
Sources of Ignition:
Bulk Plants, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.56
Commercial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Establishments 16.76
Dipping Areas 15.25
Dust Producing Plants 10.3 e
Explosives 12.6 c
Fruit Ripening 17.6
Fumigation 18.4
Industrial Flammable or Combustible Liquid Establishments 16.76
Processing Plants Handling Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.85
Service Stations 16.68
Spray Finishing 15.25
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.1014
Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.26
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging 18.4
Use of Open Flame or Light Restricted 28.10
Special Industrial Explosive Device, Defined 12.2 q
Special Industrial Explosive Material, Defined 12.2 q
Spice Grinding 10.1 to 10.3
Spotting in Dry Cleaning Plants 916
Spray Booths 15.23
Spray Finishing 15.21 to 15.210
Sprinklers Required:
Basements 14.4
Buildings for Manufacture or Storage of Cellulose Nitrate Articles....6.5
Cabinets and Vaults for Nitrate Plastics 6 4
Combustible Fibre Storage 7 3 d(4)
Educational Occupancies 14.4
Institutional and Residential Buildings 14.4
Nitrate Motion Picture Film Exchanges 5 9
Occupied Buildings Above Specified Height 14.6
Spray Booths 15.24(d)
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 5a
Stairway Doors to be Kept Closed 11.4
Standpipes Required 14.2, 14.5
Starch Mills 10.1 to 10.3
Static Protection:
Dry Cleaning Plants 915
Dust Producing Machinery 10.3 d
Loading Racks at Bulk Plants 16.54a(2)
Organic Coating Plants 25.12
Spray Booths 15.25 h
Tank Vehicles for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.106
Station Outlet Defined 30.21
Stills in Dry Cleaning Plants 911
Storage:
Agricultural Products on the Farm 7 5
Ammonium Nitrate 20.10
Anesthetics 8 5
Anhydrous Ammonium 8 8
Blasting Agents 12.12
Calcium Carbide 30.20 to 30.21
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic 6 4
Combustible Fibres 7 3 to 7.5
Combustible Materials 28.8
Compressed Gases 8 5 to 8.9
Corrosive Liquids 20.13
Dry Cleaning Solvents 9 9
Explosives 12.6
Flammable Finishes 15.27, 15.35
260
Storage, continued: Section
Flammable or Combustible Liquids:
Bulk Plants 16.52
Chemical Plants 16.92
Commercial Establishments 16.71
Containers 16.31 to 16.37
Distilleries 16.92
Industrial Establishments 16.71
Processing Plants 16.81
Refineries 16.82
Service Stations 16.63
Tanks 16.21 to 16.28
Hazardous Chemicals 20.1 to 20.13
Highly Toxic Materials 20.11
Hydrogen, Gaseous 8 9
Lumber, Open Yard 22.2
Magnesium 23.4, 23.6, 23.8, 23.10
Matches 28.8 b
Medical Gases, Nonflammable 8 5
Motion Picture Film, Cellulose Nitrate 5 3
Nitromethane 20.9
Organic Coatings 25.5
Organic Peroxides 20.8
Oxidizing Materials 20.5
Oxygen, Bulk 8 7
Poisonous Gases 12.12
Pyroxylin Plastic (Cellulose Nitrate) 6 4
Radioactive Materials 20.6
Readily Combustible Materials 28.8
Spray Finishing Operations 15.27
Unstable (Reactive) Chemicals 20.7
Welding and Cutting Gases 30.8
Storage Cabinets, Flammable or Combustible Liquid 16.33
Storage Rooms, Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.32
Storage:
Isolated Storage, Defined 20.2 h
Separated Storage, Defined 20.2 i
Stoves:
Maintenance of 28.12
Oil Burning 24.16
Structural Requirements:
Acetylene Generator Rooms and Houses 30.17
Blasting Agents Storage 12.12
Bulk Plants for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.53
Calcium Carbide Storage 30.20
Combustible Fibre Storage 7 3
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 5, 9.6, 9.7
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Mixing Rooms 16.72
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Storage Rooms 16.32
Magazines for Storing Explosives 12.7
Motion Picture Projection Enclosures 5 7
Nitrate Motion Picture Film Vaults 5.5
Organic Coating Buildings 25.6
Processing Plants 16.81 c, 16.82
Service Stations 16.62
Spray Booths 15.23
Tents 29.3
Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 3
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 5
Sugar Pulverizing 10.1 to 10.3
Supports for Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks 16.25
Suspicious Fires 17
System Classification Defined 9 1 c
261
T
Tables: Section
American Table of Distances for Explosives 12.6
Building Sprinklers and Alarm Systems 14.6
Bulk Plant Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas 16.55 b
Container Storage for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.34
Distance from Property Lines for Outside Aboveground
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks 16.22 b(1) to (5)
Nitromethane 20.9
Organic Coatings 25.4
Organic Peroxides 20.8
Service Station Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas 16.66 b
Vents for Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks 16.22 e(3)
Tank Car Loading Racks, Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.54
Tanks for Flammable or Combustible Liquids:
Abandonment Apx. B
Design and Construction 16.21
Dip 15.31 to 15.312
Flooded Locations Apx. A
Fuel Oil for Oil Burners 24.8
Hardening and Tempering 15.310
Installation Inside Buildings 16.24
Installation Outside Aboveground 16.22
Installation Underground 16.23
Laboratory Listed 16.14
Removal Apx. B
Testing 16.27
Tank Vehicles for:
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.101 to 16.1015
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 21.5
Tents 29.1 to 29.3
Terminals:
Blasting Agents 12.10
Defined 12.2 r
Explosives 12.10
LP-Gas Marine 21.11
LP-Gas Pipeline 21.11
Test Blasting Cap No. 8 12.2 s
Testing:
Piping 16.47
Tanks 16.27
Theatres, Handling of Nitrate Film 5 8
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging:
Defined 18.2 d
Liquids, Defined 18.2 c
Operations 18.1 to 18.9
Tire Rebuilding Plants 21 to 2.5
Torches for Paint Burning 28.4
Transportation:
Blasting Agents 12.13
Explosives 12.7
Flammable or Combustible Liquids 16.101 to 16.1015
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 21.5
Tubing Defined 30.2 j
U
Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.-See Approved Defined 1 12
Unfired Fireworks, Disposal of 13.5
Unfired Pressure Vessels at Petroleum Refineries 16.93
262
Section
Unsafe Buildings or Structures 15
Unstable (Reactive) Chemical:
Defined 20.2 j
Storage 20.7
Unstable Reactive Liquid
Defined 16.17 n
Storage 16.22 b(4)
Use of:
Ethylene in Fruit Ripening 17.3
Exitways, Places of Assembly 27.6 to 27.10
Explosives 12.8
Open Flame or Light, Restricted 28.10
Pyroxylin Coated Fabric in Places of Assembly 27.4
Torches for Paint Burning 28.4
V
Valves:
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Piping 16.46
Oil Burning Equipment 24.14
Vapor Area Defined 15.31 b
Vapor Pressure Defined 16.12 t
Vaults for:
Cellulose Nitrate Film 5 5
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic 6 4
Loose Combustible Fibre 7 3
Vehicle, Defined 12.2 t
Vehicles for:
Flammable or Combustible Liquids at Bulk Plants 16.54a
Transportation of Explosives 12.7
Transportation of Flammable or Combustible
Liquids 16.101 to 16.1015
Ventilation:
Automobile Refinishing Booths or Enclosures 15.210
Automobile Tire Rebuilding Plants 2 5
Commercial Establishments Handling Flammable or
Combustible Liquids 16.74
Defined 16.12 u
Dip Tank Operations 15.33
Dry Cleaning Plants 9 5 e, 9.13 d, 9.16 d
Drying Areas for Spray Finishing 15.210
Electrostatic Equipment 15.44
Industrial Establishments Handling Flammable or
Combustible Liquids 16.74
Motion Picture Projection Rooms 5 7
Ovens and Furnaces 26.5
Spray Booths 15.26
Spraying Areas 15.26
Waste Material Handling Plants 3 5
Vents:
Cabinets for Nitrate Motion Picture Film 5 4
Cabinets for Nitrate Plastics 6 4a
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks, Aboveground 16.22 d, e
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks, Inside Buildings 16.24 b
Flammable or Combustible Liquid Tanks, Underground 16.23 c, d, e
Vaults for Loose Combustible Fibres 7 3 d
Vaults for Nitrate Motion Picture Film 5 5a
Vaults for Nitrate Plastics 6 4a,c
Violations Apx. D-11
W
Warehouses, Flammable Liquid 16.34 g, h
Warning Labels for Containers of Flammable Liquids 16.16
263
Section
Warning Signs, Welding Operations in Finishing Areas 15.14
Washing Machines, Dry Cleaning 910
Waste Material Handling Plants 31 to 3.5
Waste Materials:
Accumulation of, Prohibited 28.6
Bulk Plants 16.57
Burning 3 4, 5.6 c, 28.1, 28.5
Nitrate Film 5 6 c
Nitrate Plastic 6 4 g
Service Stations 16.67
Watchers, Fire:
Bonfires 28.1 c
Circuses and Carnivals 29.2
Welding and Cutting 30.6 b(3)
Watchman Required During Fumigation 18.8
Welding and Cutting 30.1 to 30.22
Woodworking Plants 22.5
Wrecking Yards, Automobile 3 1 to 3.5
Y
Yards:
Automobile Wrecking 31 to 3.5
Junk 31 to 3.5
Lumber 22.1 to 22.4
264
O
z
O 1-1
H 1
H CID
z W
W M
z
Nz
a H
•A
H• O
w w
zO
G4 H
O W
QQ
zWO
O E-H
H P-�
HOF--1
1-1 < a
•H
•U
rn0
.-I U Z